HUONG DAN OUAN Lt SU DUNCI CACH ̂ a DUNC BANC KIIN TllCfC TRONC DAY HOC DjA Ll THEO CHUAN KIEN THIJfC, Kl NANG II 1 Sfl dyng phfldng tifn dgy hpc dia li (DL) theo chuan kien thflc vi ky ning Chuan kie[.]
HUONG DAN O U A N Lt S U DUNCI II CACH ^a DUNC BANC KIIN TllCfC TRONC DAY HOC DjA Ll THEO CHUAN KIEN THIJfC, Kl NANG PGS TS Nguyen Dure Vu Tnidng DHSP - DH Hui Sfl dyng phfldng tifn dgy hpc dia li (DL) theo chuan kien thflc vi ky ning Chuan kien thflc, kl nang DL THPT (sau ddy gpi tat Id Chuan) quy dinh mfle dp tdi thieu hpc sinh (HS) can dgt dflpc trpng hpc mdn DL THPT ve kien thfle vd ki nang Chuan dflpc cy the hda bang SGK Kien thflc DL THPT dflpc trinh bdy SGK dfldi cd dgng ehfl vd hinh Vl vdy, dgy hpc DL, khai thdc kien thfle, HS khdng phai chi tap trung vdo kenh chfl, md edn phdi chu trpng ea kenh hmh Kenh hinh sdeh gido khoa (SGK) ngodi chflc ndng ngudn tri thflc, cdn Ddi tfl nhien Dai nguyen On ddi Cgn nhift Nhift ddi Id mpt edng cy hflu Ich de GV td ehfle cho HS hogt dpng r^n luyfn kl nang DL Vifc sfl dung phfldng tifn dgy hpc theo Chuan phdi chfl trpng den hai chflc nang cd bdn cua PTDH Id ngudn tri thflc vd trfle quan, dd coi trpng chu yeu chflc nang ngudn tri thflc Vdi chflc nang nay, dgy hpc DL, gido vien (G V) can td chflc cho HS ldm vifc vdi cde PTDH, tim tdi, khdm pha tri thflc, ren luyfn ki nang Cach sfl dung bang kien thflc day hpc DL theo chuan kien thflc, ki nang fl Quan niim ve bdng kien thUc mdn DL Bdng kien thflc Id mpt dgng kenh hinh dpc dao cua SGK DL phd thdng, dd cd cae cpt vd hdng nhfl bdng thdng ke, nhflng npi dung cua bang khdng phdi sd hfu, ma dd la cae kien thflc da dflpc chpn Ipc vd trinh bdy mpt each ngan gpn Vi dy, bdng kien thflc bdi 19 (DL 10) (Bang 1, dau de tdc gid ddt) Lfu the cua bdng kien thflc la cde kien thflc dflpc trinh bdy cd dpng, ngan gpn vd cd tinh hf thdng, thuan lpi cho nhdn thflc cua HS Do vgy, SGK DL, dgng bang kien thflc dfldc trift de sfl dyng vifc trinh bdy cde kien thflc cd tinh lift kf, phgm vi rpng vd tfldng ddi ddi Vi dy, dde diem sinh thai BANG Suphan bo sinh vat vd dat theo vTdp Kieu hau Kieu tham thflc vit Dai nguyen Cgn cflc lyc dja Rflng la kim On ddi lyc dja (Ignh) Rflng la rpng On ddi hai dfldng Thao nguyen - On ddi lyc dja (nfla khd hgn) Rflng cgn nhift am - Cgn nhift gid mua Rflng va cay byi la - Cgn nhift dja trung hai cflng cgn nhift - Cgn nhift lyc dja - Ban hoang mge va hoang mge Ban hoang mge va Nhift ddi lyc dja hoang mac Cgn xieh dgo gid mua Xavan - Nhift ddi gid mua, xieh dgo Rflng nhift ddi am, lyc dja rflng xieh dao Nhdm dat - Dai nguyen Pdtddn - Nau va xam - Den Dd, vdng Nau, dd Xam -Xam - Dd, nau - Feralit TAP CHi T H I ^ BI GIAO DUC - Sd 79 - 3/2012 • 35 11 HU(5NG DAN OUAN LV SI) DUNG vd phan bd cay Ifldng thflc, die dicm sinh thdi va phan bd cdc logi cay cdng nghifp (DL) 10, Bdi 28 DL ngdnh trdng trpt); vai trd, dgc dicm, phan bo cua vgt nudi (DL 10, Bdi 29); vai trd, trfl Iflpng, phan bd san xuat cua cac nganh cdng nghifp kliai thdc than, kliai thdc dau, •cdng nghifp difn lfle, cac nudc cd qugng luyfn kim mau, sdn Iflpng va cac nfldc san xuat kim logi mdu (DL 10, Bii 32) Tuy nhien, ddi vdi GV, vifc dgy hpe cde bdng kicn thuc ndy gdp nhieu khd khan Thdng thfldng, cac bai hpe tren ldp, tfl cac kien thflc cy the, GV hf thdng lgi thdnh bdng ngan gpn Vifc lam da dflpc thfle hifn bdi SGK, nen GV ggp nhieu lung tung Trong thflc te dgy hpc hifn nay, cdch thfldng gap Id GV gidng gidi ede npi dung eua bang cho HS Mpt sd GV yeu cau HS dpc bang vd neu tdm tat npi dung cua bdng Mpt sd khdc ddt cdu hdi, yeu cau HS tim nhflng npi dung bdng trd ldi Nhin ehung cdc each thflc dgy hpc dd cdn ggp hgn ehe vifc phdt huy tinh tich cflc hpe tdp cua HS Vifc dgt cdu hdi, neu khdng bupe HS phdi suy nghi, chi yeu ciu dpc vd neu lgi nguyen v?n cdc kien thflc tfl bang khdng cd tdc dyng phdt huy tfl cua HS hpe tap b Mpt sdggi y cdch dgy hgc cdc bdng kiin thdc SGK (Cac VI dy mye ndy dflgfc lay tfl SGK Dja 11 10 Dau de bang tde gid dgt) Nguyen tdc chung can tuan thu Id sfl dyng cde bdng theo hfldng phat huy tinh tich cflc hpc t(ip cua HS; xem bdng kien thflc vfla Id ngudn tri thflc, vfla la cdng cy tic to c hflc hogt ddng nhgn thik ciia IIS Bam ,sdt nguyen tac dd, vifc sfl dyng bang kicn thflc cd the dflpc ticn hdnh theo mdt sd each nhfl sau: 1) Hfldng dan HS phan tich, so sdnh cde npi dung theo cdt hode theo hdng cua bdng, rut nhflng kien thflc cin ndm Ddi vdi cac bdng kien thflc cd npi dung dflpc trinh bay tfldng flng theo cpt hoge hdng, GV nen hfldng dan HS so sdnh chung vdi de nam vflng kien thflc VI dy 1: Vdi bdng Vai trd vd dac diem, phdn bd vgt nudi (Bdi 29 DL ngdnh chan nudi, mye II- Cdc ngdnh chan nudi), GV yeu ciu HS so sdnh vai trd va dgc diem cua bd vd trdu de thay dflpc bd dflpc nudi de lay thjt, sfla hay thjt sfla Id vgt nudi chiem vj tri hdng dau ngdnh chin nudi the gidi; trdu dflpc nudi de lay thjt, sfla, da vi cung cap sfle k^p, phin bdn Id vgt nudi eua mien nhift ddi So sdnh cflu vd de de thay rd cflu dflpc nudi de lay thjt, long; trpng de dflpc nudi de lay thjt vd sfla; cd hai vgt nudi ndy cd the dflpc chin tha d vung khd hgn, hgu khic nghift Vi dy 2: Ddi vdi bdng vai trd, trfl Ifldng vd phdn bd-sin xuat cua khai thie than, khai thie dau, cdng nghifp difn