^ ^ G i d o dgc dan t$c K h o a hpc Gido due HINH THANH Kl NANG TINH TOAN CAC SO TIT NHIEN CHO HOC SINH Cr TIEU HOC 1 Nhiem vu trpng y l u cua mdn To ln d tieu hpc (TH) I I hinh t h l n h cho hpc sinh[.]
^ ^ G i d o dgc dan t$c - - K h o a hpc Gido d u e HINH THANH Kl NANG TINH TOAN CAC SO TIT NHIEN CHO HOC SINH Cr TIEU HOC ThS NGUYEN TH! KIEUOANH Trung tam Nghien ciJu Giao due dan tgc Nhiem vu trpng y l u cua mdn T o l n d tieu hpc (TH) I I hinh t h l n h cho hpc sinh (HS) kT nang tinh toln.Trong qua trinh ren Iuyen kT nang tinh t o l n , HS hinh t h l n h t U d u y g i l i q u y l t van di theo quy trinh nhat djnh (tU thuat t o l n ) NhUng k i l n thdc, kT nang ca b i n v l e l c p h l p tfnh I I eP sd khdng the t h i l u dupc de chuan bj eho ele em l l n hpe d eae Idp t r l n va hpc d c mdn hpe khIc Thuc t l day hpe d T H hien k h i eoi trpng kT n l n g tinh toan Tuy n h i l n , d c em cdn nhd, sUe tap trung chUa cao n I n t h u d n g khdng can than, tfnh toan t h i l u ehfnh xac va m I c n h i l u sai lam q u i trinh tinh Cd nhCfng em chifa nam vdng quy trinh, chUa cd kT n l n g tfnh t o l n Hon nUa, hien hpc sinh TH hay dung m I y tfnh bo tui de thue hien ele p h l p tfnh Thay vi nam vCfng quy trinh va thudc bdng tinh, e l c e m chi v i l e bam m I y cho k i t qua nhanh va ehinh xac Dleu d l I n h hudng khdng nhd d i n v i l e ren l u y i n kT n l n g tinh toan ehoHS Mat khIc, phuong p h l p g i l n g day h l l n rjay cCia giao vien (GV) cung cdn ed nhCfng han e h i vile hinh kT nang tfnh toan cho HS Mdt sd GV thudng sCfdung phuong phap day hpe t h i l n v l thdng b i o k i l n thUe, chUa p h I t huy nang lue eua HS v l dua t r l n nhCfng kien thdc d l ed.Dilu g l y khd khi'n eho HS, d i e biet la HS ngudi dan tpc thieu sd, k h i nang tieng Viet cdn gap nhieu han c h l Vdi eleh day nhUvay, t i l t hpc trd nen nang ne, HS ft cd thdi gian thuc h i n h , Iuyen tIp.Trong de ed dugc kT nang ddi hdi HS p h l i dupe l u y i n t i p , thUe h i n h thudng xuyen, l i l n tue V l d u true ndi dung chUdng trinh sach g i l o khoa: Giai doan c l e Idp 1,2,3 cd the duge eoi I I giai doan hoc tap co b i n , vl d giai doan nay, HS dugc chuan bj nhCfng k i l n thUc, kT n l n g ed ban nhat ve bdn phep tinh vdi eae so t u n h i l n Giai doan ele Idp 4, HS van hpe e l c k i l n thUe va ren kT n l n g ca b i n cua m d n Toan nhi/ng d mCfc sau hdn, khai q u i t v l trdu tUcmg hdn Vi du n h u d c l e ldp 1, 2, 3, e l c e m chi mdi dugc lam quen vdi tfnh chat eua cle phep tinh t r l n e l c vi d u hay d c b l i tap cu the de rut nhan xet ban dau NhUng d Idp 4, d c em da dupc chinh thCfe gldi t h i l u mot sd tinh chat cua d e phep tinh dudi dang quy t i c v l cdng thCfc nhU tinh chat giao hoan cua p h l p edng v l p h l p n h i n K H G D s 6 , thdng - 1 ele sd t u n h i l n , tinh chat k i t hdp eua phep edng v l phep n h i n hay tinh chat p h l n phdi cua phep n h i n ddi vdi phep cdng, Tuy n h i l n , d e k i l n thUe va kT nang ehUpng trinh Toan TH cd ddi cho sap xep cdn thieu tinh tich hpp, dan t r l i va lap di lap lai Vl du, vdi phep tfnh chia sd cd hai ehU sd eho sd ed mdt ehCf sd, chia sd cd ba chU sd eho sd ed mot ehCf sd, chia sd ed bdn ehU sd eho sd cd mdt chU sd, dupc r l i nhieu b l i , chung ed eung kT nang chia cho sd