T H E GlOfJ V A N HOA cang thing nhu vay ton tai tren binh dien cac can tfnh viing Nhung su thfla nhan cac ngdn ngfl vflng do sir gia nhap ciia chau Au ap dat cung vap phai nhflng van ban hien djnh cd[.]
T H E GlOfJ V A N H O A cang thing nhu vay ton tai tren binh dien cac can tfnh viing Nhung su thfla nhan cac ngdn ngfl vflng - sir gia nhap ciia chau Au ap dat - cung vap phai nhflng van ban hien djnh cdm chung dai ldi mdt quy chd chfnh thflc Vd phfa cac chuyen gia (xa hdi hpc, chfnh trj hpc va triei hpc), cac cudc tranh luan xudt hien nhan cd nhung \u viec nhu Itic che mat Hdi giao Nhflng vu viec Iam xudt hien mdt didu Id, bdt chap sir thfla nhan thuc te da van hda cang tang, mpi truydn thd'ng rieng cd the vap phai cac khai niem vd tfnh thd tuc va tfnh cdng dan Tridn vpng cua mdt chfnh sach da van hda tfch cue ihudng bj coi la nguy hidm, vi nd ddn tdi chd chia nhd xa hdi nhirng cdng ddng tdch biet Sir phan biet dd'i xfl tfch cue, dupc dp dung cho cdc cdng ddng ngdn ngfl, vung hay ldc ngudi, ndi chung khdng dupc chap nhan, vd ca y tudng vd mdt sir thfla nhan cac cdng ddng van hda nhu nhimg chu thd phdp luat cung vay Nhimg cudc tranh luan chu yeu la vd mfle dp cd thd cdng khai thfla nhan nhimg khac biet van hda, tdn gido, ngdn ngfl de'n dau Mdt sd tac gia, nhu Dominique Schapper, vdn coi nd nim xa hdi cdng Man, nhflng ngudi khac, nhu Michel Wieviorka, thi keu gpi nhung nha cdm quydn ddng mdt vai trd tfch cue su thfla nhan dy s N.J NHAT ANH luac djch GIRO DUC THm PHORG Hien Of NHAT BAN VA VI£T NAM Lt THI NHUAN V iet Nam va Nhat Ban la hai qud'c gia ndm d khu vuc Ddng A, nen cd nhidu didm tuong ddng \'e linh vuc giao due (chiu anh hudng Nho giao Trung Hoa, trpng ehfl hidu, cflng tiep thu ehfl Han, ), nhung xet ky, ndn giao due thdi phong kien d Viet Nam va Nhat Ban vdn cd nhflng didm khac biet rd ret L Nen giao due Nhat Ban Ndn van hda Nhat Ban anh hudng van hda Trung Hoa lfl khd sdm Ngay nhflng the ky ddu CN, ngudi Nhat da tiep xuc ehfl Han de giao thiep vdi ben ngoai Tu tudng Nho gido da dupc ngudi Han truydn bd vdo Nhat Ban Tai Nhat Ban, cac vuong tridu mdi thdnh lap va ciing cd bd may nhd nudc, lay hpc thuyet Nho giao dd lam cdng cu cai trj da't nudc Do dd, quan niem mdi vd quydn lire cua dd vuong da hinh d Nhat Ban Thdi ky ljeh sfl da dai ndn mdng cho ndn giao due Nhat Ban thdi phong kien nhflng the ky tidp theo Vdi sir thie't lap he thdng ritsurio (phap luat) theo md hinh Trung Hoa vdo TK VII, hai loai trudng danh cho gidi quy tdc dupc hinh thanh, dd, trudng daigakukyo day cho em gidi quy tdc d kinh thanh, va kokugaku day cho em gidi quy tpc tai tinh Vao giai doan dii da cd chO vie't rieng, nhung ndn hpc van Nhat Ban vdn chua dang kd, chu yeu dua tren ndn hpc van Trung Hoa Tieng Trung dupc ngudi Nhat coi la ngdn ngfl chu yeu cdng viec va ddi sd'ng Dac