sir TAC DONG CUA QUY LUAT BAI TRUNG TRONG NHAN THUC KHOA HOC Trong thtf gi6l khdeh quan, mpi si/ vqt, hi$n iupng ^ u d trong qud trlnh vdn ddng va chuydn h6a khdng ngi/ng Nhung trong nhihig g^ hqn nh^[.]
sir TAC DONG CUA QUY LUAT BAI TRUNG TRONG NHAN THUC KHOA HOC Q T rong thtf gi6l khdeh quan, mpi si/ vqt, hi$n iupng ^ u d qud trlnh vdn ddng va chuydn h6a khdng ngi/ng Nhung nhihig g^ hqn nh^t djnh v | khdng gian vd thdi gian, si/ v$t ddng nh^t vdi chinh nd; ctd Id si/ di>ng tm tuong ddl cOa si/ vdt Tu vdl tu each Id St/ phdn dnh cOa tdn tqi vd y tni>e cua eon ngudi duong nhlSn nd cung ishdn dnh ed trgng thdi v$n d$ng vd ed trqng thdi di>ng Im tuong dii • Dd chinh Id tu oi$n chung vd tu diinh xdc VI si/ diing Im cOo si/ v$t Id tuong ddi cho nfin tu chfnh xdc Id mpt b$ khdng tdch nM vdi tu bi$n chi>ng qud trlnh nhdn thi>c thif gidl khdeh quan Tuduy Id ddi tugng nghl&n cuu cOa nhl^ ngdnh khoa hpc khdc nhir Ljogic hpc, Tdm li npe, Sinh If hpc thdn kinh coo cdp, Su phpm hpc, Nhung Locgic hpc vdi tu cdch Id m$t khoa hpc v | tu phdn bi$t vdi cdc khoo hpc khdc Id d chd, nd n^lSn cOu tv vdi tu cdch Id m$t qud trinh nhdn 4iOc, cd nghTa Id tu dang nh$n thOe Tu bl$n chihig vd tu chfnh xdc Id ddi tupng nghiSn cdu cOa Logic bl^n chi>ng vd Logic hlnh thuc Logic hlnh thi>e dl sdu vdo nghldn cihi k^t c£fu cila tu chinh xdc nhu mdt h$ Axing nhOng si/ phdn dnh dd hodn thdnh d^ tim nh(?ng m^i quon h$ t^t yixi glOa cdc y^u t^ e£iu thdnh tu duy; tim nhOng quy lu$t, quy tdc cua tu duv dOng ddn NhOng quy lu^t cOa Logic hlnh thuc tdc ddng vdo mpi qud trlnh tu vd trd thdnh ca sd cho cdc quy toe, c^o cdc thoo tdc cOa tu nhu ^nh nghTa, suy ludn, c h i ^ minh Cdc quy tdc ndy ddm bdo cho tu cOa eon ngudi nhdn thuc dung ddn th^ gidl khdeh quan Do v$y, cdc quy ludt cOa Logic ninh thik cd chOc ndng diSu Hit tfnh dOng dran hopt d ^ g tu eCa ngudi dya trftn nhiTng tu tudng dd hodn todn xdc ^ n h , nhJ^t qudn, iJidng mdu ihuSn vd cd ddy dUcdncd V l ^ tudn thO cdc quy kidt cOa Logic hlnh thik Id diAu k l ^ cdn thMft cW dpt dupe didn If Tap cili filto due s6 (k* a • a/aen) PGS TS L£ V A N POAN' qud trlnh nhpn thi>e Trong Logic hlnh thOe cd b^n quy ludt CO bdn sou: Quy lupt ddng nhd't, Quy ludt cam mdu thuan, Quv ludt ludt bdi trung (lopl tru (xil thi> bo) vd Quy ludt If ddy du Trong phpm vi bdl vi^t ndy, tdc gid ehi d l cdp d^n si/ tdc d$ng {hi^u li/c) cuo Qoy Iu0t bdl InJng (QLBT) nhin thuc l^oa hgc QIBT phdt bidu: «Vdl cdng mgt dil tugng, xem xit cCing mgt mil quan h$, tgi cOng mgt ihdl dlim ihl hal tu tudng mdu thudn rhau dot Idiodtphdl cd m$t dOng, m^t sal, Ihdng cd khd ndng thuba'{}) Trong khoo hpc, QLBT thudng dupe su dyng phucffig phdp chi>ng