ed mdt ehU sd Hole vdi loat bai v l p h l p edng (trCO ed nhd mdt Ian hay nhieu Ian dUpc t i e h t h l n h n h i l u bai l i t h u y i t , trpng tam la "ed n h d ; ehU khdng n I n qua quan tam d i n viee nhd bao nhieu Ian Sap xep d i n tral nhUvay lam mat n h i l u thdi gian, ele bai tap de cho HS thue h i n h kT nang tinh t o l n lai rat han che Q u i trinh hinh kT n l n g tinh toan cho HS bao gdm d e budc: Hinh t h l n h khIi niem phep tinh (dudl dang bieu tupng); lap b I n g tfnh; day HS kT thuat tinh; tinh chat eua d e phep tfnh; mdi quan he giUa eae p h l p tinh MUe dp sau eCia tUng ddn vj k i l n thUc dupe t i n g dan theo cac ldp 3.1 Hinh t h l n h khIi niem phep tinh gdm: hinh bieu tUpng, y nghTa, dau phep tinh, t i n gpi phan p h l p tinh Viee hinh khai niem phep tfnh can chu y tdi y nghTa p h l p tinh va d c bleu tuong d i e trUng, chang han: -I- Bieu tupng d i e trUng cua phep cdng la hinh anh hop cua hai tap hpp khdng giao vdi y nghTa: t h I m vao, gdp v I o , nhieu h a n + Bieu tupng d i e trung eua phep t r d la hinh anh cdn lai so phan tCf thupe phan bu eua m o t tap hpp vdi y nghia: bdt di, cho di, lam mat di mdt sd phan t d nao dd 61 Khoa hpc Gido due - Gido dye dan tpc ^ ^ -t- Biiu tupng dae trung cua phep nhan la hinh nhin va phlp chia Luc HS de dang thuc hien anh ele tap hpp cdsd phan tUgldng (dctim dupe dang bli tap tU mot phlp nhin viit dUpc hai bia cd cung sd cham trdn) duge lay nhilu Ian vdi phep chia tuang Ung y nghTa gap len nhieu Ian hole tdng ele sd bang 3.2 Xay dung v l hpe thupe bIng tinh: Chu y giup cac em tu xly durig bIng va hoe thupe bIng + Bieu tupng die trirtng eua phlp chia la hinh tinh Mudn td ehUc elio HS hpe thudc bIng tinh ed the dung elc eleh nhueho HS dim thIm Vidu; de Inh vdi y nghTa chia deu, chia thlnh tUng nhdm Vi du, v l day hpc khai niem ban dau ve phep HS thupe bIng nhin thi ta eho HS dim th§m tU chia, sach gilo khoa Toln hiin hanh, phep 3, 6,9 saudd ehi vile ghep cac cum tU"3 nhdn chia dupe xay dUng td phlp nhln.Tuy nhien, trUde bdng , nhdn bdng " vdi d c kit qui dim ehi moi quan he giUa phep nhan va phep thIm II dupe bIng nhan Doi vdi bIng chia chia, ta ed t h i ehi rd eho HS thay dupe hinh Inh thi eae kit qui dim thIm ehinh II d c sd bj chia eua vile chia deu v l chia theo nhdm tU nhCfrig tinh Ngoli ra, mot elch thdng dung la td chu'c cho HS hudng thuc t l De gidl thieu dch chia deu, dpc bIng nhilu Ian: doe xudi, dpc ngupe; dpc d GV cd the lay mdt sd vlt, chang han: "Cd qud cam",nhan, dpe ddng thanh; dpc kit hdp vdi che bdt kit qua hole che d phep tinh sau "chia diu cho2 em"va xae dinh "mdiem dugc bao nhieu qud T GV hudng dan cho HS thue hien 3.3 Day HS kT thuat tinh toln vdi bdn phlp elc thao tic nhusau: tinh cdng, trU, nhin, chia eae sd tu nhien eho HS Lay vat, chang han qui cam bang ed the chia bdn d p dp: 1) Bit chude theo giay; chia deu sd cam cho ban VUa chia vUa mau; 2) Bilt mau, lap lai tinh hudng tUdng ndi: Cd qui cam chia deu eho ban; xac dinh td'; 3) Van dung nhUng tinh hudng dan glln; kit qui va ndi: "Moi bgn duge qud com".TU viec 4) Van dung nhUng trudng hpp phUe tap, ed thao tie tren vat that, GV dUa md hinh nhu tfnh sing tao Do vay, GV d n chu y nghien cUu kT hinh ve dudl dly DUa vao md hinh de gidi thilu d e mde dp ylu d u cho moi phlp tinh d