biet, biet tie'ng Trung cung la didu kien dd dupc lira ehpn vao bp may quan lai Thdi Kamakura (11851333), quydn luc chfnh irj chuyen sang ding cdp binh si d linh, cac samurai da soan thao kakun (gia luat) dd day em vd dam bao tfnh dodn ke'l gia dinh Chuong trinh giang day tap trung vao hpc thuyet cua Khdng lfl Vao nhflng nam cud'i cua TK XVI, trudng hpc phat trien manh, sd hpc sinh dang ky len ddn 3.000(1) Sang thdi Edo (16001868), li le ngudi biet ehfl kha tha'p, thdy day chO hau hdt la cdc nhd su, nhflng ngudi hpc phai Id nhd quy tdc Cud'i So 329 | I | Thang 11-2011 VAN H6A N G H £ THUAT thdi Edo, trudng day kinh didn Trung lioa theo cdp Idp cho em thudc ding cdp samurai vd em quy ldc dja phuong, irudng hpc ddnh cho dan Ihudng bidt dpc bidt vidt ddi Dac biet, vdo nam 1633, Tokugawa leyasu da cho xay dung hpc vien Shoheiko dd nghien cuu Khdng giao, lap ddn thd Khdng lfl va thdt thap nhj hidn, khdi phiic nghi Id dao Khdng Cac daimyo hang hai bao trp cho Khdng giao, mdi thay vd giang day Nho hpc thdi Edo Idy Td'ng hpc, dai dicn la Chu Hy (11301200), lam tu tudng co ban Tu tudng Tdng hpc dupc tang lfl Rial gido Nhat Ban tidp nhan tfl cudi TK XII vd dupc phd bie'n TK XV Vdo TK XVn, bd'i canh kinh td xa hdi cd nhidu bidn ddi, tu tudng sieu thoat cua Phat giao khdng giai quyet dupc vdn dd xa hdi dang dat Vi vay, tu tudng thirc tidn cua Chu Hy da dap flng dupc nhflng vdn dd cap bach cua xa hdi Nhat Ban lflc dd Ngodi ra, nho hpc cdn la cdng cu hihi hieu dd chfnh quydn Tokugawa cung cd, tri trat tu phong kidn, nhdt la thd chd Mac phu cua ddng hp Dac biet, dudi thdi Edo, kinh didn Trung Hoa dupc coi la kho tang kien thflc ciia ngudi Nhat, cdng viec chfnh trudng hpc cdc thj tdc phong kidn didu hdnh la chuyen cdn hpc tap dd linh hdi nhflng kinh didn Mat khac, trudng hpc thdi Edo cdn la sir ke't hpp cac chflc nang Sd329 J Thang 11-2011 Mirb^c MCOAI gifla nhd trudng vd nhd thd ciia xa hdi phudng Tay Nhu vay, budi ddu ljeh sfl, tfl chd chua cd gi ddng kd, thdng qua viec du nhap van hda nudc ngodi vd qua mdt ihdi ky trai nghiem, Nhat Ban da lira ehpn cho minh mdt ndn giao due khac vdi ngudi Han Ndn giao due Vidt Nam Vdo thdi ky ddu ciia nha nudc phong kidn tu chu, Nho giao chua manh, nhung nd da cimg vdi ehfl Han tdn tai xa hdi Viet Nam Chddd gido due vd thi cfl theo tinh thdn Nho giao cung theo dd md phat tridn Liic ddu, sd nho si ft, nen anh hudng cua hp xa hdi cdn han chd Di dao tao nhan tdi va tuydn lira quan lai cho bd mdy hdnh chfnh, nhd Ly bit ddu cham lo viec hpc tap vd thi cfl: nam 1070, cho dung Van Mie'u, due tupng Khdng tu, Chu Cdng; nam 1075, md khoa thi ddu tien dd lira ehpn nhan tai; nam 1076 md Qud'c tfl giam ldm noi day hpc cho vua vd em hang ngu quy tdc, quan lai; md khoa thi vdi cdc mdn thi vid't, lam tfnh, hinh luat, Tfl day, Nho giao bit ddu cd