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MOT SO DIEU HIEN CUA THIEN TONG VA CHAT PHUONG DONG TRONG VAN XUOI CUA YASUNARI KAWABATA HiViNLIl8N6'''' Tom tat Trong sdng tdc cua Yasunari Kawabata, ngodi nhicng yiu Id nghe thudt dgc sdc khdc, ddu dn[.]
MOT SO DIEU HIEN CUA THIEN TONG VA CHAT PHUONG DONG TRONG VAN XUOI CUA YASUNARI KAWABATA HiViNLIl8N6' Tom tat: Trong sdng tdc cua Yasunari Kawabata, ngodi nhicng yiu Id nghe thudt dgc sdc khdc, ddu dn Thien Idng vd chdt phuang Bdng bieu hifn khd dgm net Diiu ndy khdng dinh tdi nang ddc ddo ve nghf thugt vdn chuang cua dng Bdi viet cua chting tdi nhdm chi nhicng bieu hien ro net ciia yeu td Thien tdng vd chdt phuang Bdng vdn xudi cita Y.Kctwabata nhu: ndi budn, su cd linh, hu&ng ve the gi&i thien nhien va Iru, triet ly sdng, chet Tir khoa: Yasunari Kawabata, Diu in Thiin tdng Chit phttong Ddng Oang ldc cua Y.Kawabata dan cdi l nhiiu yeu td: truyen lhdng v i hifn dai, nghf thuit phucmg Ddng vi phuong Tay, thi phdp tho haiku vd nghf thudt chiec guong soi Chinh dieu dd tgo nen nhflng gia ttj dpc ddo, the hifn tdi ndng nghf thudt cua Y.Kawabata Trong do, nhflng ddu an cua Thiin tdng vd chit phuong Ddng cflng gop phin quan frpng vdo vifc tao nen phong each ciia nhd vdn 1, Thiin tdng nghieng v i yiu Id thien nhien hudng din bin ngd cua ngudi vd tat ca mpi su vdt deu tudn theo quy ludt bdt di bit djch My hpc thidn, mdt nghe thudt dpc ddo cua vin hda Nhit Bdn, dd dnh huong rat nhieu den sdng tie cua cdc nhd van, Trong sang tie cua Kawabata, dng dd Sii dyng thiin nhu mdt phuong thttc nghf thuat eua minh, Cd mpt dieu rdt dl nhdn thay, eic tde phim cua Kawabata tip frung di sdu khai thic ba mdu nhdn vdt tre em, Ihieu ntt vd ngudi gii, Ba hinh mdu ndy "cd nhflng frai tim binh di, cd ddi mdt ngiy tha vd cd cdm xuc tinh khiet, hp Ichdng tham lam, khdng them mudn, khdng ed ao udc chiim dogt vi buy dift, chi cd Ihudng thttc md lhdi" Chinh diiu ndy thi hifn rit rd quan diem cua Kawabata gdn vdi ydu td thiin, eho rdng tdm cin linh nhu mat nudc hd thu, de tim thiy hgt chau dudi diy, vi niu nd frong sudt khdng mdt vudng ban thi mpi tri thttc v i my cim diu hpi ty Vifc phit hifn cic nguyen miu ndy giup ngudi cdm but hoc hdi dupc phong cdch ttr frong sang vd bdi duong dupc xuc cdm thdm my Sang tic eua Y.Kawabata khdng tach rdi vdi my hpc truyin thdng vd "ndi budn, ndi u siu, ndi cd don khdng tdch khdi khdi nifm ve dep, bdi nhiiu ve dep se khdng ddy du niu thiiu ndi budn"' Cde nhdn vat frong tic phim cua Kawabata khdng he bj tie ddng bdi ngogi cdnh, cflng dau xdt, eung chodng ving nhtmg vd hinh thuc, ldi ke, ve hinh dfng lgi ludn gifl mfl thdi dd binh tinh ' Khuong Vift Ha (2006), "1^ hoc Kawabata Yasunari", Tjp chl Nghien cuu Vdn hoc, s6 6/2006, tt.l Giang vifn, D^i hpc Khoa hpc Huf NGHliN Cdd OdNG B^C A Sd 3(133) 3^2012 73 Nghien cicu khoa hpc den Ig Iflng Vi