tUng Idp, tuhg tilt mdt Idp Tuy thudc vao mdi vdng sd phep chia 6:3 = ma cd nhCfng kT nlng tinh toln rieng, ddi hdi HS nam vCfng kT nlng cp bin nhL^ kT nang dat tfnh, kT nang tfnh, ghi nhd, ude lUpng, Vidu: Khi hinh kT thuat cdng cd nhd eho HS, ta can lUu y HS thUe hlln elc thao tie; -I- Oat tinh (sao eho elc ehi sd d eung hang thi thing edt vdi nhau); -I- Thue hi§n tinh edng tC^ trln xudng dUdl, tii phli qua tral (them sd phai nhd vao hIng cao hem lien kl ben trli); -I- Kiem tra cle kit qui LUu y: d n cho HS doe phep tfnh vUa mdi gicri Trong Iuyen tap kT nang tinh nIn yeu d u HS thieu v l ndi lai tinh hudng trln: "Cd qud cam chia "tay lam, milng nham" Chang han, eho HS thUe diu cho bgn, moi bgn duge qud com" hien phlp edng ed nhd d Idp 2, GV hudng din HS De gidi thilu phlp chia theo nhdm, GV lay mdt dat tinh rdi tfnh, chu y deh viit thing cot, tfnh tii sdddvat, chIng han : "Cd qud cam chia moi em 3phai sang trli ja qud Hdi may em dugc chia cam ?" GV lay qui cam bang giay Lay qua chia eho em thU nhat, 33 tiep tuc nhu vly cho den hit sd cam Sau dd^hdi HS CO may em dupe chia cam GV van cd the sU dung md hinh trln de gidi thieu phep tinh 6:2 = HS tay viet phep tfnh v l milng ndi nhu sau: TiJpng tu nhutren, GV nIn cho HS ndi nhieu Ian v l • cdng bIng 13, viit 3, nhd tinh hudng trln: "Cd qud cam chia moi em qud thIm bIng 3, viit Cd em dugcchia earn" Nen cho HS cd thIm nhCfng 3.4 Hinh ele tinh chit cCia d c phlp tfnh hoat ddng ndi v l d c tinh hudng chia diu vl chia theo nhdm d l HS hieu dupey nghTa cua phep chia va cac quy tic nhIm nhanh kit qui, chu y giup HS Khi HS d l hieu dUpc y nghTa cua phep chia thi mdi hudng dan HS tim hieu ve mdi quan he giOa phep (Xem tiep trang 48) KHGD so 69, thdng 6-2011 K h o a hpc Gido d u e X l c dinh, de xuat nhCfng ndi dung hpc tap phu hpp vdi yeu d u PTBV eua dia phuong, cdng ddng, vdi nhu d u eua ngudi hoe, vdi dieu kien thUe te cua TTHTCD Oy ban qude gia ve thap kl giao due vi phat t r i l n b i n vCfng eua Viet Nam "Chuang trlnh hdnh dgng qudc gia vi gido due vi suphdt trien ben vC^g (2006-2014)" Ha mi.2609 S i p xep thU t u Uu tien d c ndi dung can hpc tap phu hpp vdi yeu d u PTBV cua dia phuang, cua edng ddng, vdi nhu d u eua ngUdi hpe, vdi d i l u k i l n thUe t l cua TTHTCD UNESCO, "Thap kl g i l o dye VI suphattrien ben vCfng L i l n hop qude 2005 - 2014" H I Ndi, 2005 X l y dung k l hoach hpc tap, d u k i l n d c d i l u kien thuehien Nhu vly, de n l n g eao ehat lUpng hoat ddng d TTHTCO, gdp phan PTBV d dia phUdng, cleTTHTCO can p h l i xac djnh nhCfng npi dung hpc tap t h i l t thuc, phu hpp vdi nhu d u eua ngudi hpc, y l u d u phat t r i l n kinh t l - x l hdi eua dia phUPng va hUdng tdi yeu eau ve PTBV eua edng ddng, dat nude CIch x l e dinh ndi dung hpe tap vi su PTBV d TTHTCD tren day da dupc thuc hien d dcTTHTCD cUa tinh Hda Binh va d i e d k i t qua bUdc dau Cle TTHTCO d ele dja phUdng ed the linh hoat van dung v I o d i l u k i l n thue t l eua tUng dia phUdng Tai lieu tham khao Cong hda xa hdi chu nghTa Viet Nam ( t h i n g 10 nam 2009), "Djnh hudng chien luge phdt trien bin vi/lngd Wet A/am" (ChUPng trinh nghj sU 21 eua Viet Nam) (Tai ban Ian thU 3), Ha Ndi HINH THANH (Tiip theo trang 62) hieu tinh chat v l ed sd cCia quy tac nham LUa chpn d c dang bai tap de HS cd