dja vj thdng trj xa hdi Ddn thdi Trdn, vuong tridu da chfnh quy hda, tao nd ndp quy cit cho vide hpc hdnh, thi cfl, lap Qud'c hpc vidn dd em quy tdc, quan lai vao hpc Cflng thdi ky thd Id thi cfl, hpc vj dupc quy djnh Nam 1247, nha Trdn dat danh hidu tam khdi (ba hpc vj trang nguydn, bang nhan, tham hoa) ddnh cho ba ngudi thi dd xudt sic cac ky thi dinh Sang thdi Hd, chu truong md rdng trudng hpc d cdc 16, chau, phii cua Hd Quy Ly da thd hidn su quan tdm ddn cdng vide hpc hanh Nhidu nhd nho da xudt hidn vd ngdy cdng c6 dia vi xa hdi nhu Mae Dinh Chi, Ld Van Hini, Nguydn Phi Khanh, Trong nhidu nam, cac k^' thi tam gido vdn ngu trj vide thi cu Do yeu cdu phat tridn cda bd may phong kidn quan lidu, chd dd giao due va thi cfl thdi Le so kha phat tridn Ngay tit nam 1428, Ld Lcri da lenh dung lai Qudc tfl giam, mcf trudng hpc d cac Id Nam 1429 Le Lpi md khoa thi minh kinh di khao sat lai cac quan van, vo tfl tfl phdm trci xud'ng va tuydn lua nhan tai xung vao bd may quan lieu Trai qua cac ddi vua Thai Tdng, Nhan Tdng, chd dd thi cfl cang dupc td chflc ddu dan vd quy cu Nam 1442, tridu dinh mo khoa thi hdi ddu lien la'y 33 ngudi dd tidn si Vao thdi vua Ld Thanh Tdng, nha nudc cdn bd sung nhidu quy djnh thd le thi cfl CJ cac dao Thfla Tliydn ddu cd fludng thi huong, cfl ndm nha nudc md mdt ky thi huong va nam sau md khoa thi hdi d kinh dd Ngoai ky thi huong, hdi, nha nudc cdn td chflc cac ky thi vdi hai mdn vid't ehfl, lam toan de ehpn lai vien va khoa ihi mitih kinh, hodng td, nho thdn T H g GIC^I VAN H h A dd khao hach quan lai Tfl nam 1484, Le Thanh Tdng sai dtmg bia da d Van Midu, khic ten nhimg ngudi dd lfl khoa thi hdi ddu tien (1442) dd tdn vinh nhung ngudi dd dai khoa va khuydn khfch hpc tap, thi cfl Chddd gido due, thi cfl thdi Le so dupc md rdng hon cdc tridu dai trudc Thdi ky em mpi tdng Idp nhan dan ddu dupc tham gia dtr thi Nhung dd dam bao sir trung cua si tfl, vua Le Thanh Tdng dat le bdo kit huang thi, bit cdc xa dam bao ngudi di thi phai cd dfle hanh, phai khai ly ljeh ba ddi gpi la cung khai tam dgi Ndu la chau xudng ca, nguy quan, hay ke chdng dd'i tridu dinh thi khdng cho du thi Gdn 100 nam tfl khoa thi hdi nam 1442 den khoa thi cud'i cflng 1526, nha Le so da md 26 khoa thi, Idy dd 988 tidn si Di khuydn khich hpc tap, ngodi viec bd dung nhimg ngudi dd dat lam quan, Le Thanh Tdng cdn djnh le xudng danh, vinh quy Thdi Le so, dac biet thdi Le Thanh Tdng, la mdt thdi ky thjnh dat cua ndn giao due, khoa cfl phong kien Viet Nam Rieng 38 nam dudi thdi trj vi cua Le Thanh Tdng (14601497) da cd 12 khoa thi hdi la'y 501 ngudi dd tien si, dd cd 10 trang nguyen Cung thdi Le so cd nhung ky thi hdi sd thi suih ddng tdi hdng ngan ngudi nhu khoa thi nam At Ty (1475) cd ddn 3000 ngudi dtr thi (2) Sir phat tridn giao due da tao hang loat ngudi bd sung vdo bd