minn phdn chung Chdng hpn, oiung minh rdng -Jl Id m^t s^ vd tl To si> di/ng QLBT nhu sou: Gid si>>/2 khdng phdl Id sd vd tl, nhu vdy V2 ldsdhuutivdlacdthlddt:-=>^(ll(trong d d - Id nhdn ti tdl gidn) ++ (2) P = >/2 q (2) F» > 2q3 (3), ti> ta cd F» Id s^ ehSn vd P phdi idsidt^n, cho nin P > 2p, (4); thoy (4) vdo (3) ta cd: {2p,P =- q = 4p,2- 2q^ (5) 2p,= = qM6| Ti> dd la ed q^ Id sd chSn, vd ta suy q Id so chdn, cho nin q » 2q, (7) Ti>(4)vd{7)tacd:^ = | ^ ( ) Dieu ndy cd nghTa Id— khdng phdl Id phdn s^toi gidn N h u v ^ , (8) trdI vdi ) : - I d phdn si tdl gidn Do66 ^|2 khdng th^ Id so hOu tl, vdy I d ^ phdllds^vdtl Trong hopt d$ng nhdn thi>c, QIBT glCt m^t voi trd quan trpng, nd glup chOng ta li/o chpn m$t hal tu tudng mdu thudn N h u chung la Dilt rdng, s i / n i i n huu ti/ nhlin, xd hpl vd tu trpng thdl ^n djnh tuong dol, tinh xdc ^ n h cOo ede tfnh chd't vd cdc quan h i giDo cdc s i / ' ^ t vd h i i n tupng chfnh Id tiln de leidch quan cho si/ tdc dpng cuo ede quy ludt Logic hlnh thi>c trcmg tu cOa ngudi Nhung frong ty nhiin vd xd hdl ihudng dlln 51/ blen ddl, si/ ehuyin hda cdc ddl tupng vd Hnh e h ^ cOa chung thdnh edi d^l Idp vdi chfnh minh, vl vdy cdc trpng thdl ehuyin hdo vd ede Hnh hu^ng trung gion xdy ro khdng ft Tfnh khdng xdc ^ n h nhpn thuc cOa ngudi xu^t hi^n trudc hit Id si/ phdn dnh trpng thdi ehuyin hda cua chfnh cdc dol tupng the gidl hlin thi/c, ddng thdi cdn si/loidng ddy a u , thiiu chfnh xdc vd si/ phdn dnh khdng phO hpp mdt cdch hodn todn ede khdeh t h i nhdn tht>c md chOng to nghlin cOu chdng D l thdy dupe hi$u li/e cOo QLBT hopt d$ng nhdn thuc chung to hay phdn Kch mdt so Hnh hudng ehuyin hdo ihudng gdp ty nhlin, xd hdl vd cd qud trinh nhdn thuc cdc si/ v^t, hi$n tupng Trong ti/ nhiin Knh thilu dn i^nh v l si/ ehuyin ddi cua cdc ddng khf chju dp li/c cOa cdc vung dp th£ip vd vOng dp coo dd gdy lin sy blln ddl rling bl$t cOa thdi tilt, ddng thdi nhOng hi^n tupng ty phdt khdng qudn If dupe cOa ty nhiin nhir ddng ddt, lO lyt, sy phun trdo cOa nOI li}a; hpn hdn node mua rdo dang trd thdnh nguyin nhdn cua nhffng tai hop Trin thyc t l khdng phdl lOc ndo ngudi cOng dy bdo dupe mdt cdch chfnh xdc hl|n tupng ly nhiin dd niu nhu: thdl tilt, ddng d^t, la lyt, Vd ehfnh dllu dd Idm cho ngudi khdng t h i chudn bj kjp thdl dd'l phd dupe nhi/ng ht^n tupng ty nhiin ngodi y mu^n Tl) ^ Cd dpi da cd nhung nhd Logic hpc ^ o rdng mpt s i Hnh hudng quan n$ d i n luong b i , chOng to khdng t h i vdn dyng'QLBT bdl vl cdc m^nh d l sou ddy: «Ngdy moi s i cd hl$n tupng soo bdng vd ngdv moi nidng cd hl$n tupng soo bdng', hdm oiung khdng phdl Id chdn thyc vd cijng khdng phdi Id gid d i l n>d cd hal d i u khdng xdc djnh Trin