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Khoa hpc Gido due QUY TRlNH KHAC PHUC KHUYET TAT N G O N NGUT CHO HOC SINH KHUYET TAT N G O N N G D Of CAP TIEU HOC NGUYlNTHIKIMHiiN Trung tam Ngliien cthi Giio d(ic Sac biet Hidn tai, chung ta dang e[.]
Khoa hpc Gido due - QUY TRlNH KHAC PHUC KHUYET TAT N G O N NGUT CHO HOC SINH KHUYET TAT N G O N N G D Of CAP TIEU HOC NGUYlNTHIKIMHiiN Trung tam Ngliien cthi Giio d(ic Sac biet H idn tai, chung ta dang ed mdt sd phuong phap sda tat ngdn ngd eho tre khuylt tat ngdn ngd (NN) ndiriengva tre khuyet tat cac dang khie kem t i t ngdn ngd ndi ehung Cac phUPng phip nay, d i dupe dung nhieu phuc hdi chdc nang ngdn ngd sau phau thuat, chinh hinh cho tre khuyet tat tai eie benh vien ma it duac dung de sda khuylt tat ngdn ngd (KTNN) cho hoc sinh (HS) khuylt t i t (KT) ndi chung v i HS KTNN ndi rieng d cac trudng hda nhap cap tieu hpc Tuy nhi§n, de sda dUpc tat ngdn ngd cho HS d Idp hda nhap khdng don giin Nd bao gdm nhilu qua trinh phdc tap, ddi hdi giio vien (GV) phii cd mdt so kiln thdc nhat djnh ve tre khuylt tat NN va phuong phap khae phuc khuyet tat cho cac em nhCfng rdi loan bat thudng, khien tr§ khdng dieu khien dupe Tre khuyet tat NN cd ddc diem la chi cd tat ngdn ngd Tit nay, sinh dau tien (khdng sinh td t i t khie) v i khdng kem theo t i t khie Tat d tr^ cd t h i cd t i t td mdi sinh hay qua trinh phit trien co the Khi sinh ra, t r i van cd tri tue binh thudng, chi sau thdi gian van dpng phit triln ngdn ngd, chdc ning eua cac giic quan mdi eo t h i bj inh hudng xau di va thudng inh hUdng din qua trinh phat trien trf tue Cdn mpi sinh hoat tU phuc vu va phuc vu van binh thudng KTNN cd tinh chdt ccfbdn: - KTNN da xuat hien thi khdng tumat dl, mi cang tang nang (tuy nhien, den mde dp nhat djnh, IVIot so van de co bin vl tri khuyet tat NN tatsedUnglai) - KTNN khdng tUOng dng vdi tuoi, cd ci d tri em - Be tien hinh khic phuc duac KTNN cho HS, trudc tien ehung ta phii biit tre khuyet tat NN la va ngUdi Idn ngUdi Idn, KTNN thudng ben vdng nhdng t r i nhu the nao (?) De nhan dien eie em, nen khae phuc se khd khan hon giao due hda nhip (GDHN), ehung tdi chpn - KTNN can duac khae phuc bang tri lieu y t l va djnh nghTa: "Tre khuyet tdt ngdn ngd Id nhdng tre giio due die biet cd bieu hien thieu lich hay mdt it nhiiu kha ndng nguyen nhdn gay KTId: sddung cdcyeu tongUdm, tUvUng, ngUphdp (so - Do mdi trudng ngdn ngdva die dilm chim sdc vdi ngdn ngd ehudn) nen hgc tap vd giao giao due tiep hang ngay, edc em gap nhieu khd khan cdn trp ' Do benh tit, dung thudc, chan thuong giup."'" - Do thai va sinh nd cija ngUdi me Ngdn ngd chuan d day, theo chung tdi bao him - Do phit trien khdng binh thudng ve eP the v i ea ngdn ngddja phUPng.Tre khuyet t i t NN thudng ndi: chdo ed g on d a, cua eang eie giac quan ton tua tdng, quo xodi thinh cd sol, cdi mu KTNN ed inh hudng rat nhilu den qui trinh hpe thinh ed mO, quyen vdthanh quyen vg Hay ehi ndi tap, nhat l i d bd mdn Ngd van tilu hpc, d i ed dupc tddPn, cau ngan, eau thilu td, bd td hoac cd khdng ft nhdng trudng hpp vi ndi ngpng m i lUu nhae di nhae lai nhieu lan mdttdma khdng chuyin ban nhieu lan, luu ban nhieu lan chin va bd sang tdtiep theo dupc Hoac de phat dupc mdt hpc Cung cd nhdng trudng hpp, tre khdng dUpc tilng phii nghieng dau, nhiy mit, co vai, giit eP hpc d cie trUdng Idp phd thdng nen bj that hpc m i hay ndi lao thao khdng Cd nhdng bilu hien KTNN da inh hUdng true tiep din nang giao nay, la qua trinh van