TIEP CAN LINH HOAT VA VAN DUNG VAO QUA TRINH DAY HOC O ThS BUI V A N HONG '''' Ngdy nay, trong su phdt h^iln cua khoa hqc cdng nghe (KH CIN), thudt ngO «linh hopt" dd duqe su dung rd''''t phd b i ln trong n[.]
TIEP CAN LINH HOAT VA VAN DUNG VAO QUA TRINH DAY HOC O N ThS BUI V A N H O N G ' gdy nay, su phdt h^iln cua khoa hqc cdng nghe (KH-CIN), thudt ngO «linh hopt" dd duqe su dung rd't phd b i l n nhieu Itnh vuc khac nhdm ndi den tinh hieu qud vd khd ndng ddp ung nhanh nhen eua cdc ddi h/png hopt dqng, nhu: Idm viec linh hogt, sdn xud't linh hogt, hqc lap linh hoqt, tiep can linh hogt (TCLH), TCLH d d dupe ung dyng thuc te mud'n ndi den mdt dd'i h/png hoqt dpng ndo dd cd khd ndng ddp ung nhung nhu edu hope nhung thay ddi khde tdc ddng len dd'i tuqng dd, ehdng hqn: TCLH Idm viSc, TCLH dqy hqc (]) Tuy nhien, cho d i n nay, TCLH vdn dupe xem Id mdt khdi niem hodn todn mdi, chua dupe ^ n h nghlo hope nghien cuu ey t h i Trong day hpc (DH), mdc d d xud't hien mot sd hinh thuc DH linh hoqt vd chuong trinh ddo tgo linh hogt, cho phep ngudi hpc chu ddng It/o chpn thdi gian, dja diem, npi dung, t i l n hqc tap, theo nhu edu, nhung vdn dung TCLH vdo qud trinh dqy hoc (QTDH) vdn chua dupe de cdp d i n nghien cuu cung nhu h"ong thuc te DH Do do, nghien cuu phdt triln vd vdn dyng TCLH vdo QTDH Id hit sue cdn thiet nhdm gop phdn ndng coo hieu qud DH tien hdnh dp dyng thi diem vd ddnh gid muc dp tde dpng cua hinh thuc DH ndy dd'i vdi ngudi hqc vd ngudi dqy tqi cdc khoa: Nghe thudt, Thuang mqi, Gido due, Y te, Ludt Tuy nhien, TCLH ehi the hien d viSc cung cd'p linh hoqt cdc tdi nguyen hpc tap mdi trudng Internet, chua c6 nhung vdn dyng khde ddi vdi cdc yeu to edn Ipi QTDH N d m 0 , Johnston dua khdi niem «TCLH D H " dya tren co sd k i t hqp cdc quan diem hqc tap md vd hqc tap linh hoqt Theo khdi niem ndy, TCLH DH dupe di/o tren su phdt t r i l n euo cdc phuong tidn kT thudt i/ng dyng vdo DH d l gia tdng muc dp k i l m sodt cua ngudi hqc ve thdi gian, ndi dung, dia d i l m , phuemg phdp vd nhi/ng gi md hp muon hqc ( ; tr 1) Ndm 2(K)2, Trudng Dpi hpc Queensland dd xdy dung ede hudng dan cy the cho viec vdn dyng TCLH DH, nhu: xdc djnh muc tieu, hinh thuc cung cdp npi dung hpc tap, chuong trinh cho cdc khoa hpc, mOe dp tuong tdc giCra gidng vien - sinh vidn vd sinh vien - sinh vi§n, phuong tien k l thuqt ho trp vd ch? nhimg hpn che cua t i l p edn DH ndy (2) N d m 2CX)3 vd 2(X)4, Trudng Dqi hqc Tasmania Thuqt ngO «Linh hoqt" ed gdc Kr h i n g Anh Id «Flexible" nghXa Id de dupe thay ddi hope ddp ung (6) Theo tu d i l n Webster's New Collegiate online, «Linh hopt" Id khd ndng sdn sdng ddp ung vdi nhi/ng thay dd'i hope nhu edu mdi (7) Theo LiJion, «Linh hoqt" Id khd ndng mot he thong hoqe mdt thdnh phdn cd t h i dupe si/a ddi d l su dyng cho cdc ung dyng hay cdc mdi hvdng khde so vdi nhung thiet k l hien tpi (8) Trong sdn xud't, «Linh hoqt" nghTa Id sdn xud't cdc sdn phdm chd't lupng cao gid thdnh hop li cung cd'p den khdch hdng mdt each nhanh ehdng (9) Nhu vqy, «Linh hoqt" ed the duqe hieu «ld khd ndng thay ddi hoqe ddp ung trudc nhi/ng thay ddi ve nhu edu hay d i l u kien mdi eua cdc ddi tupng hay he Tap chi Giao due so (ki a • la/aon) Bdi Viet trinh bdy k i t qud nghien cuu ve TCLH, TCLH DH vd quy trinh van dyng t i l p ndy QTDH Khdi niem tiep can linh hopt