thyc t l chung ta khdng t h i ndl chfnh xdc dupe tt> hai phdn dodn mdu thuon nhir «CHKI m^t thdng nCro d Nhpt Bdn si xdy d^ng ddt vd quo mdt thdng nOa d Nhdt Bdn si khdng xdy d$ng d d r , phdn dodn ndo Id chdn thyc vd phdn ^3dn ndo Id gid ddl Tror>g dd, cdn cuvdo nhung Knh todn khoo hoc ngudi od t h i d y b d o dupe chfnh xdc din tung gidy cdc hiin lupng nh^t thyc vd nguy|t thyc truoc hdng trdm ndm Chfnh v) vdy, Hnh huong ndy QLBT hodn todn e d h l ^ lye, mde dO nd dupe vdn dyng vdo cdc phdn dodn phdn drA cdc hl§n tupng dlln ro trcmg tuong lol VI vdy, ^ec dp dyng QLBT vdo cdc sy v l ^ riing l i tucmg lal ddi hdl E ^ I phdn Kch mdt edeh cy ihl dd'l vdl tung Hnh hudng Trong xd hpl cung nhu ty nhiin, ddng thdi vdi Knh xdc dinh vd Knh dn djnh cdn ed Hnn huong khdng xdc dinh, edn ed ede glai dopn vd cdc h^ng thdl ehuyin hda cua cdc sy vdt hl$n tupng Cdc sy vlic ngdu nhlin khdng dy dodn dupe rd't hoy xdy Qidng hpn nhCrn^ thdm hop dudng hdng Uidng, cdc sy c£) dudng sdt vd dudng bd, V i | c Hin dodn ehfnh xdc mpt thdm hop riing bi$t ndo dd Id rdt khd thdnh cdng Chfnh vi v$v, ehOng to kbdim t h i dp dyng QLBT vdo nhOng Hnn huing nhu thfiT Trong nh^n thuc, n h ^ thilt phdi chO f den cdc Hnh hudng khdng xdc ^ n h Cdc Hnh hudng dd tdt y l u dSn d ^ gid tr] ihu ba cua Knh ehdnlf Id «Khdng xdc djnh' C h ^ g hpn cdc phllu dllu tra xd hdl hpc dupe sd dyng vdi myc dich nghlin cuu cdc y kiln xd hdl, dd tfnh khdng xdc djnh cOa cdc cdu trd Idi phdl dupe Knh ti> trudc, dd f ^ l l u edn phdl thilt k l cdt Ong vdl cdu trd Idi: «Tdl khdng b i l r , d i n g thdl phdl chO •^ d i n cd trudr^ hpp dd ngudi to hodn todn khdng trd Idl d i n cdu hdi ndy hay cdu hdl khdc Chfnh vl vdy, trwig dy thdo bdn dllu tra xd hdi hpc cho mdy Knh dlin ti}, phdn Idp trlnh cho nd c6n Knh den Midng ehf cdc trudng hpp cho ede cdu trd Idt xdc djnh: «Cd'hodc «Khdng', md edn cho cd cdc trudng hpp vdi ede edu trdldl «Khdng xdc djnh' Trong tu thdng thudng vd tv khoo hpc, ngudi thvdng dl d i n phdn Kch nhOng khdl nl$m od Knh didt m I m d i o , llnh d ^ , Midng ed ngopi dlin dupe djnh vl chdt chi Vf dy, khdl nl$m «Ngual t r i tudi', « n g g i d ' , «Chlie ddl hpp thdi trang*, vd nhilu vf dy khdc nOa, Trong todn hpc Logic hpc, D l l u khiln hpc vd nhilu cdc khoa hpc khdc, cd nhilu Midi niim md ngopi dlin d x i chOng dupe djnh vj chdt c h i dong dupe sv dyng, cdc thudt todn ayy djr^ mpt cdoi rd rdng Knh npp If cOa cdc phip todn dong dupe dp dyng vdi nhOng khdi nl$m dd Nhung qud trinh phdn dnh hi|n thyc khdeh quan, tu tfwdng sv dyng nhOi^ khdl nl|m llnh hopt gdp phdl nhihig thudt nga todn odn nmfl T8PClMBIaci»cs6 282 b a ' Nhung cudc dllu tro chua kit thOc, ngudi ta cd t