lfle (Bdi 32, DL cdc ngdnh TAP CHi THI^ BI GlAO DUC- Sd 79 - 3/2012 cdng nghifp, mye I Cdng nghifp nang Ifldng), ed the yeu cau HS tim diem tfldng tfl vd khae ve vai trd vd phan bd sdn xuat eua cdng nghifp khai thae than, khai thdc dau Qua dd, HS thay rd than vd dau deu Id nhien hfu (eho nhift difn, ngdnh khdc), ddng thdi deu Id nguyen hfu (cho cdng nghifp hod hpc, dxigc pham) Khai thdc than tip trung d cde nfldc cd trfl Iflpng than ldn, khai thdc dau tgp trung d cde nfldc dang phdt trien Sdn Iflp'ng khai thdc than ldn hdn san Iflpng khai thae dau 2) Ket hpp bdng vdi hinh (tranh dnh, Iflpe dd, ) Mpt phan npi dung ciia mpt sd bang dflpc the hifn tren Iflpe kem theo bang SGK GV nen yeu cau HS ket hpp Iflpe dd vdi bang de phdt hien cdc kien thflc hdn Id cho HS dpc bang, sau lam vifc vdi Iflpe dd tren eung npi dung dd Vi dy 1: Bang dgc diem sinh thdi vd phdn bd cua cay Ifldng thflc (Bdi 28, DL ngdnh trdng trpt, mye I Ciy Ifldng thflc) Cpt cua bang trinh bay ve sfl phin bd eua eie eiy Ifldng thflc (lfla ggo, lua mi, ngd) Npi dung ndy dflpc the hifn tren hinh 28.2 dgt dfldi bang, kem theo edu hdi: Em cd nhin xet gi ve sfl phin bd cae cay Ifldng thflc chinh tren the gidi? Trong trfldng hpp nay, GV nen yeu cau HS ldm vifc trfldc vdi Ifldc d6 vdi cac eau hdi nhfl: Dfla vdo Iflpe do, neu sfl phin bd cay HUONG D A N Q U A N LV SU DUNG lua mi, lua ggo, ngd Sau HS neu dflpc sfl phdn bd eua cdc logi eiy Ifldng thfle (chi dflpc eie nflde trdng nhieu), GV ddt tiep edu hdi: Em hay neu nhgn xet ve sfl phan bd cua ciy lfla mi, lua gao, ngd tren the gidi? GV hfldng dan HS dfla vdo vi dp DL de thay dflpc cay lua ggo trdng nhieu d mien nhift ddi, lua mi dflpc trdng nhieu d dn ddi vd cgn nhift, ngd trdng dflpc d cd mien nhift ddi, cgn nhift vd dn ddi GV dgt tiep cdu hdi: Hdy gidi thieh sfl phdn bd cdc logi cay Ifldng thflc? De tra ldi dflpc ciu hdi ndy, GV hfldng dan HS xem cpt cua bdng de giai thieh, ddng thdi so sinh die diem sinh thdi cua ba logi cay Ifldng thfle vdi Vi dy 2; Bing Vai trd va die diem, phin bd vat nudi (Bdi 29 DL ngdnh chan nudi, mye II - Cde ngdnh chin nudi) Cdt eua bang trinh bdy ve sfl phin bd cua eie vit nudi (gia sue ldn, gia sue nhd, gia cam) Npi dung niy dflpc the hifn tren hinh 29.3 dgt dfldi bang, kem theo ciu hdi: Dfla vio hinh 29.3, em ed nhin xet gi ve sfl phin bd din gia sue the gidi GV nen dgt eie ciu hdi yeu cau HS lim vifc tuan tfl nhfl: Dfla vio hmh 29.3, em hay neu sfl phin bd eua bd, triu, l(?n, gia cim tren the gidi Sau HS neu dflpc sfl phin bd eua cdc gia sfle tren, GV dgt tiep ciu hdi: Dfla vio ket qua vfla trinh bay, em hiy rut nhin xet ve sfl