Kawabata cho rdng, cho du ehuyfn gi xdy ra, du chiin tranh hay hda binh lhi cupc song vin trdi lheo hinh trinh bit tgn eua nd Vd dd chinh la thicn Id vd thudng md Kawabata ke thtta ttt nghf thuat haiku Nhdl Bin, dung thiin di ehi; ngy cdm xuc Tinh thin thiin Id "tu dudng ddi sdng tdm linh trift di nhdm mang lgi binh yen, ty tgi gitta nhflng xdo dpng roi ren cua thdi the" Nhtmg cdi nhin iy khdng phdi li bi quan mi ludn Igc quan trttdc cupc sdng Chinh diiu ndy dn sdu vdo linh cdch, ldm hdn cua Y Kawabata vd in ddm ddu dn sdng tao nghf thudt eua dng Dpc tic pham cua Kawabata, lim hon dpc gii khdng phii cdng thing, budn phien, lo du ve nhflng gi diln frong tdc phdm, ma dpng Igi lam fri Id mpl sy binh ydn ky Ig cpng vdo dd Id sy len Idi, xdm chiem cua mpt ndi budn khdng gpi ten My hpc thien stt dyng il ldi, il phucmg lien bieu cdm nhdt Trong sing tie nghf thuit, nhd vdn Y Kawabata da ke thtta tinh thin u tinh cua my hpc truyen thdng Nhdt Bdn, gdn bd cii dpp vdi ndi budn sing, nhOng y nghi cua tdi phut chdc sing rye rd tya nhtt tim kinh dd nia sach hodn loin" (Vii na Izu) Sy chia tay eua nhdn vit "ldi" vdi cd vu nfl khdng biit ngdy gip lgi dd dpng Idng bgn dpc mpt cam gidc budn, tiic nuii Tdc gid di ket hpp ndi budn vdi cdi dpp, bdn canh midu la thien nhien, ddng sudi luyfl dep nhdm khdc hog npi lam cua nhin vit mpl eieh sau sdc Trong tiiu thuyet Xic tuyet, ddu in Thien long the hifn rd thdng qua cau chuyen xoay quanh ba nhdn vdt Shimamura, Komako, Yoko v i mdi quan he eua hp Kawabata rit thinh cdng khic hpa dupc tinh cdch, ngogi hinh eua Komako vd Yoko Ci hai thieu nu niy deu chiem vj tti quan trpng Idng ciia Shimamura Ching d ben Komako, m$t ngudi ed frdi tim manh me, frong sdng nhimg Igi nhd dfn mdt Yoko cd ddi mdt dep nghiem nghj v i lgnh lung Tdc phim loat len ddu dn thidn frong vifc mieu Id cdnh Ihifn nhien eua mdt xtt Bde xa xdi Nhd vdn nhtt mpt hpa si tii hoa ve trude mil ngudi dpc khung cdnh tuydt roi, Trong tiiu thuyet ddu tay VU nii Izu, bdng sy hda difu gifla ngudi va Ihien nhifn cdm xuc chdn thyc, Y.Kawabata mieu td vf The gidi thien nhidn dupc ndi den frd nen dpp cua cd vfl nfl md minh gip tren bdn dio sinh dpng, nhu mpt vat the sdng hifn hihi Izu Li mpt ed gdi mudi bdy tuoi nhung trudc mdt chung ta Tdc phdm cdn de lai mang frong minh mpt sttc sdng hdn nhien, frong Idng ngudi dpc mpt noi budn ve cii ngdy tha, lrong trdng "do Id cd vfl ntt, ldi chet cua Yoko vd lifu chdng Shimamura va nhin ddi chdn tu, tam than frdng ndn Komako sd di ve dau Day chinh li cau hdi nd cua ed ta Cd ta dttng thing ngudi gidng m i chi dpc gii mdi cd cdu tra ldi Xic tuyet nhu mpt cdy lidu non Va hie khdc tdi cim todt len mOt tinh than, mpt an tupng Heian thdy nhu mpt tia ndng tudi udt ttdi tim tdi tru linh, siu ldng, nhe nhdng nhimg cflng rdt Tdi khoan khoii thd mgnh v i bat cudi hgnh mupt mi, frong sdng Sy eim nhgn