Thudt ngu «Tiep can", tieng Anh Id «Approach", tilng Phdp Id «Approche", Id sy lua chqn cho dung dequan sdt dd'i tuqng nghien cuu Id cdch thuc xu su, xem xet ddi tucmg nghien cuu (3; tr 96) Theo TO' dien Tilng Viet online, «Tiep cdn" CO nghTa Id cdch Hiuc hay phuong phdp bat ddu gidi quyitmqt vd'n de (4) Tu d i l n tieng Viet djnh nghTo «Tiep can" Id cdch chqn cho dung cua ngudi nghien cuu, tu dd nhin nhdn vd dan den dd'i tuqng, phdt hien vd gidi quyet cdc vd'n de lien quan (5; hr 56) Nhu vdy, «Tilp cdn" c6 t h i hieu Id «cdch chqn cho dung dequan sdt vd xem xet doi tuqng nghien cuu, tu dd nhin nhdn, phdt hien vd gidi quyet cdc vd'n de lien quan" * Tnfoingfiaihpc sir pham ki thiul TP Ho Chi Minh # thdng" Tuy nhien, thi/c t l , d l ddp ung trudc mpt yeu edu ndo do, ddi tupng hay he thdng cdn thilt phdi cd sy thay ddi thich hpp Do d d , ^ nghTo ddp ung dd bao hdm cd nhi/ng thay ddi Theo d d , «!inh hopt" chinh Id khd ndng ddp ung ei3a mdt dd'i tupng hay hS thdng trudc nhi/ng thay ddi eua nhu edu hay dieu kiSn mdi Tu nhung phdn tich trĐn, ôTCLH" cd t h i dupe hieu ô/d xem xet ddi tuqng hay he thing muc dap ung trudc nhung thay do) cua nhu cSu hodc dieu kl§n mdi" Bdn ehd't et/a t i l p can linh hoot Trong thuc t l sdn xud't, TCLH dupe van dyng nhieu trudng hpp khde nhau, nhu: - TCLH v4 hinh thuc Idm viec: Id cho ph6p ngudi lao dpng cd the chu ddng lua chpn noi Idm vl6c dudi sy ho trp cua cong nghe thdng tin, boo gdm: Idm viSc tqi nhd, Idm vi&c \q\ ca quon, Idm vl6c tren dudng phd, , (10); - TCLH vS nql dung sdn xud't: Id cho phep cdc nhd sdn xud't eo khd ndng tdng hodc gidm nhanh cdng sudt sdn xud't hodc ehuyln ddi nhanh tu viec sdn xud't ddng sdn phdm cij song ddng sdn phdm mdi (9); - TCLH ve phuong phdp sdn xud't: Id su dung cdng ngh& hien dqi sdn xud't, cho phep sdn xud't k i t hpp nhieu loqi sdn phdm khde d l cung cd'p nhOng lua chqn tdi d d cho khdch hdng hodc son xud't cdc sdn phdm mong tinh ddc ddo (9); - TCLH ve phuemg tien sdn xud't: Id su dyng he thdng sdn xud't gdm n h i l u may cdng nghe cao d l c6 t h i phye vy cho viec sdn xud't n h i l u lopi sdn phdm khde md khdng phdi b| mdi hoqe thay t h i dyng cy khde (9) N h u vqy, cd t h i h i l u : bdn chd't cua TCLH Id khd ndng thay doi hodc kit hgp nhieu lua chon khde ve hinh thuc, ndi dung, phuong phdp, phuoTjg tien hogt dqng cua dd'i tuqng hay he thing nhdm ddp Ung trudc nhung thay doi ve nhu cau eua xd hdi vd sy phdt triin cua KH-CN V a n d y n g TCLH vdo QTDH 1) Cau true eua TCLH van dyng vdo QTDH Dd'i vdi QTDH, TCLH xem xet muc dp ddp ung ve hinh thuc, npi dung, phuong phdp, phucng tien vd k i l m tra - ddnh gid trudc nhOng thay ddi euo nhu edu hpc tdp vd su phdt t r i l n cOo KH-CN de dqt hieu qud cao nhd't DH K i t hpp vdi y l u td co bdn eua «DH linh h o q f Lundin (1999) d l xud't (11), edu true eua T C L H DH ed the duqe phdt h^iln vd trinh bdy nhu hinh dual ddy Trong d d : - Nhu c6u hqc tdp cua ngudi hoc boo gdm: nhu edu v l ndi dung hpc t$p, tien dp hpc top, phuong phdp vd hinh thi/e hpc tap, kiem tra ddnh gid k i t qud hpc tdp, (12) Nhu edu ndy ludn thay ddi theo su phdt t r i l n eua xd hdi vd co tdc ddng trt/c t i l p d i n QTDH Do d d , QTDH phdl ludn d i l u chinh d l thda mdn - Tiin bo cua KH-CN Id st/ ro ddi euo nhieu cdng cy lao dqng hi§n dqi ed vol trd thuc ddy sdn xud't