phin bd din gia sue tren the gidi? Sau dd, yeu eau HS ddi chieu nhin xet cua minh vdi cdc npi dung da trinh bdy cpt cua bang 3) Hfldng dan HS ldm vifc nhdm theo phieu hpc tgp, sau dd so sdnh npi dung phieu vdi bdng kien thflc Trong mpt sd trfldng hpp, GV ed the dfla vdo bang kien thfle SGK, sogn thdo phieu hpc tgp cd hinh thflc tfldng tfl, td chflc cho HS hogt dpng vdi cdc kenh hinh khdc cua SGK de hodn thdnh phieu hpc tgp, sau dd so sanh ket qua d phieu hpc tgp vdi bang kien thfle, hodn thifn phieu hpc tgp, nam kien thflc Vi dy: Bang sfl phdn bd sinh vdt vd dat theo vi dp (Bdi 19 - Sfl phdn bd sinh vdt vd dat tren Trdi Dat, mye I Sfl phdn bd vd dat theo vi dp) GV soan thdo phieu hpc tap de HS ldm vifc vdi hinh 19.1 vd 19.2 Dfla vdo hinh 19.1 vd 19.2, tim sfl phan bd tflpng flng cua cdc kieu thdm thflc vdt vd cde nhdm dat chinh d tren the gidi, dien vdo cdt vd bdng sau Khi dgy mye ndy (mye I Sfl phdn bd vd dat theo vi dp), GV khdng sfl dyng bang kien thfle ed sin SGK, md yeu eau HS lam vifc (theo nhdm) vdi hinh 19.1, 19.2 vd phieu hpc tap Sau mpt thdi gian nhat djnh, mdi nhdm phai dien cde II thdng tin can thiet vdo cpt vd cua phieu hpc tgp Sau dd, GV yeu cau cac nhdm tim tren hai Iflpc sfl phdn bd cua cac kieu thdm thfle vgt vd nhdm dat chlnh tfldng flng vdi mdi trfldng nao (ddi nguyen, dn ddi, cgn nhift, nhift ddi), dien thdng tin vdo cpt cua phieu hpc tap Tiep tyc, GV yeu cau cdc em dfla vdo kien thflc dd cd ve dgc diem cua hgu, ghi vao cpt cua phieu hpe tgp cdc kieu hgu thupc tflng mdi trfldng tfl nhien, tfldng flng vdi cdc kieu tham thflc vat Hodn thdnh phieu hpe tap GV yeu cau HS so sdnh phieu hpe tap da hodn thdnh vdi bang kien thflc cua SGK, bd sung, hoge dieu chinh nhflng thdng tin cdn chfla chinh xdc, hodn thifn phieu hpe tap Mye cdn dfldc HS tiep tyc hpc tap vdi vifc tra ldi cdc cdu hdi tiep theo eua SGK Cung chinh nhd vdo dd, kien thflc ve sfl phan bd eua sinh vat vd dat theo vi dp cua cde em dflpc cung cd, tren ca sd hieu rd them mdi quan hf gifla hdu, thfle vat vd dat 4) Ngodi cdc cdch thfle tren, thupc ddi tflpng HS, GV cd the td chflc cic trd chdi vdi bdng kien thfle, yeu cau HS ehuyen Sf/rphdn bo sinh vgt vd dat theo vidg (1) (2) Kieu tham thflc vgt (3) Nhdm dat (4) (Xem tiip trang 43) TAP CHi THIFT BI GIAO DUC-sd 79-3/2012 • 31 DOANH NGHIEP • SAN PHAM -THUONG M\} II THIET KE CHE TAD THIET B! THI NGHIEM MO HINH MAT TS Nguyen Vin Bien, Nguyen Thj lliyen Khoa Vdt li - TrUdngDgi hgc SUphgm Hd Npi Mddau Nhflng kien thfle ve nguyen tic eau tgo vd hogt dpng ve phfldng difn quang hpe cua mit la nhflng kien thfle vit li 11 thu Nhflng kien thflc ndy giup ta