vi the phuc Tdi cudi long ddy niim vui frong gidi v i vu ttv ctia tdc gid thdng qua 74 NGHIEN Cdu OdNG B^C |i sd 3(133) 3-2012 Nghien cOu khoa hpc Shimamura hifn that dep dg, sinh ddng nhung khdng kem phin u budn Mpl khdng gian tinh Igng dfn ndi mdt chide li rung ciing gay xao ddng, lim xao xuyen ngucri Armel Gueme, dich gii ngudi Phip cho ring: "Diy li tic phim thudn luy Nhdl Biin, khdc vdi ldi lu ngdn ngfl phuong Tay gd bd, ly, nghe thuit md do, cii dep duoc mieu td linh Id, Ipng Idy, Idi ket cdu hinh nhu vd hinh"^ Tiiu thuyet Ci5 dd di lai frong ta mpt dn nrpng u budn, cd tjch Tdc phim ndi den sd phan ciia nhflng cd gdi song sinh vi nhung hu luc lac hdu cua ngudi Nhdl Bin ttuyen thong Tic phim khdi qudt todn cdnh Kyoto vdi nhieu khung cdnh quyen rfl, tru linh, nhiing cd gdi mdc kimono dep luyfl, nhflng phong luc le hpi chfla chien Thien nhien vi ngudi cd sy gap gd, giao Itru vdi Tac phdm kel thuc dpng Iai tim hdn ngudi dpc sy bui ngui, ehua xdt cho cudc chia tay cua hai chj em Chieko vd Naeko vdo mpt budi sing tinh mo mpi ngudi van dang yen gidc: "Niu Idy hdng rdo, Chieko ctt mai frdng theo hinh cd gdi dang xa ddn Naeko khdng ngodnh Iai Nhihig bdng tuyet roi xudng tdc Chieko v i tttc khdc tan Thanh phd vdn cdn ngu." cdm thiy nhu Id mpl liing rin lu chinh ban than minh hodc minh bi u tai, vi lhi dng Idc manh ddu" (Tiing rin ciia niii) Stt dyng chdt thiin rit ro net, nhdm khudy dpng ldm linh ngudi, bdt budc hp phdi suy ngdm, tdc gid dd giup chung ta hiiu Ihem nhieu mat phuc tgp lrong thi gidi ndi tdm eon ngudi Nhdn vdt khdng cdn Id eon dd cua nhd van, md id sdn phdm cua ehung mpi ngudi, thupc vd ddc gid di hp ty nhdn xel, ddnh gid, cam nhdn ve nhan vdt Trong tiiu thuyet Ngdn cdnh hgc, nhd vin budn ba frude sy suy vi cua trd dgo mpt net dep cua vdn hda Nhdt Bin Tri dgo khdng don thuin li mdt nghf thudt im thye, nhirng Id nghi pha v i thuting thuc fri (makha) - mpt lhu tri xanh dgng hot du nhdp vio Nhil Bin ttt lhi ky thtt XVIII Muc dich cua lri dao Id Hnh lam ehung ngp Phdt tinh luc sy an Ijnh, thin vdn cd frong mdi ngucri, giua nhtmg rdi ren, xio ddng cua thi gidi frin Nhu vdy, trd dgo chju inh httdng sdu sic eua Thien tdng Dgo Thien cho ring, sinh ngudi cung vgn vat diu cd Phit tinh, nhtmg cing Idn tic dpng ben ngoii, nhimg dye vpng cing day len khiin ngudi cing dau khd Nen udng tri Ii mdt hinh thttc rfl bd nhimg phien mudn, tuc luy, kiim tim sy thin eho Tieng ren ciia mil Ii tieu thuyet thd hifn tdm hdn Mudn tim ban ehdt phdi vupl qua lai su dung im de mang lai cim giic nhflng yiu Id hinh thttc Hinh thttc cdng dan cho nhdn vdt tae pham Ong Shingo so thi sy chiing ngp cing dl ding Vi vdy, Iuon nghe thiy tiing nui rin "nd gidng nhtt mpt budi trd dgo bao gid cflng diln frong tieng gid xa nhtmg cd thd vi vdi tifng ren rl, mpt khung cdnh vd cung gidn dj Trong trim vang tu frong Idng ddt vpng Shmgo