NG6N NGC S 6 l 2 2011 VAN DVNG M 6 HiNH TlTOfNG TAC VAO VlfC DAY DQC HlfeU CHO NGirdi Nl/dC NGOAl HQC TI6NG VlfT 1 Nhflng ndm gin day, tilng Vipt nhu mgt ngogi ngft dd dugc sy quan tdm cfla cdc ngdnh[.]
NG6N NGC S6l2 2011 VAN DVNG M HiNH TlTOfNG TAC VAO VlfC DAY DQC HlfeU CHO NGirdi Nl/dC NGOAl HQC TI6NG VlfT PGS.TS DlTNGOC NGAN Nhflng ndm gin day, tilng Vipt nhu mgt ngogi ngft dd dugc sy quan tdm cfla cdc ngdnh dgy tilng vd ngodi nudc Trong cdc sdch/ gido trinh dgy tilng Vipt cho ngudi nudc ngodi, bgn cgnh cdc phin hgi tiiogi, luyOn tpp vl tft vyng, ngft phdp, thyc hdnh nghe, ndi, vilt, thudng cd bdi dgc Mlu Ngodi ra, dh hofrgcho viOc gidng dgy, hgc tpp tilng ViOt chuygn sdu, tilng ViOt ndng cao, mgt so quyln gido trinh dgc Mlu dd dugc bign sogn vd sft dyng Sy cd m|lt cfla cdc gido trinh dgc Mlu ho^c cdc bdi dgc cdc giao trinh tilng Vipt Id cln tMit vi dgc Id mpt kl ndng khdng thl tMlu frong qud trinh hgc tilng Tuy nMgn, ngi dung hudng dan qud trinh dgc Mlu, cdch tilp cgn cua vipc dgy dgc Mlu nMn chung cdn n$ng vl phan tfch ngdn ngft, chfl ylu thdng qua sy phdn tfch tft vyng, ngft phdp vdtiidngqua dich; ddi kM vipc phan tich ngdn ngft khdng dugc dpt frong moi quan hp vdi vdn bdn ngn Mpu qud doi vdi ngudi dgc khdng cao kit qud cfla cdc hp thing If thuylt ndy, d$c bift Id hudng tilp cpn qud trinh dgc [2] Tilp tiiu nhflmg tiidnh tyu cfla li thuylt thy d c ngdn ngft thu hai (vilt tit L2) (second language acquisition), li tiiuylt gidng dgy L2 (second language teacMng) ndi chung vd U thuylt dgy dgc Mlu L2 (teaching of reading in second language) ndi riengfrentillgidi vd d Vipt Nam, bdi vilt dl cgp den mgt hudng tilp cgn qud trinh dgc Mlu vdn bdn tilng Vipt nhu L2 Mpn dugc cdc nhd ngMgn cftu ddnh gid Id hudng tilp cgn cd Mpu qud, cd thl ftng dyng vdo vipc bien sogn gido trinh vd gidng dgy dgc Meu ngdn ngfttiifthai B6 Id cdch tilp cgn theo md Mnh tuong tdcfrongvipc xft If qud trinh dgc Mlu cua ngudi hgc tilng Vipt nhu mgt ngogi ngft 2.1 Nhihig hudng tilp cgn chu ylu qud trinh dgc hilu Qud trinh dgc dugc tiln hdnh nhu till ndo dl cd Mpu qud (dgc - Mlu) Id vin dh md cdc ngdnh ngMgn cftu dgy tilng ndi chung, dgy ngdn ngft Hipn If thuylt dgy ngdn ngft thft hai ndi rigng d$c bipt quan tam tfift hai ndi chung vd Utiiuyltdgy dgc Tft nhftng ndm 60,70 cfla till ki tiudc, Mlu ndi rigng frgn till gidi da dgt dugc nhflng thdnh tyu khdng nhd mpt so nhd ngMen cftu vl phdn tich Khd nMlu gido trinh thyc hdnh dgc dien ngdn vd vl If tiiuylt dgc Mlu Mlu tren till gidi da vpn dyng nhftng Ll, L2 dua nhflng md Mnh xft If 