phdt t r i l n vd ludn ddi hdi \yc lupng loo ddng cd trinh dp phu hop d l tham gia sdn xudt D i l u ndy bdt buqe QTDH ludn ludn phdi dieu chfnh cdc hopt dqng d q y vd hpc, cap nhdt noi dung, phuong tlSn kT thudt hien dpi d l ddp ling Ngupc Ipi, QTDH phdt t r i l n se cung cdp nguon lao ddng cd trinh dp cao cho sdn xudt vd fhiic ddy su t l l n bd cOa KH-CN Cd'u true cua TCLH DH Mat khde, nhu edu ngi/di hqc vd h l n bq KHC N Id hoi y l u to' ed mdi quon he qua Iqi mat thiet vdi vd cung tde ddng d i n si/phdt hien eua QTDH KH-CN phdt h-iln se Idm thay ddi nhu edu hpc tap cua ngudi hoc Khi nhu edu hpc top dupe thda mdn se kich thfch su tien bp cOa KHC N Do d d , QTDH ludn ludn d i l u chinh de phu hop vdi mdi quan he ndy thdng qua van dyng hinh thuc DH linh hogt, ndi dung DH linh /loat, PPDH linh hoqt, phuong ti$n DH linh hoqtvd it/em tra - ddnh gid linh hogt - TCLH ve hinh thuc Id su dyng k i t hpp nhiiu hinh thuc td chuc DH khde nhau, nhu DH If thuy§, DH thyc hdnh, DH tr§n Idp, h/ hqc, hoqt dong ngopi khdo, DH todn Idp, DH theo nhdm, Idm vi§e dpc Idp - TCia ve ndi dung Id module hda noi dung mdn hqc chuong trinh ddo Iqo, cho phep Tap chi Blao due so (fci a • la/aoii) ngudi hpc lya chpn thu h/ hodn thdnh cdc npi dung theo nhu edu vd dieu kien hoe tap hien cd - TCiHvep/iuongp/idpId sudyng k i t hpp ede PPDH tfch ci/c hda ngudi hoc, gido vien ddng vai tro Id ngudi hudng ddn, td chuc qud trinh tu khdm phd, chilm tfnh tri thuc d hoc sinh: hopt ddng nhdm, DH thdng qua Idm dd dn mdn hpc, phuong phdp ddng kjeh {ddng vol), DH neu vdn de - TCLH ve phuang tien Id su dyng k i t hop cdc phuemg tien khde DH vd cdc phuang tien ed khd ndng phye vy nhilu phuong phdp vd hinh thu DH khde nhu quan sdt cd'u tpo, khdo sdt nguyen If Idm viec, Idm ede bdi tap tht/c hdnh vd thi nghiem - TCLH ve kiem tra, ddnh gid Id si/ dyng k i t hpp nhilu phuong phdp, ndi dung vd thdi d i l m k i l m tro khde nhau, nhu kiem tra trde nghiem, vd'n ddp, k i l m tra qud trinh, kilm tra sdn phdm, BUDC To chuc ede hoqt dpng DH: - Td chuc mdi hudng vdt chdt Idp hpc; - Triln khol cdc hoat ddng tuong tdc; - Vdn dyng kit hc^ cdc yeu td cua QTDH Budc Tdng kit, riit kinh nghiem: - Cung cd kit qud hqc tap: tdm tdt nguyen li, quy trinh, kit qud thye hdnh, thi nghiem; - Ddnh gid thdi hoc tqp cua ngudi hpc; - Rut kinh nghiem nhCrng han e h l v d dua bien phdp khde phye nht/ng ton tqi Vdn dyng TCLH vdo QTDH nhdm ddp i/ng nhi/ng thay ddi v l nhu edu hpc tdp vd su tiln bd euo KH-CN thdng qua hinh ihue DH linh hopt, ndi dung DH linh hoqt, PPDH linh hoqt, phuong tien DH linh hopt, kilm tra - ddnh gid linh hoqt se gdp phdn ndng coo hieu qud DH, thdo mdn dupe nhu edu ngt/di hpc vd kfeh thfch KH-CN phdt t r i l n • (1) John Bottomley and Jocclyn Calvert Evaluation of the Impact ofFlexiiUe Teaching And Learning on Academic Staff at the University of Tasmania Final Report, p i 2005 (2) The University Of Queensland Academic guidelines for flexible learning at the university of queensland 2002 www,up.edu,au (3) VQ Cao D^m Phurnig pliap lu^n nghien cihi Idioa 2) Dqc diem cua TCLH DH TCLH ed hpc NXBATAoaftocAi/ftuar, H 2008 nhi/ng dqc d i l m : Ngudi hqc Id trung tdm cua (41 htlp www,Tudieniiengviel.net/ (5) Nguyen V^n Khdi Phat trien chinrng trinh giao QTDH; Pht/ong hen kT thudt vd chuong trinh DH ed due Wi^D