ddng, tham gia hoat tiip eua tri Khi nang giao tiip eCia cic em nhU ddng phit am eua cac bd phan chde ning d i cd cang ddng lai Cang Idn, cac em eing ngai 44 KHGD so 67, thdng - 2011 •Jai^isJBiJtugiao tiep, sp tieng ndi eua minh d l giy eUdi v i lim ngudi nghe khd hiiu n^n cie em eing khep minh lai v i ft ndi, ft giao tiip hon vdi xung quanh Dilu dd da inh hudng khdng ft den die ^em tam If v i nhan cich eCia tr^, d mde dp cao tre ed the trd tu ki am thi hay tim than phin Iiet -Khoa hpc Gido due hinh, nhilu v l dupe tao khdng ehi phdi hay giy rdi loan, nhim lan eho GV lUa chpn DUa vio cac ddi tupng ca sd tren, tiip tue lua chgn vd xac djnh cde phuang phdp khae phuc KT phu hgp Co phuang phdp: 1)Ren luyen cau am, 2) Khic phuc khiem khuylt phat i m am vj, 3) Sd dung trd chpi Trong moi phUPng phap, lai cd eie phuong phip bd phan khic Trd m^t ngdn ngu5 Tre n6i ngpng Tdng cdng ed hPn Phuong phip bd phan de Tr6 khfing c6 ngon ngO Tri bi r6l lo^n gipng di§u Khic phuc khilm khuylt khic hay cdn Trd n6i kho Tri chgm phat triln ngon ngu ndi: phuong phip bd phan, tUOng dng vdi Tre r6i logn dpc va vi^t Tre n6i lap ddi tupng khilm khuylt khie Gdi eie Trong dang KT tren diu ed mde dp: ning, vda ddl tupng lai gdi thU 2: doi tuong ve va nhe Nlu chia theo thang ehung, ed mde dp: phuang phdp khdc phuc KT rat ning, nang, vda va nhe Trong giao due hda nhap, tr^ dupe khic phuc KT trdn Idp, gid hpe nen cac kiln Quy trinh khic phuc khuyet tat ngon ngii^ gdm thdc bii hpc lai la co sd de lUa chpn, xac djnh ddi budc (B): tupng tiip theo Kien thdc bai hpe dupe lua chpn, Bl.Xdedinh ddititgrng bao gdm cie: am, tieng, td, eiu hay cic doan vin, Trong kit qui tim hieu va khim sang Ipe d l chpn doan bii hpc cd ehda eie im, tilng, td, ciu ein t r i khuyet tat NN cd rat nhilu he thdng tilu chi sda hay ren luyin khae phuc Viec xac djnh ddi vi tieu chf nen de giy nham lan lua chpn Do tupng v l kiln thde bii hpe eung can phii chuan viy, sau tim hieu v i kham sang Ipe, can phin xic va phin tang theo cap dp rd ret, bdi eie kiln ^nh v i sap xip lai cie ddi tupng eu thi, phu thUc v l tilng Viet rat nhilu ndn de qhy nham lan Gdi cac ddi tupng niy lai, cdgdi thd 3: ddi hpp tupng ve kien thdc bai hoc Cd t h i ndi, tilng Viet Ddi tupng dau tien can chpn, cd tdi hon 10 ddi ed bao nhieu am vj, tre ed the ndi sai bay nhieu tupng chi tilt can phin biet, nhU: Do vay, sd ddi tupng ehi t i l t hay bp phan d gdi 1) Logi KT: de phin biet t r i khuylt tat NN (don len tdi miy chuc tit) vdi t r i khuyet t i t da tat (kim ngdn ngu) Be vda thuc hien khic phuc KTNN, vda khae siu, 2) Trong loai KTNN, cd din dgng ehi tilt (nhU nhd liu kiln thde bai hpe eho HS, eie GV thudng tr§n) Ngay dang, eung gdm may kieu hay sd dung phUPng phap trd chPi eho HS ci Idp eung hinh thde KT khae Dang ngpng ed kieu/ chPi nen vile lUa chpn trd choi eung ed liln quan hinh thde: ngpng thUe thi, ngpng chdc nang va chit che den kien thdc bii hpc DUa vio ndi dung ngpng sinh If.Trong ddi tUpng ngpng (chi tilt) niy, tdng bai hpe hay cac trd ehoi din gian, hien dai lai cd cau true mudn hinh van trang nen da tao lai ed the sing tao cic trd choi khic de ren mudn hinh mudn v l hinh thde ndi ngpng (phit luyen khae phuc KT nen se ed rat nhilu trd chPi i m sai) khae Cd t r i bd i m dau, cd tr^ bd am khie dim hay i m cudi hoac ed t r i bd ci hoac am Lai Trudc "gdi" ddi tUpng khie nhau, dupe phan ed t r i ngpng dieu hay ndi ddt doan Dang tang rd ring nhUtren, GV bUde dau se bdt di tam ndi