Ngdn cdnh hgc, Kawabata da midu ti cic budi td chttc fri dao khdng phai vi mudn tim Vu Thu Thanh (1969), "Y.Kawabata - cugc dai vd str #ip", Tap chl Vdn, s6 140, nam 1969, n-.46 NCHIEN Cdu OdNG B^C A s d 3(133) 3-2012 75 Nghien cicu khoa hpc sy tinh tio, thu thii cho tdm hdn md ngupc lgi nd nhdm phyc vy cho nhttng mttu dd den tdi nhflng vj khdch diu mdc vdo nhihig mdi tinh oan trdi, trim luan Qua Ngdn cdnh hgc, Kawabata mudn len liing lo cio nhihig eon ngudi khdng biel quy trpng, gin gitt nhflng gid trj truyin lhdng, Idm hoen d vd dpp cua lri dao Tic phdm xoay quanh nhihig mdi tinh cua Kikuji vd de Igi mpl ndi budn man mdc Idng dpc gid ve mpl nghf thudt dpc ddo cua ngudi Nhdt Ban, nghf thudt udng tra dang ngdy mpl suy vi Chinh N.T.Pheddrenko - mpl nhi nghien eim ngudi Nga ndi tieng v i vdn hpc phucmg Ddng cflng khdng djnh: "Kinh nghifm nghf Ihual eiia Kawabata chju inh hudng rO rft cua my hpc thidn luin, dya vio suy niem ben lrong Thien nghia la bpc Ip tit ci sttc mgnh tinh thdn eua minh dfn dp frd thdnh "vd ngi", hda nhip vio cii tdng the cua thien nhien"^ Tinh hda cua thien dd gdp phdn khu bifl phong cdch cua Y.Kawabata frong nhttng phuong dien nghe thudt Xu httdng trung thinh vdi truyen thdng li mpt nhihig net dpc dio cua vdn hpc Nhdt Bdn hifn dgi Vifc tiep nhgn nghf thudt phttong Tdy chi li sy tidp thu ed ehpn lpc nhdm da dgng hda nen vdn hpc Nhdt Bdn dang lren dd phdt triin vi hifn dgi hda Xu httdng quay vf vdi fruyin lhdng la nen tang co bin df cho mpi nen vdn hpc cd the phit triin vflng chdc Neu mpt nin vdn N.T.Phfdorrencd (1999), "Kawabata - mdt nhin thdu cdidfp" Tap chi Vdn hoc nuo'c ngodi s6 4/1999 76 hpc chi say sua khdm phi eii mdi mi quen mit nhttng gid trj truydn thdng thi nin vdn hpc dd khd tim cho minh mpt chd dimg vflng chdc Moi din lpc ben cgnh nhimg quan nifm tham my mang tinh phd quit, ddu cd nhttng quan nifm ridng gin bd vdi truyen lhdng van hda, linh cdm, ldm ly ddn lde mang dde sdc cpng dong Nhdl Bin li xtt sd cua hoa anh dio, eua kjch No, sin khdu Kabuki, tri dgo Mdt khic, ngttdi Nhgt Bin cd Idi tu hudng npi, dim miu thidn, ludn tim kiem ve dpp the gidi linh lang, suy lucmg, ehiem nghifm - lhd gidi cua nhihig yeu td tinh than thuan khiel Nghf thuit Nhit Ban hay ngpi ca sy thay ddi phu du, thi vj hda cii thay ddi, sy ngin ngui khdng bdn khdng can ddi, cai bd lung Tu hdi hpa, sdn khdu den thp ca, ddc bifl li tha haiku ddu the hifn ro dieu niy Y.Kawabata thdm nhudn nhirng quan nifm my hoc truyen lhdng vd the hifn mpt cdch dpc dio frong lieu thuyet eua minh Trong sdng tde cua Y.Kawabata, ta hit gdp khdng gian dim miu sdc Nhdt: cdnh tuyet frdng ddt bac fren sucm nui d Kamakura, hinh dnh ddm may hoa anh dio, tieng chudng mua xuin vpng tu nui cao, le hpi kimono, nghi II frd dgo Dd cdn Id khdng gian tam tudng cua nhflng geisha xu tuyet, eua vfl ntt xii Izu Thi gidi lim hdn Nhdt