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G I A O D U C MUrOC N Q O A I KINH NGHIEM VE CHiNH SACH DAD TAO DAP HUG NHU CAU KA HOI CUA mOT SO NlfdC TROnC KHU UUC UA TREN THE Gidl O ThS H O A N G TH! THU H A '''' anude ta hien nay vd''''n de ehd''''t luq[.]
G I A O D U C MUrOC N Q O A I KINH NGHIEM VE CHiNH SACH DAD TAO DAP HUG NHU CAU KA HOI CUA mOT SO NlfdC TROnC KHU UUC UA TREN THE Gidl O a nude ta hien vd'n de ehd't luqng vd hieu qud GD-DT dang Id ndi dung duqc cdc edp, ede ngdnh vd todn xd hdi het sue quan tdm Chu trucrng ddo tqo ddp ung nhu edu xd hpi (NCXH) Id mdt yeu cdu cd'p thiet giai doqn hien Tuy nhien, de thyc hien dupc chu truong ndy cdn cd nhi/ng chfnh sdch phu hqp Trong phqm vi bdi viet, chung tdi gidl thieu kinh nghiem cua mdt sd nude xdy dung ehfnh sdch ddo tqo ddp ung NCXH ThS H O A N G TH! THU H A ' Ddng A ddng ddn nhung NNL ed trinh thdp nen khd Idng cqnh tranh vol cdc nude d l phdt trien KT-XH, vd cd the sdm rut ngdn khodng cdeh, dudi kjp cde nude phdt trien Mud'n thye hien CNH, cde nude vd NKT khu vyc Ddng A khdng cd cdeh ndo khde Id phdi Hen hdnh Hep thu nen kl thudt cdng nghiep ntrac ngodi Deldm dupc dieu ndy, hp dd nhanh chdng ndng cao trinh dp ddn tri vd too ro dpi ngu lao dpng cd kT thudt phu hpp tiep thu vd edi Hen dupe cdc cdng nghe nhdp Khu vuc D o n g A Su tdng trudng eua khdu Trong Hnh the d d , nhdn thuc dupc tdm khu vyc Ddng A nhung thdp ki qua Id ket quan frpng cua gido dye Heu hoe, cdc NKT ndy qud eua nhieu nhdn t d khdc nhau, d d dd uu Hen ddu tu eao nhdt cho gido dye Heu hpc khdng the khdng ke den chien luqc phdt trien Nhieu NKT khu vyc dd ddnh mdt nua kinh ngudn nhdn luc (NNL) thdng qua GD-DT nhdm phf gido dye cho gido dye tieu hpe Nhd d d , hdu myc tiSu dua dd't nude thodt khdi d d i ngheo, het cdc NKT ndy sdm thuc hien thdnh cdng qud trd thdnh nude edng n g h i i p sdnh vai cijng cdc trinh phd cap bdt budc gido dye Heu hqc, tqo nude phdt trien tren the g i d l ( A n h , Hoa Ki, nen tdng quan trqng cho phdt frIen NNL, ho dd Due ) N g a y l u thdi ki ddu budc vdo thdi ki thdnh cdng vlec chuyen djch iao dqng gidn edng nghiep hda (CNH), cdc nen kinh te (NKT) dem to ndng nghiep sang cdng nghiep cung nhu khu vyc Ddng A d d nhdn thue sdu sdc ngudi xdy dung vd phdt trien thdnh edng cdc ngdnh Id vd'n quy nhd't cuo xd h d i , yeu to' quyet djnh cdng nghiep xud't khdu su dyng nhieu lao ddng eua qud trinh sdn xud't Dieu ddng luu y Id nhdn Dd thuc sy Id mpt ehuyen ddi rfidnh edng h/ su thue ndy khdng chf cuo ehfnh phu md d d trd gia tdng trinh dp gido dye sang su gia tdng ndng thdnh nhdn thuc chung, thd'ng nhd't cdc cd'p chfnh xudt loo ddng x d hdi vd su gia tdng mue dp quyen, tdng Idp x d h d i , ngudi ddn vd cdc gidi CNH cuo nen kinh te 2) Vdo thai ki ehuyen dich co edu cdng cd lien quan O cdc NKT khu vuc Ddng A , chien lirac phdt trii'n NNL thdng qua GD-DT vdi chien nghiep, nhu cdu NNL khdng ch! Id lao dpng gidn luqc CNH cd tfnh b d sung vd phu hqp khd eao dan td't nghiep H I U hpc nhu gioi doqn frudc md Hal loqi chfnh sdeh ndy khdng the thdnh cdng ddi hdi lao dpng phdi cd trinh dd eao hem Do duqc neu nhu chfnh sdch phdt trien N N L thdng dd, sou dqt dupc phd cap gido dye tieu hpc, qua