lap, ed: lip giit rung v i lap eo thit li ngan ngai, sp vudng mac hay gap khd khin Cin ed vio co ehi benh If v i die dilm khiem khuyet, tri khuyet tat NN dupc chia thdnh dgng khdc nhau: 3) Cie dang KTNN, lai mang mdc KT khie Gdi cic ddi tupng (1 tre khuyet t i t NN -i- dang + mde dp = 12) niy lai, cd gdi dau tien l i ddi tuana vS tri khuyet tdt NN Viee xic djnh ddi tUpng v l t r i ddi hdi ed dp ehfnh xic eao de eii mudn KHGD so 67, thang - 2011 Td dd, binh tTnh, tu tin m i thuc hien cdng viec t i i p theo NgUpe lai, sU phin chia eae ddi tupng lam eho kit qui khim sang Ipe t r i dupe phin tfch rd rang hon, giup GV thiy d l dang lUa chpn va lua chpn ehfnh xic cic cap ddi tupng de 45 K h o a h p c Gido d u e x i y d u n g len p h i e d d k h i e phuc k h i t h i d budc t i i p theo B2 Lap phdc khdephue Sau cd c i e ddi tupng tren, mdt lan nda lai p h i i sap xep cho c i c ddi tupng tUong dng va phu hpp vdi Tre ndi ngpng hay ndi khd d m d c dp nao, can phUPng phap gi (?) de thuc hien k h i c phuc KT cho cac em Tien h i n h khae phuc day eie em hpc bai nao hay doan bai hpc cu t h i n i o trdn Idp ? Phan k h i c phuc tai Idp den d i u , ve nha d i n diu ? Mpt loat cac c i u hdi dUpc dat n h u vay, lan lupt dupe t r i Idi b i n g c i c h xep dat c i c ddi tupng vao vdi tdng cap: KTNN vdi phuong p h i p k h i c phuc, phUOTig phapKhac phuc vdi k i l n thdc bai hpe va trd choi Sau dd, xem xet mdc dp phu hpp gida c i c cap ddi tUpng v i tinh k i t qua eua eie phuong p h i p khae phuc duac lua chpn S i p xep d i n d i u , vao van b i n den d d d l djnh hinh dan phac d d k h i c phuc Budc nay, trUde t i i n d i t r i n h dupe rao e i n eCia sp nham lan, rdi loan trudc q u i n h i l u ddi tUpng sau t i m hieu va k h i m s i n g Ipe Khi chu^ lua chpn, s i p xep eie ddi tupng hau h i t c i c GV d i u thay rat khd thUe hien k h i c phuc KT cho t r i Hon t h i nda, c i c GV cdn eho r i n g l i cdng viec cua bac si m i GV khdng lam dupe D i n d i y , cac GV da du tU tin, binh tinh de l i m eie budc tiep theo T r i ndi khd: cd hoi t h d yeu, n g i n nen chi ndi dupe cau ngan vdi gipng y l u , ddt quang va khe se can eie phuong p h i p khae p h u c nhU: luyen thd, luyen gipng va the due cau i m Viy, ddi t u p n g : t r i va phUPng p h i p nay, can p h i i di ddl vdi tao cap khdng the k h i c N l u chpn lech sang ddi tucmg k h i c hay chpn khdng dung phUPng p h i p k h i c phuc, cdng viec thuc hien k h i c phuc se that bai hay khdng sda dupc KT Tuy thude vao nhdng thao t i c cau i m v i c i c am vj cu t h i can r I n luyen, k h i c phuc m i chpn bai hay doan bai hpc ed ehda c i e thao t i e cau am va am vi d d de thue h i l n N h u vay, trUdc gdi ddi t u p n g , GV p h i i lua chpn, sap xep c i c ddi tupng, eie thao t i c d l l i p l l n trinh t u ( x d 10 san s i n g eho bUde tien hanh k h i c phuc KTNN hieu q u i Lam viec n i y , GV d i gidng n h u b i c si lap phac d i l u trj cho benh n h i n Khi phac d o d i dUpc l i p s i n sing, GV chi v i l e t i i n hanh k h i e phuc ma khdng sp khd k h i n hay nham lan hoac gap vUdng m i e nda BUdc 46 cung gidng n h u viec chuan bi soan giao i n trudc len Idp v i budc t i i n hanh k h i c phuc KTNN cho HS, la budc len Idp g i i n g bai (giio an vda soan) cCia GV B3 Tiin hdnh khdephue T i i n hanh khae phuc NN cho t r i dupe dien dudi hinh thde: ho t r p c i nhan gid hpc va hd t r p d i e biet hay cdn gpi la ca biet n g o i i gid hpe C i hinh thdc, deu cd t h i mdi them HS