hieu dflpc qud trinh tgo inh cua vgt, qud trinh dieu tiet de thay rd vgt ddng thdi giflp ta hieu dxigc bdn chat nhflng tgt thfldng ggp cua mat vd cdch khac phye Vdi ede dyng cy quang san cd phdng thi nghifm khdng the minh hpa rd nguyen tic dieu tiet cua mat Do dd, dgy hpc ve nhflng kien thflc niy, HS thfldng khd hinh dung nguyen tic dieu tiet cua mat thdng qua vifc co cic cd hoinh dd thuy tinh the de thay ddi dp ty cua nd, nhd dd ed the tgo dnh tren vdng mge mat eua cdc vgt d cdc khodng cdch khdc Chung tdi da che tgo mpt thau kinh ed the thay ddi bdn kinh cong nhd dd thay ddi dp ty de minh hpa nguyen tie dieu tiet cua mat Sfl dyng thau kinh ndy chflng tdi cd the minh hpa dflpc nguyen tic tgo anh vi dieu tiet cua mit; cdc tdt eua mat vd edeh sfla Che tao vi sfl dung thiet bi thi nghifm md hinh mit a) Chi tqo thiet bi thi nghiim Chi tao thdu kinh mat: tXl Hinh 1: Sir cdu tgo md Mnh thdu kinh mdt Hinh 2: Anh chup mo hinh thdu kinh mdt Mat kinh dxigc che tgo bang hai mdng silicon chfla day nflde nhfl sau (Hlnh 1): Tgo hinh vdnh khuyen dfldng kinh em, dfldng kinh ngodi 10 cm, tfl tam mica day 0,2 em (1) Khoan Id nhd tren mdi hinh vdnh khuyen ndy eho Id ndy tgo thdnh hinh vudng vdi chieu ddi mdi canh Id em Sfl dyng cdc dc vit de gan tam vdnh khuyen de tgo thdnh mpt edi khung cho thau kinh mat Ldng ddng tim gioang eao su hinh trdn dfldng kinh em vdo gifla tam siheon sudt hinh trdn cd dfldng kinh em (2) Ludn mdt dng nhfla nhd (3) vdo gifla tam siheon de ed the bdm nflde vdo gifla tam ndy bang mdt xilanh (4) Dgt ede tam siheon cd gioang eao su vio gifla tam vdnh khuyen bing mica rdi dung cdc de vit gan ehgt chflng vdi (hinh 2) Chi tgo khung md hinh mdt: Dung de vit ed djnh thau kinh mit (1) vio mdt gd (2) cho thau kinh mat nam vudng gdc gifla gd Dflng mpt tim nhfla song song vdi thau kinh mat vi eich thau kinh mat mdt khoang 15 em de ldm md hinh vdng mge Dung mpt tam bia udn cong thdnh hinh eau de chan cdc dnh sing ben ngodi chieu vdo md hinh TAP CHi THI&r BI GIAO DUC - Sd 79 - 3/2012 ... vifc sfl dyng bang kicn thflc cd the dflpc ticn hdnh theo mdt sd each nhfl sau: 1) Hfldng dan HS phan tich, so sdnh cde npi dung theo cdt hode theo hdng cua bdng, rut nhflng kien thflc cin ndm Ddi... ndy dflpc the hifn tren hinh 28.2 dgt dfldi bang, kem theo edu hdi: Em cd nhin xet gi ve sfl phin bd cae cay Ifldng thflc chinh tren the gidi? Trong trfldng hpp nay, GV nen yeu cau HS ldm vifc trfldc... dung da trinh bdy cpt cua bang 3) Hfldng dan HS ldm vifc nhdm theo phieu hpc tgp, sau dd so sdnh npi dung phieu vdi bdng kien thflc Trong mpt sd trfldng hpp, GV ed the dfla vdo bang kien thfle