eo hdi thuc hanh tinh nham Chang han quy t i e nham eae sd trdn chue, trdn tram , nhan vdi 10, 100, 1000 h o l e quy t i e nhan nham vdi 1 , Nhu vay, de HS hinh dupe kT nang tinh t o l n can lam eho HS hieu dupe khIi niem p h l p tinh, e l c kT thuat tinh v l Iuyen tap d l tinh dupe dung va t h l n h thao Ngoai ra, e l c hinh thUe td chufe day hpe eung t i c ddng khdng nhd den viec ren Iuyen kT n l n g tinh toan eua t r i Ngoai nhCfng hinh thCfc n h u hpc ca n h i n , hpc theo nhdm, GV n I n t d chUe ele trd ehPi hpc tap Day I I mot hinh thufc day hpe rat phu hpp vdi hpe sinh TH, t l i u hut Suae sUtham gia eua hpc sinh, g l y hCfng t h u va lam g i l m sU met mdi hpc tap H o l e t d ehdc d c hoat ddng thuc h i n h T o l n ngoai Idp hpe nhuthUe hanh dp dal, SLf dung cac dung cu dai lUdng, t h u t h I p sd lieu, tfnh t o l n tren d c sd lieu dd, Odi mdi v i l e td ehCfc day hpc tang k h i n l n g Iuyen tap, thUe h i n h de hinh kT nang tfnh t o l n eho HS d t i l u hpc chae chan giup eho elc gid Bp G i l o due va Dao tao, "Quy che vi td chUc vd hogt dgng eua trung tdm HTCD xd, phUdng, thi trdn".200B 5.Trung tam N g h i i n eUu G i l o due khdng ehinh quy, Vien Khoa hpe G i l o due Viet Nam, "Sdtayphdt trien trung tdm hgc tap cong dong ben vdng", 2009 SUMMARY Sustainable development Is an important issue for alt nations, therefore the identification of learning contents on Sustainable development In the community learning centers is very important, in this article the author gives steps for identification of learning contents on Sustainable development: understanding the curriculum for meeting learners' needs, knowledge, skill update, technology transfer, understanding local socioeconomic development, needs of local, community sustainable development hpc t o l n dupe nhe nhang, t h i n thien hPn; giup HS ndi chung va HS d i n tpc ndi rilng cd dupe kha n l n g tfnh toan thao va chinh xac T A I LIEU T H A M K H A O Bd G i l o due va O l o tao, Sach Todn, 2,3,4, NXB Gilo due, 2005 2v Bp G i l o due v l Dao tao, Sdeh Todn 2, chuang trlnh song ngUtrin casdtieng me de, NXB G i l o due, 2010 Pham V l n H o l n , Tran Thue Trinh, Pham Gia Cde, Gidoduchgcmon Todn, NXB G i l o due, 2000 Pham Olnh Thue, 200 edu hdi- ddp vedayTodn dtieu hgc, NXB Giao due, 2008 SUMMARY The author presents steps of numeracy skill formation process by primary school children: formation of mathematical operation; building and memorizing the calculation table; teaching students calculation techniques with operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division; forming characteristics of the operations and quick calculation njles KHGD so 69, thdng - 2011 ... dpc kit hdp vdi che bdt kit qua hole che d phep tinh sau "chia diu cho2 em"va xae dinh "mdiem dugc bao nhieu qud T GV hudng dan cho HS thue hien 3.3 Day HS kT thuat tinh toln vdi bdn phlp elc thao... y: d n cho HS doe phep tfnh vUa mdi gicri Trong Iuyen tap kT nang tinh nIn yeu d u HS thieu v l ndi lai tinh hudng trln: "Cd qud cam chia "tay lam, milng nham" Chang han, eho HS thUe diu cho bgn,... TiJpng tu nhutren, GV nIn cho HS ndi nhieu Ian v l • cdng bIng 13, viit 3, nhd tinh hudng trln: "Cd qud cam chia moi em qud thIm bIng 3, viit Cd em dugcchia earn" Nen cho HS cd thIm nhCfng 3.4