GD-DT khdng duqc hoqch djnh nhdm d d p cdc NKT khu vye Ddng A dd chuyen sang md ung cdc myc tieu cy the dqt ro cho mdi giai rdng gido dye trung hpc, ban hdnh chfnh sdch phd cdp bdt buoe gido dye frung hqc vd uu Hen doqn cua C N H 1) Vdo thdi ki chudn bi CNH, cdc NKT khu ddu tu eho edp hqc ndy Nhdt Bdn thdnh cdng vyc Ddng A (ngay ed Nhdt Bdn) thudng bj tyt vlec thuc hien ehinh sdch mdi ndy Id hp hdu so vol cdc NKT Tdy Au vd Hoa Ki Khu vuc * So Giao due va Bio tao Tap ehi Giao due so (ki -1/2012) dd c6 ehfnh sdeh md rdng vd uu tien dau tu thfch hpp khien quy md md rdng gido dye trung hpc phdt trien; ddng thdi ehfnh sdeh CNH thfch hqp duqc duo ro sou ede NKT ndy thue hien thdnh edng phd edp bat bupc gido dye tieu hpe, dd thu hut dupc hdu het luc lupng lao ddng vdo qud trinh sdn xud't, vdy dd giup NKT nhanh chdng chuyen sang hoqt dpng edng nghiep cd gid tri gia tdng eao Tu nhung ndm 1970, gido dye trung hpc cdc NKT ndy dd nhdn dupc phdn ddu tu ddng ke cdc khodn ddu tu cho cd'p gido dye: tieu hpe, trung hpe, dqi hqc Ddng thdi chinh sdch m d rdng gido dye trung hqc d d nhdn mqnh khdng chf khfa canh vdn hod cua gido dye trung hqc md cdn cd khfa canh gido dye nghe nghiep cd'p trung hpc Gdn ddy, Nhdt Bdn dd ddy mqnh cdi cdeh gido dye nhdm ddo tpo nhi/ng eon ngudi ndng ddng, sdng tqo, ddp ung yeu cdu phdt trien khoa hoc vd cdng nghe eua dd't nude bdi cdnh hdi nhdp vd cqnh tranh todn edu Nhung hudng edi edch chu yeu Id loqi bd ddn tfnh thd'ng nhdt vd binh ddng thdi qud gido dye; gidm thieu kien thuc, nhdt Id phdn If thuyet sudng cdc frudng phd thdng vd tdng them phdn thye hdnh; chuyen cdeh dqy vd hpe tu chd ndng ve «thay day, trd ghi nhd mdt edch mdy mde" sang «thdy chu yeu khoi gpi vd'n de, trd chO dqng tham gia thdo ludn"; gidm ddn su can thiep qud mue eua Nhd nude, de cao tfnh chu ddng vd ty qudn eua cdc dja phi/ong, cde nhd trudng cdc vd'n de gido dye; da dqng hod cdc loqi hinh tn/dng Idp, linh hoqt hod cdc chuong trinh gidng dqy tqo cho mqi ngudi cd the chu dpng tham gia vdo qud trinh hpc tdp sudt ddi Cung vol viee cdi cdeh he thd'ng GD-DT, Nhdt Bdn eung Hen hdnh ddi mdi he thd'ng qudn If xi nghiep theo hudng ehuyen tu che coi trqng thdm nien vd kinh nghiem edng tdc, coi trpng Hnh tdp the vd phyc tung edp tren song ehe' dp coi trpng hon ndng luc vd thdnh tich ed nhdn, de cao tfnh ddc Idp vd sdng tqo cua cdng nhdn, khuyen khfch mpi ngudi hdng hdi hpc tqp de ndng cao trinh dp hem Id y Iqi vdo thdm nien phyc vy cdng H vd kinh nghiem «sd'ng Idu len ldo Idng" O Trung Qudc, nhieu ndm qua, D d n g vd Chfnh phu Trung Qudc dd coi viee ho trp, thu hut vd su dyng nhdn tdi Id mdt nhiem vy chien lupc qud'c gia, frong dd gido dye dupc coi Id khdu quan trpng nhd't Trung Qud'c dd tien hdnh cdi each vd ddi mdi mqnh me qud trinh phdt trien gido due, hudng gido dye theo nhu cdu eua hien dqi hod, CO nhieu bien phdp de ndng eao ehd't luong gido dye, khuyen khfch tinh thdn sdng tqo vd khd ndng ung dyng vdo thuc Hen Ngodi viec cdi each vd phdt then gido dye phd thdng, Trung Qudc cdn dgc biet chu y den viee phdt trien gido dye DH, coi dd Id bien phdp quan trpng ddo tqo NNL trinh dp cao Trung Qud'c dua ro Dy dn 21 nhdm ndng cd'p 100 trudng DH cua minh