56 Ngdn ngfr sl 12 ndm 2011 Cdc nhd ngMgn cftu nhanh chdng cflng Id hudng tilp cPn qud tiinh dgc Mlu [12, 3] Ba hudng tilp cPn chfl nhPn nhflng hgn chi cfla hai md ylu dd dugc xdc dinh Id cdch xir li Mnh frgn Md Mnh tie du&i lin chu tir dudi lin hay md hinh tir dudi lin frgng gidi md ngdn ngft, cd till gdy (bottom-up processing/ bottom-up khd khdn cho nhflng ngudi dgc hgn ehl vl kiln tiiftc ngdn ngft hope ddi model), cdch xir li tir trin xudng hay kM din din viOc gidi md mpt cdch md Mnh lir trin xudng (top-down mdy mdc Md Mnh tir trin xudng processmg/ top-down model), vd cdch "khdng phdn MOt dugc mpt cdch tiiod xu li tuang ldc hay md hinh tuang ldc ddng gitla nhflng ngudi mdi hgc dgc (interactive processing/ interactive vd nhflng ngudi dgc thdng thgo" [5, model) 116], khdng till dflng cho ngudi cd Md Mnh tir du&i lin tilp cPn qud kilntiiftcn£i hgn chi Tft dd, md Mnh trinh dgc tft vdn bdn Theo md Mnh tuomg tdc dh xft If qud trinh dgc Mlu ndy, ngudi dgc xem xgt sy di chuyin dd dugc xdc iPp (Rumelhart and tft nhftng ylu tl nhd nhlt d d p dp McClelland 1977) (Dan tiieo [12]) tiilp nhlt cfla vdn bdn Ign din nhftng 2.2 Md Mnh tuong tdc cua qud ylu tl Idn hom, d d p d^ cao hom; cd trinh dgc Mlu thl ndi, ddy Id mpt qud trinh gidi md Nhu vpy, md Mnh tuong tdc dugc nhflng don vi ngdn ngft vdn bdn tft nhd din ldn, tft thip din cao vd cdc nhd ngMgn cuu U thuylt dgc Mlu budc kit thuc Id viOc Mlu nOi dung dl xuit nhdm khdc i^yc nhfing kMlm cfla vdn bdn Myc dfch cfla ngudi dgc khuylt ciia hai md hinh trgn Cd thl d ddy Id xem xgt kl tft vyng vd cu j^idp Mlu khdi mOm tucmg tdc qua nhfing cdch gidi tMch tft nMlu gdc dp cfla dh chic chin Id dd ndm dugc dung cdc nhd ngMen curu: nOi dung cfla vdn bdn - £)dy Id qud trinh tuong tdc gifta Md hinh tu trin xudng tilp cPn qud trinh dgc tft ngudi dgc Theo md hai cdch tilp cpn dugc chgn lya mPt Mnh ndy, ngudi dgc tilp cPn vdn bdn cdch cd y tiiftc, frong dd ngudi dgc vdi nhflmg y tudng, nhthig dy dodn tilp cPn tft trgn xuIng dh dy dodn ^ cfla chfnh hg dd dugc Mnh thdnh tiudc, ngMa cd thl cd, rli di chuyin sang vd vdn bdn nhu Id mPt mlu dl chumg cdch tilp cpn tft dudi lgn dh kilm tra thyc nhflng dy dodn dd Ndi cdch khdc, cd phdi dd Id dilu md ngudi vilt muln ngirdi dgc dflng nhftng kiln thftc nln ndi hay khdng [10,16-17] vd kinh ngMOmrignglign hO dh thiy dugc ting thl cfla vdn bdn nhu chfl dl cfla vdn bdn, d u tiiic ting thl cfla vdn bdn, hudng iPp luPn vd dflng cdi khung ndy dh Mlu nhflng phin khd khdn cfla vdn bdn, Mnh thdnh nhftng gid tiiuylt gid dinh vl dieu cd thl diln