may phong kidn quan lieu dang phdt tridn, phuc vu cdng cudc xay dung ddt nudc, nang cao dan tri; ddng thdi cung san sinh nhidu nhd van, nhd tho, nhd sfl hpc ldi lac cfla dan tdc Sang TK XVI, XVII cac tridu dai quan chii d Viet Nam vdn tie'p tuc tri vd cd luc md rdng chd dd giao due thi cfl nhim dao tao quan lai ddp img nhu cdu cua bd mdy nhd nudc ngdy mdt cdng kdnh Tfly nhien, cung vdi sir suy thodi cua nha nudc quan chii chuyen chd tap quydn, chat lupng hpc hdnh thi cfl cung giam sdt ddn NhOng nguyen tic dao dfle va Id giao Td'ng nho khdng cdn tdc dung thuydt phuc, ma chi la hinh thflc sudng Cdng vd sau, ngudi di thi chi cdn hpc thudc ldng tiif thu, ngu kinh Bui Huy Bfeh sip xep vd tdm tit TK XVin, ndn gido due dupc phd bidn den tan thdn, xdm Vua Quang Trung da ban hdnh Chidu lap hpc, cdc xa phai lap nha xa hpc, ehpn ngudi hay ehfl vd cd dfle hanh phii trdeh viec giang day gpi la xa giang du, cho phep cdc dja phuong sfl dung mdt sd ddn, chfla ldm trudng hpc Nhflng chfnh sach tren da chimg td vua Quang Trung cd hoai bao mudn xay dung mdt ndn hpc thuat, gido due dan tdc, nang cao y thflc ddc lap tu cudng, thoat khdi rang budc cua ndn gido diic khudn cu (3) Ndn giao diic thdi Nguydn khdng cd gi khdc so vdi cac tridu dai trudc Ndi dung hpc tap bao gdm tfl thu, ngO kinh Tuy vay, san phdm cua ndn gido due Hdn hpc md nhd Nguydn In vd phdt tridn sud't TK XIX da khdng dii nang lire, trinh dd dd giai quydt nhflng yeu cdu cdp bdch vd kinh td, chfnh trj, xa hdi, bdi, ndi dung hpc tap vd phuong phdp ddo tao khdng cdn phu hpp vdi thdi cudc Vdi chd dd khoa cfl keo ddi hon 7(X) nam, khuynh hudng trpng tfl chuong hu van va cha'p nhan sir ddc tdn ciia he tu tudng Nho gido chfnh thdng da an sau bdt rd vao ddi sdng tu tudng d ngudi dan nudc ta Nhumg diem tuong ddng Ndn gido due Viet Nam vd Nhat Ban thdi phong kidn thudng tridu dinh trirc tiep quan ly, thd hien tfnh tap quydn viec quan ly dat nudc Didm chung dd nhan thdy Id nhflng ngudi tham gia du tuydn mud'n thi dau dd lam quan ddu phai budc qua cda Khdng, sdn Trinh Ndn gido due ndy hoan loan tdch rdi thuc td, nhflng ngudi hpc chi cdn thudc thi, thu Id, nghia Ldi hpc dd la'y sach quydt djnh tdt ca, lam ddu dc ngudi mdt di sir suy nghi ddc lap Vao thdi Edo, dao Khdng dupc chfnh quydn Mac phu ehpn lam hd tu tudng chfnh thd'ng Tdng Idp vd si tre tudi rdt coi trpng viec hpc tap, bdi vi, viec cai trj ddi hdi nhung ngudi cd giao due va trung thdnh vdi che dd Didu ndy da tao nen mdt tdng Idp cd kidn Sd 329 m Thang 11-2011 I I VAN H6A NGHg T H U A T MIHO'C M C O A I thflc uyen bac ve cac hpc phuong quan ly kokugaku thuyet trie't hpc phuong Ddng (qud'c hpc) Tuy nhien, trudng Do dd, den thd Khdng tfl dupc dai hpc chi thu nhan chau xay dirng d nhidu noi nen ddt cua quan lai tfl ngu vj ird len, nudc Tuong ttr nhu Nhat Ban, cdn cac