mdt sd linh vuc trpng diem nhu co khf, phdt tnen ndng thdn vd cdng nghe thdng tin len ngang tdm the gidi Ddng thdi, vdi viec ndng coo ehd't luong ddo tqo nude, Trung Qudc cdn cd chinh sdch khuyen khfch hpc sinh, sinh vien di du hqc vd nghien cuu d nude ngodi de sou dd trd ve xdy dung dd't nude Vd'n de ddo tqo theo NCXH khu vuc Ddng A d d duqc nhdn thuc sdu sdc ve y nghla, tdm quan trqng cuo no dd'i vdi phdt trien nen kinh te Trong d d , d mot so nude khdi ASEAN, viec md rdng he thd'ng gido dye trung hpc chua theo sdt qud trinh C N H O Philippines m d rdng ddo tqo phdt trien gido dye vuqt qud nhu cdu eua C N H , khdng di kem vol sy tdng trudng kinh te mqnh me gdy ro tinh trqng that nghiep cho nhung ngudi dd qua ddo tqo vol ti le cao Do d d , tren thuc te Philippines dd phdi chqn gidi phdp xud't khdu lao dqng de gidi quyet viee Idm eho so' lao ddng d u thua Ngupe Iqi, d mot eye khdc cdc nude nhu Thdi Lan, Indonesia, Malaysia gido dye trung hqc Iql khdng ddp ung duqc nhu cdu ve lao ddng ed kl ndng ngdy cdng cao cua NKT N h u v q y , diem mdu ehdt khien cho chfnh sdch md rdng gido dye trung hqc eua Nhdt Bdn vd ede nude cdng nghiep mdi hieu qud hcfn ede nude ASEAN Id hp dd kjp thdi nhdn thd'y dupc nhu cdu ve lao dpng cd kT ndng eao ngdy cdng tdng cho phdt trien vd nhanh chdng cd nhi/ng ddi mdi frong qud trinh ddo tqo de tqo nhung ngi/dl ddp ung cde nhu cdu dd._ C h d u A u d chdu A u , cde doanh nghiep thudng ket hqp ehdt che voi ngdnh g i d o dye de tqo thudn Iqi cho ede sinh vien tu nhd trudng den Idm viee d cdc doanh nghiep De p h d cdp Internet ddn chung, Hpi nghj thuong dinh Tap chi Giao due so tid • 1/20121 EU tqi Lisbon, Bd Ddo Nha ( / / 0 ) quyet djnh tdng cudng ddu tu, d d o tqo nhdn t d i , thuc ddy edi edch KT-XH, de EU thfch ung hon nua vdi «xd hpi tin hpc d u a tren co sd tri thue vd ddi m d i " Cdc nude ndy d d dqt mye Heu, vdng 10 ndm, dudi kjp NKT Internet Hoa K i , xdy dung chdu A u thdnh «khu vuc kinh te cd sue song mqnh nhd't, cd sue cqnh tranh nhd't the g i d l " , vdi mdt so' bien phdp cy the n h u hodn td't khung p h d p If cho thuong mqi dien tl}, td't cd cdc trudng hqc deu cd the truy cap Internet; ndm 0 , ket nd'i mqng vdi td'e d d cao cho td't cd ede trudng D H , thu vien vd vien nghien c u u Cdng hod Lien bang Due vol khodng 7,3 trieu ngudi tu khdp noi tren the gidi den ddy sinh sd'ng, dd trd thdnh noi If tudng cho nhieu ddi h/png; tu sinh vien OH den cdc cdn bd khoa hpe tre hay cdc nghien cuu sinh vi dd't nude, ngudi vd h§ thdng gido dye d ddy co nhieu uu viet Cde trudng tqi Due ludn cd sy ket hqp chqt ehe vol cdc tqp dodn kinh te edng nghiep linh vyc n g h i i n cuu vd phdt trien Do d d , qud trinh ddo tqo tpl Due ludn giup cho ngudi hqc cd khd ndng phdt huy tdi da ndng luc nghien cuu, thye hdnh He thd'ng gido dye eOo Due duqc cdng nhdn cd ehd't luqng eao, dqc biet vol cdc ngdnh khoa hqc kT thuqt, kinh t d v d ludt Khdng nhl/ng the, nude Due Id qud'c gia sd hi/u mdt h§ thdng d d o tqo d q y nghe not tieng the g i d i Ngudi theo hudng hqc n g h i bdt ddu dupe ddo tgo tu sou ndm hpc Idp hope Idp 10 he thong Thdi gian hpc nghe thudng Id ndm O hjol ndy, cd tdi 75% so' ngudi chpn eon dudng hoc nghe, / Id