Ban tam hdn cua nhifng ngudi hda nhgp vdi thien nhien, giiu due tan hiin hi sinh dupc phdn chidu lip lanh frong cic sing tic cua Kawabata Cd thi ndi chat phuang Dong ciia Kawabata d i xuit hifn d nhiing thii NGHIEN Cdu OdNG BflC fl sd 3(133) 3-2012 Nghien cihi khoa hpc phap hifn dgi nhit Ro rdng, Cdnh lay mdt trayen ngdn viet vdo ndm 1963 da cd miu sic cua chit nghia sieu thye vdi nhflng nguyen tic ea bin hudng tdi thi gidi vd thic, trye giic v i io giic de cao lidn tudng tu cfla ci nhdn nhung eflng dam ddc chit phuong Ddng Y.Kawabata tttng biiu hifn niim nguthig md ddi vdi kinh Phdt, dng cho ring: "nhflng kinh diin cua phuong Ddng, dac biet Id kinh Phit li nhflng tdc phdm quan nhit eua vin chuong the gidi" Y.Kawabala dd nghien ciiu kinh Phil ril ky va chu frpng den cac van de: miu sdc, mui vj, coi niel bin kinh Phdt Dd Id nhthtg mdu eua hu do, dd Id mdu trang dupc nhin mgnh ban ci Trong Cdnh tay, Y.Kawabala da dua them mdt so ehi tiet thd hien miu sic hu khdng inh hudng ttt kinh Phal: "Anh thiy gi?/ j a n rdi/ Anh thdy gi?/ Mgt miu sic Mpl ^ t tim Vi frong: nd li nhiing vdng frdn nbo, nhimg hat nhd dd vi vang, xoay thdnh vdng xody "" Y.Kawabata mudn nhdn manh din sdc trdng mpt sd tac phim khdc viit vdo thdi ki diu cua su nghifp Dd Id nhung cdnh tuyet vtta huy hoang vtta Hnh ldng Dttdng nhtt mdu trdng CO y nghia ddc bift ddi vdi dng, nd chtta dung tit cd ede mdu khic Ngay nhu cinh tiy frdng vdi Chijimi bdng tuyet Xii luyet eimg nhu cdnh cua qud khu, bing ling suong khdi chdn thdn lien, ve trim tu cua Yasunari Kawabata (2005), Tuyin lgp ldc phdm, Nxb l-ao dpng, Trung tam van hda Dong - Tay, Ha Npi, ^.97 NQHIiN Cdo OdNG B4C d Sd 3(133) 3-2012 nhflng mdu sdc dy rdt doi Phdt linh, nhudm miu hu io Nhung mdu sdc vd dnh lheo kiiu nhd Phal vdn ehua phdi Id cdn bin nhdt Yiu Id quyil djnh khidn dpc gia cflng nhu'cdc thdnh vien Hfi ddng Vifn hdn ldm Thuy Diin dinh gid cao Y.Kawabata Id vi tdc phdm eua dng todt len "ldi tu Nhdt Bdn", ldi tu mang dam tinh truyin thing die tnmg cfla xu hoa anh dio Ldi tu Nhdl Bdn the hifn edeh irng xtt, nhihig suy nghi, quan diim cua ngudi phuang Ddng vi mdi quan hf giua ngudi vdi ngudi, giua ngudi vdi thien nhien Trudc thien nhien, ngudi thucmg ldng yen chim ddm du Id nong ddn hay bdc tri si thi tinh ydu thidn nhien khdng khdc Gia dinh Shingo (Tieng ren cua mil) cflng sdng ttong khung cdnh hda minh vdi thien nhien Hp Id nhttng ngttdi vdi net tinh cdch suy nghi ddc tnmg Nhdt Ban da gifl gin nhung quan nifm truyin thdng thupc vi phuong Ddng cho du ddi chi li hfl tyc Gia dinh nghf si hit rong VU nir Izu td nidm frin frpng ching sinh vidn di cflng bing cich mdi ching udng nudc sdi trade, vi "chung tdi nghi cdu se khdng mudn sau din ba ehiing tdi khuiy ddng ddng nude", mdi ching dn thjt g i nhung Igi phin trin "cinh din b i chung tdi da dung dfla vdo rdi nhtmg ngdy nao dd biit