irudng qud'c hpc ddnh tai Viet Nam vao nam 1070 cho chau ciia quan lai nha Ly cho xay dimg Van chflc sic dja phudng Dd'i Mie'u dd thd Khdng tfl, cac tupng dupc thi cfl va tuydn tridu dai phong kidn Viet Nam dting cung han chd sd cOng coi Nho giao nhu khudn chau quy tdc, quan lai vdng ihifd'c ngoc cdng cu de Didu khac vdi chddd giao dtic, khoa cfl d Viet Nam ldi cai tri dat nudc Mdt diem tuong ddng gifla ca em quan lai, quy ldc ndn giao due thdi phong kidn ddu dupc dir thi, khdng phan d Nhat Ban va Viet Nam la biet hp thudc chau hang ihudng chi phuc vii cho ngu quan lai thfl bac ndo cai quy tdc va quan lai cao d Nhat Ban ndn gido due cdp, ndi each khac, hpc vdn dupc hoang gia dac biet quan giai doan ddu d hai nudc tam, nhdl la Thai lfl chi han chd tdng Idp Shiioku (574-622) cho xay thd'ng irj, cdn nhflng ngudi lao dung ngdi chiia d Nara dd lam ddng thudng thudc ngudi ft noi hpc tap Vdo thdi ky nay, hpc, tham chf mfl ehfl cdc nhd su cd vai trd rdt ldn Nhumg diem dj biet ndn gido due loan dan Vdo thdi Hakuho (TK VII), Trong giai doan nay, chua trd ndn van hda Nhat Ban chju thdnh trung tam hpc tap ciia anh hudng trtrc tiep cua van ngudi Nhat Trudc du nhap hda Trung Hoa thdi so Dudng ngdn ngfl Han, ndn gido due thdng qua cdc doan sfl gia (4) Nhat Ban chu ydu dupc giang Chfnh cudc hdi ngd da day bdng each kd truydn thdng giup cho Nhat Ban cd didu ljeh sfl vd tap quan Viec Nhat kien chii trpng tdi ndn gido Ban tidp nhan ehfl vidt da tao due hon Tuong flng vdi giai didu kien dd hinh mdt doan d Nhat Ban, Viet ndn giao diic mang tfnh he Nam dang thdi ky nghin thd'ng hon Khac vdi Nhat nam Bic thudc, ludn phai Ban, Phat gido dupc du nhap chd'ng lai muu d6 ddng hda, vao Viet Nam lfl kha sdm, ddc nen khdng cd didu kien xay biet, thdi Ly Trdn, Phat giao dung ndn giao due Cho ldi TK cdn dupc coi Id qud'c gido, vdi X, ddt nudc gianh dupc nfla nudc la su, chfla chidn ddc lap, Viet Nam mdi tidp mpc len nhu ndm, nhung he nhan ndn giao due ciia ngudi thd'ng chfla d Viet Nam lai Han Dudi thdi van hda khdng phai la irudng hpc cua Hakuho, tridu dinh da true tiep cdc dja phudng quan ly daigaku (dai hpc) d Ndn giao diie Vidt Nam kinh vd giao cho cac dja thdi phong kid'n chfnh la sir |Sd329 I Thang 11-2011 md phdng ndn gido dtic cua Trung Hoa Ching han, d Viet Nam cung dat thdm ky thi huong ldng xa tidn cir gpi la cu tfl, hoac cfl nhdn, ma khdng qua khoa thi tai cdc dja phuong Chd dd khoa cu dupc nha nudc dac biet quan tam vd ddng vai trd quan trpng irong viec tuydn lira quan lai Ben canh dd, d Viet Nam cdn djnh chddd khoa cfl vdi ndi dung nang vd kinh nghia va dat Id tam giap nhu ngudi Han Chfnh ndn gido due da khdng phdt hidn dupc kha nang tidm dn cua mdi ca nhan, nhflng sang tao ciia ngudi cung khdng dupc quan tam phdt huy Khac vdi Viet Nam, d Nhat Ban khdng cd che cfl tfl \'a