vdn bdn - Dgc id mpt qud trinh tuong tdc diln gifta vdn bdn vdi ngudi dgc, hay ndi cy thl hom Id gitM vdn bdn vdi kiln thftc nln vd nhftng cMin luge xft U ciia ngudi dQc (Bhch, 2007; Rumelhart 1980) (Din tiieo [8,33]) - Trong cdch tilp cgn "tuong tdc", hai md hinh trgn dugc vgn dyng phfl vpn dyng hgp; ngudi dtpc dugc xem nhu di chi^n gifla cdc c ^ dg, khdng phdi ludn ludn di theo cflng mpt hudng, ngMa Id di chuyin tft tft din cu phdp rli frd lgi tir [1,3784] Nhu vPy, theo md Mnh ndy, dgc Mlu Id qud trinh tuong tdc gifta vdn bdn vd ngudi dgc, frong dd hai md Mnh trgn dugc vpn dyng phfl hgp suit qud trinh dgc Mlu Ndi cdch khdc, nhflng thdng tin dugc tilp nhpn qua qud trinh dgc Mlu bao gIm nhflng thdng tin tft vdn bdn vd nhftng thdng tin tft sy lign hp kiln thftc nln cfla ngudi dgc din chfl dl, y chfnh, tMh huong frong vdn bdn ho^c tft nhflng cMin luge cfla ngudi dgc Tuy nMgn, qud trinh dgc dugc xft If mpt cdch Unh hogt khdng theo mgt cMeu hudng nhlt dinh md thugc vdo sy chgn lya cd y thftc cua ngudi dgc, ho$c vdo sy kMlm khuylt vl kiln thftc cfla ngudi dgc 57 nhu ngudi dgc tMlu kiln thftc nln, hg cd thl thn thdng tin bing cdch xft If nhflng kiln thftc ngdn ngft frong vdn bdn Dilu ndy cung dugc David Nunan 1993tiinhbdytiongcdng tiinh cfla minh: "Trong md hinh tuong tdc, cdc khiim khuyet d mpt d p d^ nhy cd thl dugc bfl dip bdi bat cft d p dO ndo khdc, khdng kl d p dO dd Id cao hon hay tiilp honfronghp thing d p dQ Thf dy, nhflrng qud trinh d p cao hon cd thl bfl dip cho sy kMlm khuylt d nhflng d p d^ thap hon vd nhu thl, nhftng ngudi cd kl ndng dgc kgm cd till bu d p bing cdch sft dyng nhflng nhan to khdc [5,117-118] Theo Stanovich, nhflng md Mnh tuong tdc cho tiily ngudi dgc cd the dong tiidi tilp nhgn nhflng thdng tm tft nhflng nguon kiln thftc khdc Nhflng gid dinh vl bu trft cho ring mOttiiilusdt cua bat ki mpt logi kiln thftc ndo cflng dan din sy Ip thupc K.E Stanovich (1980) dd de xuit vdo nhflng kiln thuc khdc, bit kl nd m6\Mitucngt^ - 7>« m> (interactive - d d p dp ndofronghp tdn ti cfla cdc compensatory model) Thyc chat day cdch xft If Vi till, md Mnh cfla dng Id md Mnh tuomg tdc dugc bo sung Id tuong tdcfrongbit ki d p dp ndo, khdng Iptiiugcvdo vi tii cua nd tiong CO ehl bfl trft hptiling;vd md Mnh dd Id bfl trft bdi Quan dilm chfl ylutiongU tiiuylt vi bit ki ngudi dgc ndo cflng cd thl cfla tdc gid Id: " mgt qud tiinh d dflng mgtfrongs6 nhflng nguon kiln mOt d p dp bat ki cd till bfl tiir cho thftc dd theo myc dfch ciia mhih, kM nhflng kMlm khuylt d mgt d p dO nhflng nguon kiln thftc