binh t h u d n g va HSKT khae eung tham gia, tao eie nhdm h d trp N h d m hd t r p n g o i i gid hpc cd t h i mdi t h e m vien ( c i ngudi Idn) d dja phUPng cung t h a m gia GV ngUdi thUe hien ehinh vda t o chdc, tap hpp t h i n h vidn vda thUe hien, hudng dan lai eho phu huynh va cho chfnh b i n than HS de cac em thue hien h i n g n g i y Ndi dung hoat ddng ho trp, la thUe hien cac phUPng phap khae phuc c i nhan k i t hpp vdi k i l n thdc b i i hpc hay ca biet ngoai gid Cii khd eP b i n thUc hien la viec bien nhdng phUPng p h i p khae phuc p h i e d o nhdng hanh ddng cu the, t i c d d n g hieu q u i len HS KTNN T i i n h i n h khae p h u c , la budc rat quan trpng, muc tieu cudi eung cd dat dupe hay khdng l i d budc T i i n h i n h khae phuc cdn t u y thude v i o kha nang t i i p n h i n p h i e eua t r i Mdi trd lai cd k h i nang tiep n h i n phac k h i c Khae phuc KT g i d hpc; GV p h i i bidn che cac bai tap k h i e phuc vao bai day hpc c i c m d n , nhat l i mdn Tieng Viet de thuc hien Khi p h i n tieh NN bai day, GV ed t h e van d u n g dupc c i e b i i k h i c phuc KT cho HS Dae biet, thdi lupng hpe mdn Tieng Viet d t i l u hpc n h i l u gap t d 2,5 d i n 10 lan cac m d n hpe khae nen ed nhieu eo hdi eho GV thUc hien tren Idp De k h i c s i u va n h d lau k i l n thdc cho HS, GV t h u d n g t o chdc cho eie em ren luyen, k h i c phuc KTNN qua c i e t r d choi Qua trd chPi, t i n h hpp t i e hoat d d n g v i t i n h c i m y l u t h u o n g gida HSKT vdi HS binh t h u d n g lai duac t h i t c h i t t h e m GV vda thue hien, vda theo ddi k i t q u i , can t h i l t lai p h i i quyet djnh dieu chinh hay thay ddi phu hpp chd nao d d hoac ed nhdng s i n g t a o ThUc h i l n budc nay, HS KTNN dupc phuc hdi chdc n i n g NN hay dupc sda t d n g phan den toan p h i n KT trudng t i l u h p c Thdi gian thUe hien, cd t h i d i i , n g i n k h i e nhung nd K H G D sd , thang - 2011 MiSnBijru- -Khoa hpc Gido dgc gin liln vdi viec hpc t i p tren tdp, hUdng den kit qui kep cudi cCing la: HS KTNN vda cd kien thdc bii hpc vda dupc khie phuc KTNN B4 Ddnh gid kit qud khdephue KTNN Danh gii kit qui sau thuc hien khie phuc KTNN 64 kep kin lai quy trinh khic phuc, l i phep cudi cDng cua qui trinh tien hinh khie phuc KT cho HS KTNN Cin ed vio muc tidu khie phuc d i djnh van bin hay can ed vio tdng bai day eu the de dinh gii Cd t h i dinh gii sau mdt qui trinh khic phuc mdedpKThayl khilm khuylt nio dd cCia KT Cie dinh gii cd the theo mau soan san hay theo dinh gii bing quan sat trUe tiip eua GV hay ngudi thuc hiln khie phuc KT cho t r i Cic dinh gia la nhOfng dinh gii nhd, bd phin cho tdng khilm khuylt hay mde dp KT cDa trd mdt chudi hay mot hd thdng cie danh gia v l khae phuc KTNN eho trd Trd d i khic phuc duac KT hay ehUa? Mde dp khae phuc KT dat dupc den diu? Cdn nhdng khiem khuylt nao can khic phuc tiep ? Qui trinh thUc hien khie phuc KTNN thudng keo dii v i gdm nhieu quy trinh k l tiep nhau, qua nhieu bai hpe khic Moi lan dinh gii la mdt lan khep lai mdt quy trinh d l bUde sang thuc hien quytrinhkhictilptheo.Mptquytrinh dupe khep lai l i mdt khiem khuyet hay mdt mde dd KTNN d i dupc khae phuc Quy trinh keo dii td: thinh cdng tdng phan d i n toan phan va cudi eung l i : HS khdng edn KTNN nda BUde nay, gidng nhU mdt canh cda ddng lai eho giai doan trudc, md eho giai doan sau va cudi eung l i ddng lai hoin toin trUde KTNN cua HS Ket luan: SP hda cCia quy trinh: Bl.Xdedinh doi tucmg B4.{>anr giaicet quS lch