khdng td chflc cdc ky thi huong, hdi, dinh dd tuydn lira quan lai cho bd may quan lidu Ndn giao due Viet Nam chju anh hudng ndn gido due Trung Hoa, dao tao theo ldi ttr chuong, rdng, ren ngudi theo mdt khudn mdu djnh sdn ldm cho ngudi hpc bj ddng, thidu tinh sang tao Ngoai ra, nhihig ngudi bj het vao xudng ca vd loai ddu khdng dupc dtr thi Cdn d Nhat Ban ft chju anh hudng bdi van hda Han, ndi each khdc van hda Nhat Ban mdt phdn ngudi Han truydn ba, mdt phdn ngudi Nhdt sang Trung Hoa hpc ehfl Han rdi quay trd lai qud huong xay dung van hda ddt nudc, do, ndn giao due cua Nhat Ban hoan toan chu nhan ngflofi Nhat xay dimg THE G I I VAN HOA Mdt didm khac gifla ndn giao due thdi phong kien Nhat Ban va Viet Nam la Viet Nam khdng tao mdt djnh ly hay djnh luat nao Tfl thdi Trdn, Hd, mdn loan hpc mdi dupc dp dung vao cac ky thi, lieu bidu sd nhflng nha loan hpc phai kd tdi Luong The Vinh, Vu Hiru, Song, mai tdi dau TK XX, loan hpc Viet Nam vdn chi dimg lai vdi nhflng bdi loan dd d trinh dd Sd cdp Ben canh dd, ngudi Viet cd ndp sd'ng vi tinh, vj nd, dai khai theo kidu chin bd Idm mudi, Ipt sdng xud'ng nia cung la trd ngai ldn cho viec di ldi nhiing ket luan chinh xdc, khoa hpc, Ngay ca viec sinh mdt nhan vat dupc gpi la tu nhu ngudi Han (Khdng ifl, Manh lfl, Chu tfl, Nhan tfl, ) cung khdng cd Ngudi Viet cd trf lue, thdng minh, nhung khdng cd thdi quen tdng kdt, due rut kinh nghiem nang len thdnh ly luan Trai ngupc vdi Viet Nam, d Nhat Ban tfl TK VII hpc sinh da dupc hpc mdn loan Chfnh viec tidp xuc vdi khoa hpc ttr nhien tfl kha sdm da giup ngudi Nhdt chu trpng phdt tridn khoa hpc ky thuat, dua da't nudc trd mdt nhflng cudng qud'c kinh te ldn cua the gidi Ndn giao due Viet Nam chu yeu ddo lao bang ehfl Han, khdng hudng den quang dai qudn chung, chi cd sd it ngudi dupc hpc he thdng ehfl Cdn tai Nhat Ban, xay dung dupc he thd'ng ehfl viet rieng, nhieu trudng hpc ddi, dac biet thdi Edo (1600 1868) 40% dan sd Nhat bidt ehfl (5) Trudc van hda Viet Nam tie'p xuc vdi van hda phuong Tay, ddi ngu trf thflc Viet Nam da dupc ddo lao gdn mdt nghin nam sfl dung ngdn ngfl, van ttr Han Do dd, vao cudi TK XIX, sir chd'ng dd'i, dd khang van hda phuong Tay quydt liet hon thdi ky tidp xiie van hda Ddng A Bdi vi, mdt nghin nam Bic thudc, dan tdc Viet Nam bj roi vdo ach cai trj khic ciia phong kidn phuong Bic, nhung hp dang bd'i canh chua cd ddi ngu tri thflc Cdn vao cud'i TK XIX, Viet Nam da cd ddi ngu trf thflc nho hpc, dpi ngu quydt liet chd'ng lai sir du nhap van hda phuong Tay vao Viet Nam Trong cac tridu dai Viet Nam, tridu Nguydn Id tridu le thudc vdo phong kidn phuong Bdc nhidu nhat Cho nen, vdo cud'i TK XIX, trudc ddi hdi cua Ijch sfl can phai thay ddi dat nude, vdi nhung dd nghj canh tan cua cdc nha lu tudng nhu Nguydn Trudng Td vd Nguydn Ld Trach, hp da vdp phai sir im lang