dl theo he thd'ng d d o tqo nghe theo phuong thuc ddo tqo tqi x i nghiep vd trudng hqc (gpi Id h§ thd'ng song hdnh - Dual System), 1/4 cdn Iql hqc tpi cdc trudng d q y nghe thudn hjy Ddo tqo song hdnh Id ddo tqo nghe cho gidl tre d mpt co sd nhung dupc Hen hdnh tqi dja diem hpc tdp, cd td ehue tham gia vdo qud trinh d d o t q o M d t to chuc d q y thuc h d n h (Berufliche Schule), mpt td chi/c gidng d q y ddo tqo If thuye't Hai td chuc ndy Id dd'i tdc dpc Idp vol Phdn thuc hdnh (betriebliche) chie'm / t h a i g i a n d d o t q o v d p h d n li thuye't (fachtheoreHsche) chie'm / cdn Iql Ngodi Due Tap chi Giao due so (ki • 1/2012) ra, he ddo tqo ndy eon dupe dp dyng d A o vd Thyy Sy Nhin ehung, cdc nude vd NKT khu vuc Ddng A , cijng nhu cdc nude ed NKT phdt trien d Chdu A u tu nhCrng ngdy dau Hen hdnh CNH, deu coi ngudi Id nhdn to quan trqng vd can dugc ddo tqo khdng chi ve sd luqng md cd ehd't lucmg theo NCXH Tuy cdeh thue ddo tqo cuo mdi nude Id khdc nhu cdc nude khu vyc Ddng A gdn ddo tqo theo sdt nhu cdu eua thi trudng h/ng giai doqn phdt trien, Trung Qud'c tien hdnh cdi cdeh mqnh me chfnh sdch gido dye theo nhu edu hien dqi hod, cua the gidi vd tuong lai; cdc nude chdu Au tqo mdi lien ket ehdt che giua doanh nghiep vd nhd trudng Song h/u chung Iqi ede ni/dc deu xdy dung nhi/ng chfnh sdch ddo tqo gdn ddo tqo theo NCXH Ddy Id nhi/ng nguyen nhdn co bdn khien NKT cdc nude ndy phdt trien vuqt bde Nhung bdi hpe kinh nghiem viec thuc hien chfnh sdch ddo tqo theo NCXH d mot so ni/dc tren the gidi khdng phdi deu cd the dp dyng vdo Viet Nam mpt edch thdnh cdng Vi vdy, qud trinh hqc hdi ehung to phdi xde djnh ro nhOng bdi hqc ndo phu hqp vol dieu kien vd hodn ednh cua ddt nude ta de van dyng mpt edch td't nhdt de xdy dung duoc nhung chfnh sdch ddo tqo ddp ung dupc NCXH Q Tai lieu tham khao Nguyen Duy Dung - Tr^n Thi Nhung Phat trien nguon nhan lire cdc cdng ti Nhat Ban hien NXB Khoa hpc xdhdi, H 2005 Le Thi Ai Lam Phat trien nguon nhSn luc thong qua giao due va dao tao kinh nghiem Ddng A NXB Khoa hoc vd xd hdi, H 2003 http: //www.diendan.svvn-dresden - Khai quat vd du hoc Dire SUMMARY Training matching to enterpnse 's needs is the pressing and necessary requirement in the cunent context of socio-economic dev^opmentin Vietnam However, actually, we have very few specific policies targeted toward social needs tjased training So far, expenerKies of some contries in East Asia and of some developing countries in the world on the policy of human resources development through education and taming are valuable lessons for education and training of Vietnam # ... mdi nude Id khdc nhu cdc nude khu vyc Ddng A gdn ddo tqo theo sdt nhu cdu eua thi trudng h/ng giai doqn phdt trien, Trung Qud''c tien hdnh cdi cdeh mqnh me chfnh sdch gido dye theo nhu edu hien dqi... d rdng ddo tqo phdt trien gido dye vuqt qud nhu cdu eua C N H , khdng di kem vol sy tdng trudng kinh te mqnh me gdy ro tinh trqng that nghiep cho nhung ngudi dd qua ddo tqo vol ti le cao Do d... thdi nhdn thd''y dupc nhu cdu ve lao dpng cd kT ndng eao ngdy cdng tdng cho phdt trien vd nhanh chdng cd nhi/ng ddi mdi frong qud trinh ddo tqo de tqo nhung ngi/dl ddp ung cde nhu cdu dd._ C h d