khdc chua khdc" (Din tiieo [\2]\ Theo U tiiuylt quen dung ho^c vpn dyng khd khdn ndy, nlu cd mpt kMem khuylt d d p Nhu vgy, md Mnh tucmg ldc/ dO t d p hom, n ^ d i dgc sg c6 ging bfltirftcho nd bing nhflng qud trinh tuang ldc - bii trie vdi sy kit hgp hai d dp dp cao hon £)li vdi nhflng ngudi md Mnh, vdi nhflng cMlu hudng Unh dgc ylu kgm vl ngdn ngft nhung cd hogt cd thl md nMlu hudng tilp kilntiiftcnln t i t lien hO vdi chfl dh cgn qua trinh dgc, giup cho ngudi dgc vdn bdn, cdch xft If tft frgn xuIng cd thugc nhflng trinh dg khdc cd till cung d p cho ngudi dgc nhflng till Idm chu qud tiinh dgc Mlu Md tiidng tm md hg cln M?lt khdc, nlu Mnh ndy cdn cd tdc dyng tich cyc 58 Ngdn ngfr sl 12 ndm 2011 Id nhflng ddn vi cua f ngMa bao gIm hdng logt nhflng biln co, sy kiOn vd hdnh dOng cd quan hO vdi nhftng tinh hulng rigng MOt [7, 324] Chdng h ^ nhu mOt kich bdn/ khung nhd hdng frong kiln thftc cfla chflng ta: nhd hdng Id mOt noi md d dd cd nhflng ngudi phyc vy nft hope nam, 2.21 Nhftng tiidng tin tilp nhPn vd cdng viOc d u nudng, d dd thftc tft ngudi dgc dn dugc phyc vy cho khdch hdng, vd 2.2.1.1 Kiin thiec nin cua ngudi d dd khdch hdng ngii d bdn dn, ggi dgc tiiuc dn, tid tiln ; mpt kich bdn/khung Trong cdc tdi UOu U thuylt vd thyc vl biln ho$c bdi biln tiong kiln thftc hdnh dgc Mlu nhftng ndm gin ddy, cfla ngudi dgc thudng Id mOt noi cd tiin thdc nin (background knowledge) nudc biln, sdng biln, cdt ; d dd cd dugc xem cd vai trd quan trgng nMlu ngudi qua Igi, tdm biln, boi, phoi ndng, nghich cdt Nhflng kiln viOc dgc Mlu thftc ndy cd thl ggi cho ngudi dgc Theo Alderson vd Urquhart 1984, sy lign hO vdi nhflng tinh hulng, sy Cooper M 1984, Carrell et al 1988, kiOn, biln cl dien nhihig vdn mOt ngudi dgc vdi kiln thftc nln tMch bdn vl nhd hdng ho$c bien hgp nhin chung Id mOt ngudi dgc cd TTieo Debbie MiUer 2006 [9,57], MOu qud hom; hg cd the lip nhflng chi tring vl kiln thftc ngdn ngft bing *'Nhflng ngudi dgc tot thudng dgc vd mli lign quan gifta vdn bdn vdi vin n ^ cflng mOt luc MOt nhftng kiln thftc nln cfla hg (Din theo [1, dieu quan trgng nhlt md nhfing ngudi dgc can ldm kM hg doc Id nli kit 3785] ) Tdc gid Vfl TM Thanh Huong nhflmg dilu md hg biet vdi nhflng (2008), tilp tiiu If tiiuylt vl dgc Mlu thdng tin vdn bdn NgM vl dilu ngdn ngft thft hai tren thl gidi dd khdng md ngudi dgc dd bilt kM dgc dinh tim quan trgng cfla viOc sft dyng dugc ggi Id diing luge (schema) cdc thdng tm cdnh hulng vd tii thftc hope diing kiln thftc nln cua ngudi nln vdo dgy Id ndng dgc Mlu cho ngudi dgc" Tdc gid gidi tiiich: "Luge dl nudc ngodi hgc tilng ViOt [6] Id tit cd nhftng chit liOu, vpt liOu cd Kiln thuc nln Id nhftng kiln thftc d tiong d u cfla ngudi dgc, nhu nhflng vl till gidi, nhfing kmh ngMOm; nhfing noi md hg dd qua, nhflng viOc, nhflng kiln thftc vl clu hue ting thl cfla dilu md hg dd ldm, nhthig quyln sdch md hg dd dgc - tit cd nhftng kmh vdn bdn, nhftng kiln thurc vl ngdn ngMOm md hg cd dl Mnh tiidnh hg ngft dfch md ngudi dgc cd thl vPn id ai, hg bilt gi vd tin gi Id tiipt" dyng kM gidi tiiuylt diln ngdn, vdn bdn Khdi mOm kiln thiic nln cd lign 2.2.1.2 Chiin luge cua ngudi quan din khdi mOm khung (frame), dgc khdi mOm kich bdn (script), luge dd Khdo sdt qud trinh dgy vd hgc (scheme/ schema) Kich bdn/ khung ngdn ngft thft hai, cdc nhd ngMdn cftu dli vdi ngudi dgc, cd thl phdt triln ngdn ngft cho nhthig ngudi thudng xft If vdn bdn bing kinh ngMpm hope kiln thftc nln vd Idm cho nhflng ngudi cd tiinh d^ thdnh thgo vl ngdn ngft tiily dugc MOu qud cfla ngft cdnh, kiln thftc nln dli vdi qud trinh dgc Mlu vpn dyng thudng ndi din nhflng chiin luge hgc tpp (learning sfrategies) cua ngudi hgc, tftc Id nhflng cdch md ngudi hgc dflng dl dgt din nhflng myctiguhgc tpp ngdn ngft dfch Cd nhflng cMin luge cM hudng vl ngdn ngft dfch vd cd nhflng cMin luge Id qud trinh chuyin di tft ngdn ngft nguIn sang ngdn ngft dfch (language transfer) Nhflng cMen luge ndy cd thl tgo nhflng thuPn Igi cho ngudi hgc Ching hgn nhu viOc vPn dyng kiln thftc nln dd dugc tich Ifly tft qud trinh dgc Mlu tilng m? dg ho^c nhflng ngdn ngft dd hgc trudc dd (Ll) mpt cdch phfl hgp vdo qudtiinhdgc ngdn ngft dfch dd dugc xem Id hudng tilp cpn qud trinh dgc cd MOu qud Ngodi ra, ngudi dgc qud trinh dgc cd thl cd nhflng cdch xft Uriengnhu dodn ngMa cua tft clu hue, ngft cdnh; gM chu tft vyng phyc vy cho chfl de cfla vdn bdn; dung tft diln dl tim ngMa tft mdi; chu y nhthig cdu dugc dflng ldm cau frd Idi trongtiingdogn; chfl y nhflng cdu dugc trich din frong vdn bdn 59 ngft ndo dd vdi nhflng Mnh thftc ngdn ngft khdc cd lign quan ho$c sy md rOng phgm vi sft dyng nhflng Mnh thftc dd din nhftng ngft cdnh khdng phfl hgp, vd cd till din din trudng hgp Mlu sai Ching hgn: tft tl hgp ngdy tia cM ngdy liin sau ngdy mai, ngudi hgc suy dien nhflng tl hgp kilu "tir cM tiidi gian + kia" dh cM nhflng don vi thdi gian sau thdi dilm Mpn tgi nhu " tuin kia, thdng kia, ndm kia", m^c dufrongtilng Vipt tl hgp logi ndy cd mpt so khdng dflng ho$c cd ^ ngMa khdc nhu ndmtiac6 ng)xia Id ndm liin tru&c ndm ngodi, hdm tia Id ngdy liin trudc ngdy hdm qua Ngodi cdn cd nhflng loi