cua tridu dinh nhd Nguydn, gap phai sir ngoanh mat, lam ngo cua cdc nhd nho Phai chang ngudi tri thflc lam ngo vdi van hda phudng Tay cung la mdt nhflng nguyen nhan dua Viet Nam rdi vdo bi kjeh bj mdt nudc? Ndi each khdc, nhflng anh hudng van hda Trung Qudc gidng nhu bdng cay khdng Id trflm phu len manh da't Viet Nam ngdy xua, khidn cho cac thfl cay tu tudng ciia ngudi Viet bj cdm ning Khac vdi khdi niem si Viet Nam, Trung Hoa ditng dd chi nho si, si d Nhat Ban dd chi vd si (samurai), mdt tdng Idp cd nhidu anh hudng vd ddng gdp cho sir phdt tridn ddt nudc Nhat Ban Chd dd giao diic eita Viet Nam la ddo lao theo ldi van chuong cfl tfl, nen chi dao lao nhflng ngudi lam quan va thi thoang lam thd md thdi Ching han, lfl khoa thi ddu lien cua trudng Qud'c lfl giam vdo nam 1077 den khoa thi Han cud'i cung vdo nam 1919, hang ngdn lien si dupc dao tao dudi thdi phong kien, song hp ching de lai cho ddi sau mdt hpc thuyet khoa hpc nao O Nhat Ban, mac du cung chju anh hudng Nho giao, nhung khdng vi the ma ngudi Nhat quen viec nghien eflu van hda phuong Tay Trong nhflng nam 50 cua TK XIX, nhidu Irudng hpc nghien ciin phuong Tay bit ddu md ra, nhan hpc sinh tren ca nudc Tuy nhien, sir viec cd y nghia ldn, lao budc ngoat su phdt tridn ciia da't nudc Id viec ddi tac phdm djch thuat Gidi phdu tdn thu b thdi Tanuma vdo nam 1774 (6) Viet Nam vdo TK XVI ddn nfla ddu TK XVIII da didn nhidu hien tupng tieu etre gido dtic Hien tupng xay cdng khai va ngdy mdt phd bie'n Mdt sd ke tham gia dtr thi da bidn trudng th^thanh noi mua quan, bdn tude Viec Sd329 Thang 11-2011 VAN H O A N G H I ^ THUAT MWb^C MCOAl thi cfl thdi ky ndy trd thdnh mtic dfeh thtrc dting cua mpi ngudi, chi cdn xoay sd dd ldm quan Ndn giao due ndy da gidn tidp kim ham sir tid'n bd ciia xa hdi phong kidn Vidt Nam Chung ldi khdng nhan thdy Nhat Ban cd hien lupng mua quan, ban ludc nhu Viet Nam Khi so sanh van hda cua cdc nudc ddng van khu vuc Ddng A, ngudi ta thudng nhde ddn su ddi mdi ciia Nhat Ban, nhung sir ddi mdi Id dua tren sir tdn trpng khoa hpc ky thuat, cdi mdi vd tu tudng, sir tao bao kinh td Chimg ndo cdi bdnh van chuong cdn dm anh tri thflc, chflng ndo dudng lam quan cdn la muc tieu phdn ddu nha't cua ngudi tri thflc, chimg a'y Viet Nam khdng phat tridn dupc Cdn mdt didm khac biet gifla ndn gido dtic Nhat Ban vd Vidt Nam - vdo thdi Edo (Nhdt Ban), nhidu trudng tu vd hpc vien (shijuku), vdi nhidu mdn hpc dd day cho em quy ldc vd ndng dan, ddi Trong dd, lai Viet Nam sd trudng md dd ddo tao em ddn thudng Id rdt it Do vay, sd ngudi bid't ehfl xa hdi phong kidn d Vidt Nam khd khidm tdn Trdn dai thd, nhflng didm tuong ddng ndn gido due thdi phong kidn d hai nudc ddu chju anh hudng bdi van hda Han, thd hidn rd ndt qua viec nhung ngudi tham gia dtr tuydn mudn thi ddu dd lam quan ddu phai budc qua cda Khdng, sdn