h i dua nh$n xit: «Ngudl ndy phpm tdl hdy cdn chua dupe chOng minh vd cOng chua dupe bj bdc bd" Kit ludn dd ed t h i khdng chdn thyc, cd t h i khdng gid d^l md nd khdng xdc djnh sy vdn dyng QLBT Khi gidng dpy trilt hoc cho mpi ddi tupng, sy phdn olit nhung cdl dd'l lap dupe the hlin dudi dpng nhu: khdi n l | m , minh de, h i tu tudng, td vd cung quan trpng Chdng horn nhu cdc thudt ngQ: bl$n chi>ng - sliu hlnh, bdt khd tri - khd tri,duyvpt-duy tdm, n h ^ nguyin kipn vd nhj nguvin ludn, D l khdng djnh dupe tfnh chdn If cOa mpt trudng phdi trilt hpc ndo dd Ijch sd triit hpc, chOng ta phdl vdn dyng QLBT d nhi/ng thai d i l m Ijch su nh^t ^ n h QLBT se phdt huy tdc dyng chOng to ihua nhpn hodc phO ^ n n Knh dOng ddn cua mpt tu tudng mdt hpc thuyit triltlipc ndo dd Q (1) TO Duy Hpp - Le Doan Ti - Vfi Tning DQng Gldo trinh logic hpc NXB Chtnh trf qu^c gia, H.2004 TiiU^utliamkhio Glietmanova GUo trtnli lo^c hoc (d^ng Nga) NXB Nhv v ^ QLBT dipc dp dyng d nhOng nol md Tignb^.U.\9%(, dd nhdn ihOe ci^i ngudi quan h$ vdl nhung Gido trinh NhOng vin di trifI h^c cda khoa hpc Hnh hudng chdt chi: hodc Id hodc Id (hodc Id eh&i tv nUen (titfng Nga) NXB Ttin b^, 1^ 1985 thyc, hodc Id gid dil); cdn QLBT s9 khdng dupe v ^ TO Duy Hpp - lA E>oan Ti - Trfln lYgng Dung GUo cKngdnhOng noi md dd Knh khdng xdc ^ h trinh L f ^ hpc NXB Chinh trt quic gia, H.2004 ede qud trlnh khdeh quon hodc chfnh Irong Vuong Til D9t Lo^c hpc d^l cinmg NXB Thi oud trtnh nhdn thOc dupe phdn dnh VI vdy, vl|c si> gidi H.2007 SUMI^RY oyng QLBT cdn phdl cd sy phdn Kch cy thi nhOng Througtioutthesclentiliccogr^tfonarKir^earchgs Hnh huing cy the vdl sy chO ^ d l n cdc ddc dilm cuo ttie acff)erence to the Law Excluded fii^lddle (orPrkyddl tupng nghlin cOu clple of ttie Excluded Third) In paticular and other Loglcnpc Id khoa hpc nghlin cdu tv dong Laws of Boolean Logic In general Is tt)erequysltkm for nhdn thi>e, chfnh vl vdv QLBT cOng nhv cdc quy achieving the objective axioms In deriving ttte knowlhidt khdc cOa logic hlnn thi>c dupe v^n dyng vdo edge of deduction lne\^at:^, our perception can hopt ddng nhdn thijc eOa ngudi t r m g nhOng attati ttK}s& principles spontaneously, ttov/ever, betigseff-coTKlous and having a tiiorough grasp of the glai dopn nhdt i^nh Khd ndng tu logic cOa Law Excluded fi/llddle would help us with a more effingudi hpc s i dvpc bdl dudng vd r i n luyin thdng cient conception, togett^er with a more advantageous qua ede bdl gidng trilt hpc vd Ijch sd triit hpc od waytottwot^ectlve axioms Tang cudng doi ttio?! Nghiin ahi gido difC s6 8/1987 Trdn Dloh Si> "D6i m6i phuong phdp d^y hoc mOn NgQVandtrudngph6lhOng",trichTdlii^bAidiriiig gido Titn NXB Gil>