chuyin di thudng thiy d nhflng ngudi hgc md ngdn ngft nguon vd ngdn ngft dich khdc vl logi Mnh Ching hgn tilng Hdn vd tilng Nhgt Id hai ngdn ngft thupc logi Mnh chip dfnh vd clu tilic ngft phdp cau tiieo trgt ty SOV (chfl ngft - bo ngft dgng tft) frong kM tilng Vipt Id ngdn ngft don Igp, ti^t ty SVO (chu ngft dgng tft/ vi TiQrnMen, ngodi viOc tgoranhftng tft - bo ngft); vi tri cua danh tft vd cdc thugn lgi cho ngudi dgc, nhftng cMin phy ngft frong danh ngft cfla tilng luge frong qud trinh dgc cdn cd the Hdn vd tilng Nhgt tiieo frgt ty P-C tgoranhflng khd khdn, dpc MOt Id gdy (phy - cMnh) khdc vdi frgt ty C-P lli cho ngudi dgc (cMnh - phy) cua tilng Vipt Sy khdc Cd mOt so cMin luge cfla ngudi ndy cd thl ldm xuit Mpn nhflng hgc/ngudi dgc cd till gdyrakhd khdn lli sai vlti^ltty cdc tft ngft cfla ngudi cho qud tiinh hgc L2 ndi chung vd hgc Vipc dy dodn nhflng cMin luge qud trinh dgc ndi rieng, ching hgn cfla ngudi hgc sg gii^ ngdn ngfta nhflng nhu sy khdi qudt qud mftc nhftng quy loi sai cfla ngudi hgc qud trinh tic cua ngdn ngft (£ch (ovai^neralizadon dgc Meu vdn bdn of target language rules) Day Id qud 2.2.1 Nhflng tiidng tin tilp nhgn tihih hogt dOng tu mang thih chat suy diln cfla ngudi hgc Qud trinh tft vdn bdn Day Id nhftngtiidngtinmd ngudi ndy the MOn d sy suy lugn nhim lan vl sy tuong ding gifla Mnh thftc ngdn dgc tilp nhpn tivc tilp tft vdn bdn Ngdn ngfr s l 12 ndm 2011 60 Nhftng thdng tm tilp nhPn tii vdn bdn giflp cho ngudi dgc Mlu dugc vdn bdn ding thdi giflp ngudi dgc phdt tiiln kiln thflrc ngdn ngft dfch Qud trinh ndy diln frong sy tuomg tdc vdi kiln thftc nln, vin kiln thftc vl ngdn ngft dfch, nhftng kl ndng dgc Mlu tft LI Nhflmg thdng tin ndy Id chfl dl vdn bdn vd nhflng y chfnh frong cdc dogn, dugc thl MPn qua nhflng don vi ngdn ngft vd mli quan hp gifta nhflng dom vi ngdn ngft (bao gIm nhthig dom vi tft vyng, nhflng d u true cu phdp, nhflng quan hp lign cdu, clu true vdn bdn) Nhflng tiidng tm ndy khdng nhlt tMit phdi dugc ting hgp tft vipc tim MIU tit cd nhflng ddn vi nhd ndt din nhftng ddn vi Idn nhlt vdn bdn Trong qud trinh tilp cgn dl gidi md vdn bdn dgc tft gdc dg ngdn ngft, ngudi dgc khdng Milt tMit phdi di theo trinh ty tft nhd din ldn, tft thap din cao md cd thl phii hgp hai trinh ty, d$c bipt di theo cMlu hudng nguge lgi, tft vdn bdn, dogn, cfl phdp cdu din tft ngft Nhflng ngudi dgc tot thudng dpt bp phPn (cdc don vi ngdn n ^ ) mli auan hO vii tong thl, chdng hgn thn Meu ngMa cua tft tiong ngft cdnh, d u hue cfl phdp hope tilp nhpn tiidng tin cd tigu dilm, ngMa Id cM chu