Trinh Trdi lai, nhflng didm khac biet van hda ndi chung, ndn gido due thdi phong kidn ndi rieng, ddu lien quan ddn mdi trudng sd'ng cua mdi nudc va mfle dd dam nhat viec tidp thu van hda Han Nhflng didm luong ddng vd dj biet se giiip cho nhihig ngudi quan tdm ddn vdn hda truydn thdng d hai dan tdc cd thdm co hdi hidu bidt, gdp phdn quan trpng vao vide thuc ddy sir hpp tac, giao luu vdn hda cua hai ddn tdc vdn cd mdi quan hd hihi hao tir ldu • L.TN 1, Eiichi Aoki (chii biin), Nhdt Bdn dd't nu&c vd ngudi, Nxb Vdn hgc Ha Ndi 2006, tr.24l, 242 2, Nguydn Canh Minh (chii bi£n), Gido Uinh lich sa Viit Nam, tap II Nxb Dgi lipc Supham, Ha NOi, 2008, tr 165 107 NguySn Qudc Hiing (chii bien) Lich sii Nhai Ban, Nxb The gidi Ha NOi, 2007, tr.82 H6 Hoang Hoa (chu biin), Vdn hda Nhdt nhiimg chdng dudng phdt trien, Nxb Klioa hpc Xd Itqi, Ha N6i 2001,lr.l32 GIA TR! BIEU CAM (Tidp theo trang 63) Bdng nhung vdn tho luc bat ngpt ngdo thdng qua cudc ddi ddp gifla ke d va ngudi di vdi ngfin ngfl gian dj, linh Ipc, gidu hinh anh, nhdt la nghd thudt sfl dung tfl Idy, Td HOn da tai hien mdt each chan thuc vd sinh ddng hinh anh ddt nudc nhung ngdy khdng chid'n b chidn khu Vidt Bic vdi nhihig ngudi binh dj md anh hung, khung canh thidn nhidn hflng vl ma thdm tuoi Bai tho cd gipng didu tam tinh tha thidt sau ling ngpt ngdo ddm dd mdu sic ddn tdc vd rd't giau tfnh nhac Thdng qua dd md canh vd ngudi Vidt Bic hidn ldn la'p ldnh sic mdu vd rdt ddi ydu thuong Ngdn ngfl Id ydu td quan trpng ddu lidn tao nen mdt tdc phdm nghd thudt Ngdn ngfl tho bao gid cung dupc ngudi nghe si gpt giua, lira chon mdt cdch ky ludng ndn hdm sue, tinh l(?c, da nghia, giau hmh tupng, mang gid trj bidu cam cao Td Huru da sfl dung ldi an tidng ndi cua qudn chiing nhan dan, van dting ca dao dan ca truydn thdng, kd thfla mdt cdch sang tao tinh hoa van hpc qua khfl dd lam nen tuyet phdm Viet Bdc Dac bidt, dflng tfl lay dung lflc, dung chd, phan dnh dting ban chat cua hien tupng, su vat la bidt tai cua nhd tho Td Huu Vi vdy dpc bai tho Viet Bdc ta cam nhdn dupc Td Hflu dflng tfl lay nhu Id mdt thu phj^p nghd thuat dfeh thuc, gdp phdn tfch circ vao vide bidu hidn ndi dung phong phu, da dang cua tac phdm • N.TH Sd329 Thang 11-2011 ... tai Viet Nam vao nam 1070 cho chau ciia quan lai nha Ly cho xay dimg Van chflc sic dja phudng Dd''i Mie''u dd thd Khdng tfl, cac tupng dupc thi cfl va tuydn tridu dai phong kidn Viet Nam dting... vi, mdt nghin nam Bic thudc, dan tdc Viet Nam bj roi vdo ach cai trj khic ciia phong kidn phuong Bic, nhung hp dang bd''i canh chua cd ddi ngu tri thflc Cdn vao cud''i TK XIX, Viet Nam da cd ddi... lai Viet Nam sd trudng md dd ddo tao em ddn thudng Id rdt it Do vay, sd ngudi bid''t ehfl xa hdi phong kidn d Vidt Nam khd khidm tdn Trdn dai thd, nhflng didm tuong ddng ndn gido due thdi phong kidn