IIIBBBSBBS TlfTUdHG TOAN HOC HIEN DAI TRONG N A I DUNG S 6 TIT NHIEN M D N TOAN L0P1 TS TrJn Ngoc Bfch Tru&ng Dgi hpc Suphgm DH Thdi Nguyin SUMMARY Thinking of elementary students are intuitive, specl[.]
IIIBBBSBBS TlfTUdHG TOAN HOC HIEN DAI TRONG N A I DUNG S TIT NHIEN M D N TOAN L0P1 TS.TrJn Ngoc Bfch Tru&ng Dgi hpc Suphgm - DH Thdi Nguyin SUMMARY Thinking of elementary students are intuitive, speclfical Moreover the language of primary school students are not rich Thus, elementary math used visual Images, approached appropriately with psychological age However, in the visual images are implicit Ideas of modern mathematic The Paper research modem mathematical ideas that have implicit ideas in the concept of nature nimiber, compare two natural numbers, forming the addition, subtraction in math class Keywords: Elementary education, elementary math, arithmetic Ngdy n/tffn bdl: 6/9/2015; Ngdy duyft bdi: 28/9/2015 D$t vin dl Nfi dung So hpc radn Todn d Tieu hpc bao gIm s6 ty nhien, phan so vd so thfp phdn Trong dd kiln thflc vl so ty nhien dupc cung cip cho hpc smh (HS) tfl Idp cho din hit kl cfla Idp Mpt hong nhflng ddc dilm ciu triu: nfi dung cfla mdn Todn & Tilu hpc dd Id "Hf thong cdc kiln thflc cfla mdn Todn d tilu hgc dugc chgn lpe vd sdp xip nhdm qudn trift tu tudng cfla todn hpc hifn dgi vfla chfl ^ din d$c dilm phdt Uiln tam li Ifla tuli"[3] Trong bdi vilt chflng tdi phdn tfch tu tudng todn hpc hifn dgi in tdng nfi dung sl ty nhien cfla Todn ldp dl cd cdi nhin sdu sic hem qud trlnh gidng dgy d tilu hgc Nhihig van de cor sd a) Tpp hgp tuang duang - Cho hai tfp hgp A vd B Tgp hpp A tuong duong vdi tfp hpp B neu cd mpt song dnh tfl tgp hgp A din tfp hpp B[l] - Hai tfp hgp A vd B la tuong duong vdi vd chi lyc lugng cfla hai tgp hpp ndy bing b) Tpp hgp hUu hgn - Mft tfp hgp khdng hrong duong vdi bit kl mft bf phfn thyc sy ndo cfla nd dugc ggi Id mft tgp hpp hihi hgn Vf dy I) Tfp rong Id mft tfp hgp hihi hgn Thft vfy, vl tgp rong khdng chfla mft bp phfn thyc sy ndo nSn nd khdng hrong duong vdi bit ki mft bf phfn thyc sy nao cfla nd, nen theo djnh nghTa, rSng Id mgt tfp hpp hihi hgn 2) Tfp hpp A = {a} Id tgp hgp hflu hgn, vi {a} chl cd mft tfp thyc sy Id tfp rong, md tap rong khdng tuong duong vdi {a} c) Khdl nlim sd t\r nhien sd tg nhlin liin sau 16 • TAP CH^'nnfrSIGlAO DMC-sti 122-10/2015 - Bdn s6 cfla rapt tfp hgp hihi hgn dupc ggi Id mft sl ty nhiSn Cdc so ty nhiSn lap thdnh raft tfp hgp Tgp hpp cac so ty nhifn ki hifu la N Ta cd a e N => tin tgi tfp hgp httu hgn A, card A = a Vf dy Id mpt so ty nhlSn vl = card , Id tgp hgp hihi hgn Id sl ty nhien vi = card {x}, {x} Id tfp hihi hgn So ty nhien Iiln sau: Gid sfl a, b Id hai sl t^r nhien, dd b la so Hen sau a nlu tin tgi cdc tgp hgp huu hgn A, B saochoa = cardA, b = cardB vdAc B, B \ A Id mft tfp hgp don tfl (hay card (B\A) = 1) Vf dy Id s6 liln sau s6 Thft vfy, ta cd a = card , = card {x} vd c {x}, {x} \ = {x} Id tfp dem tfl d) Phep cgng phep tru hai sd tir nhien - Djnh nghTa phep cfng; Cho a, b Id hai sl ty nhiSn Khi dd tin tgl hai tfp hgp huu hgn A, B cho a = card A, b = card B, A n B = Ta cd a + b = card (A u B) - Dinh nghTa phep trfl hai sl ty nhiSn Cho hai sl ty nhien a vd b vdi a ^ b Khi dd ton tgi so ty nhifn c cho a + c = b So c dugc ggi Id hifu cfla b vd, ki hifu c = b - a Tu tudng todn hgc hifn dgi in timg nfi dung s6 ty nhien cfla Todn Idp 3.1 Tu tu&ng todn hpc hipn dgi thi hipn npi dun^ hlnh thdnh khdi nipm si t^ nhiin a) Y hfdng luang duang Todn ldp I Y tudng tuong duong Uong todn