diu ciu se ggp may nhd nd" Nhihig quan nifm die trung phuong Ddng nhu vgy khdng phdi khd tim d Kawabata Canh thifn nhidn frong Xti tuyet nhu tuydt roi vd sudi nudc ndng dd td them ndt dpp cua Yoko v i Kamako 77 Nghien cOu khoa hpc Tieu thuydt Ngu&i dfp say ngii li lie ve ty nhidn cflng nhtt nguoi Nhflng ddu pham dupe gidi vin hpc phuang Tiy ua in Thiin tdng va chdt phttcmg Ddng - Nhgl chupng Mpt sd nhd phe binh phuang Ddng Bin li mOt kiiu Itt nghf thuit mang tinh ddnh gii Y.Kawabata the hifn tic djc lrung lrong sdng tic eua Y.Kawabata pham nhihig ytju Id "gpi dye", xa la vdi ddi sdng tinh dye eua Nhgl Bin vdn e dd, kin TAI LI?U THAM KHAO ddo Tinh dye lrong Ngudi dfp say ngii dudi cdi nhin cua Y.Kawabata dd dupc ndng Idn Khuong Vift Hi (2006), "M}l hpc thinh my vi trd thdnh sdc dye, mpt thtt Kawabata Yasunari", Tap chi Nghien cicu vdn tinh cim khdng dung tyc chut ndo Dd li sy hgc, so 6/2006 rang dpng, ehiem nguong cii dpp, sy trinh Yasunari Kawabata (2005), Tuyen tap tdc fring cua ngttdi, khde vdi mpl sd tic phdm, NXB Lao dpng, Tnmg tim vdn hda Ddng pham tten vdn din Nhgt Bin md td mpt edeh - Tdy, Hd Npi thd thien Dd Id vifc thttdng thttc cdi dpp, N.T.Pheddnencd (1999), "Kawabata - mpt nghf thudt tinh Id mang ddc tnmg cua mdt nhin thdu cdi dfp ", Tap chi Vdn hgc nudc nghf thudt Nhit Bin ngodi so 411999 NhOng trayfn cyc ngdn (hay cdn gpi li Vfl Thu Thanh (1969), "Y.Kawabala "trayen ngdn frong Idng bdn tay") cua cugc ddi vd su nghiep" Tap chi Vdn, si 140, Y.Kawabata Id sy ket tinh nghf thugt cua ndm 1969 nhd vdn Dd Id nhiing mdu vat thu nhd ddy y nghia siu xa, mang mot friet Ii cua ngudi phucmg Ddng Cii "chdn khdng, frdng vdng" eua tho haiku cflng hifn hihi frong nhidu lifu thuyet eua Y.Kawabata, noi dpc gii thudng bdt gip nhimg quang cdnh bao la, tinh ldng cua thien nhidn, khodnh khic suy tudng ciia ngudi nhu tde phdm Air luyet, Cd thugng de Cdi "chdl" li chit nen cua vdn minh phttcmg Ddng, phdt triin frfn ca sd liy thien nhidn ldm gde Y.Kawabala dd the hifn tdc pham cua minh mpt biiu tupng tdm thttc eon ngudi phuang Ddng khdt vpng giao hda vdi vfl try ddt trdi Bing "nghf thugt trye cdm", "thdm my trye giic", nha vin da the hifn mOt quan nifm cua ngudi phuang Ddng 78 NGHliN Cdu OdNG BAC A sd 3(133) 3-2012 ... cdnh vd cung gidn dj Trong trim vang tu frong Idng ddt vpng Shmgo Ngdn cdnh hgc, Kawabata da midu ti cic budi td chttc fri dao khdng phai vi mudn tim Vu Thu Thanh (1969), "Y .Kawabata - cugc dai... haiku ddu the hifn ro dieu niy Y .Kawabata thdm nhudn nhirng quan nifm my hoc truyen lhdng vd the hifn mpt cdch dpc dio frong lieu thuyet eua minh Trong sdng tde cua Y .Kawabata, ta hit gdp khdng gian... lrong Ngudi dfp say ngii dudi cdi nhin cua Y .Kawabata dd dupc ndng Idn Khuong Vift Hi (2006), "M}l hpc thinh my vi trd thdnh sdc dye, mpt thtt Kawabata Yasunari" , Tap chi Nghien cicu vdn tinh cim