Tilu hgc dupc thl hifn qua bdi "Bdng Dau =" [2] sdch gido khoa (SGK) Todn SGK Todn I dua cdc bflc tranh: NGHIEN CUU & UNG DUNG tranh ndy cd thl hilu ddy Id tgp hpp don tfl, rad tgp hpp don tfl thi chi cd mft tgp thyc sy Id tfp r5ng vd tfp r§ng thi khdng tuong duong vdi tap hpp don tfl Do dd t ^ hpp cd mpt phan tfl Id t ^ hpp huu han Tuong tu nhu vay hinh tiidnh cho HS sd 2, SGK dua bflc Uanh cd bgn ngdm ba bing bfl Idling djnh ddy la tfp hgp hflu hgn Tfp hpp cd hai tfp Bflc Uanh thfl nhit vS ba huou vd ba byi thyc sy Id tgp rdng vd tfp cd Moi huou dupc nli vdi mft byi cd bdng mft hpp don tfl, nhung hai tgp dogn thing, nhu vfy Id dd ngim thilt Ifp mft song thyc sy khdng tuong duong dnh tfl tfp hpp nhttng hucm din tgp hpp nhihig vdi tfp hgp cd phin tfl byi cd Do dd cd thl hilu ta dugc tfp hgp nhfhig c) vdn di khdi nipm sd tyr nhien vd sd tg nhlin huou Id tuong duong vdi tfp h ^ nhfhig byi cd Tfl lien sau todn Tieu hgc nhfhig hinh dnh tryc quan gin giii vdi cufc sing Cdc sl ty nhiSn 1,2,3,4,5 dupc gidi thifu cho hdng ngdy, SGK Todn dd tdng mflc dp trim tugng HS ldp I qua hai bdi hon bdng cdch sfl dyng nhihig chim Udn ldm hlnh "Cdc s6 1, 2, 3" vd dnh tryc quan Khi dd ta ciing cd tfp hpp nhflng cham "Cdc s6 1,2, 3,4, 5" trdn ben trdi id tuong duong vdi tfp hpp nhttng chim [2] SGK Todn dd trdn ben phdi Hai tfp hgp Id tuong duong vdi sfl dyng cde tfp hgp thl chflng ed cflng lyc lugng nfn lye lugng cfla tfp tuong duong, nghTa hgp nhflng chim trdn bSn trdi bdng lyc Iugng cfla tfp Id cdc tfp hpp cd hgp nhQng chim trdn bSn phdi vd bdng hay = cflng bdn s6 dk hlnh ;:^:^si3teBflc tranh thfl hai vS b6n chile coc, Uong mSi tiidnh cho HS bilu chile c6c cd bd mft chile thia Bflc tranh ndy cibig tupng ban diu vl s6 ngim thilt lfp quan hf tuong img - hay chinh id ty nhifn Chflng lign, SGK Todn dd sfl dyng cdc thiet Ifp mgt song dnh tfl tfp hgp nhQng chile clc tfp hpp cd mft phan tfl nhu chim, I bgn gai, I din ^ hgp nhftng chile thia Nhu vfy ta cd tfp hpp chim trdn, tinh hinh thdnh bilu tupng ve nhQng chile clc Id tuong duong vdi tgp hpp nhQng sl 1; tfp hpp cd hai phin tfl nhu mfo, bgn, Chile tfiia Sau dd, SGK sfl dyng cdc hinh vudng dl chim trdn, tinh dl hhihtiidnhsd 2; tfp hpp cd tdng mflc df trflu tugng vd gin vdi todn hpc Nhin phin tfl nhu bdng hoa, bgn, chim trdn, vdo hlnh vS ta thiy mSi hlnh vudng mdu xanh duge tlnh dl hhihtiidnhbilu tupng sd cho HS nli tuong flng vdi mft hlnh vudng mdu trdng vd sy vin dl so ty nhtSn Iiln sau dupc sfl dyng tuong flng ndy Id I - I Do dd cd mft so sdnh tfl tfp hlnh thdnh bilu tugng ban diu vl s6 ty nhien cho HS hgp nhihig hlnh vudng mdu xanh din tfp hgp nhftng tilu hgc gidi thifu sl 6,7,8,9 Chdng hgn, hvng hlnh vudng mdu h ^ nSn hai tfp hgp ndy Id tuong bdi "Sl 6", SGK dua bflc tranh ed bgn dang choi, duong vdi VI vfy lyc lugng cfla tfp hgp nhttng bgn chgy din Id bgn; cd chim Udn thSm I chim hinh vudng mdu xanh bfing lyc lugng cfla tfp hgp trdn Id chim tr&n Tfl dd hlnh thdnh cho HS bilu nhftng hlnh vudng mdu trdng vd bflng hay ta cd tugng ban diu vl sl Qua dd ngim gidi thifu cho = HS s6 Id sl dflng liln sau sl S TUong ty nhu vfy b) Tpip hgp hOu hgn thi hipn todn Tliu hgcvdi cdc so 7,8,9 Khi hlnhtiidnhcho HS cdc s6 1, 2, 3, (cdn 3.2 Tu tu&ng toin hpc hipn dfil thi hipn & npi gpi Id cdc s6 tryc gidc)tillSGK Todn dd sfl dyng cdc dung so sdnh hai sS tgr nhiin tfp hqi hftu hgn, Cy thl, hlnhtiidnheho HS sl 1, vin dl so sdnh so ty nhiSn h'ong todn Tilu hpc SGK da sfl dyng bflc hanh cd mft bgn gdi Qua bflc till hifn rdti-ongbdi "Bf hem Diu