CHMt ZRAM JVflwfJV ZEit CiiA ZB£ 4 5 ZWl vt MOT SO TiNH HUONG Ot GAY NGUY HIEM THITONG GAP Tre em fldotua mam non (dac biet trong khoang 4 5 tua) rat hieu dpng va tfl mo, thich tuminh kham pha the gio[.]
CHMt ZRAM JVflwfJV ZEit CiiA ZB£ 4-5 ZWl vt MOT SO TiNH HUONG Ot GAY NGUY HIEM THITONG GAP ThS NGUYEN THI MY DUNG' T re emfldotuamam non (dac biet khoang khong dung vj tri eo the gay tray xuot, chay mau, tai 4-5 tua) rat hieu dpng va tfl mo, thich tuminh nan thucfngticheho tre hoac khlai tre to mo lay kham pha the gioi xung quanh Song vo^ kha chcfi dua cung d i gay thuong tich nang nhan thflc the gioi han hep, tre khong y thue 2J Tif dpng vat va thuc vat: Cac bai dpng vat duoc h^u qua tfl nhung hanh dong cua m inh, cung c&ig tiem nhung mcS NH doi vfli tre nhu: long cae nhu thieu kha nang ung de tu bao ve ban than dpngvatnhuch6,meo,cactoaisau,contnjng,phan tn/cc nhungmanguy hiem (NH)tilmai xung quanh hoa, cay CO gai s4c nhwi cotfiegay di ung, amg Trong do, ngua Ifln lai luon eo tam IItolang va ngfla, tray xuflc ; tren eo the dong vat co nhieu vl khong tin tuong vao kha nang dpc lap xulicac van de khuaiidfllaybenh;dpngvateotheean,cao,mo gay xay cupc s ^ g cua tre Do vay, thay vi giao tray xuflc, tham ehi la NH den tinh mang (nhuehodai due tre kT nang tu bao ve ban than, ngufli kim co xu can) huflng lam ho tre mpi viec Dieu khien tre lung 2.3 Bfa diem cong cong: Ngay ca nhihig dia tung khiphai tuminhflngphfl vfli cae &/7/i/juong(TH) diem tuflng rait an toan da vo^ tre cung co the chua d§gayNHvaCO thegayra nhung hau qua kho luflng dung nhflng moi NH ttem an nhu: nhung nd dong Do do, giup tre nhan thue va xu 11 duoc nhung tinh due (chp, cong vien, khu vui ehc^ ), treco thebj lac, bi huonq nguyhi&n (THNH) de tu bao ve minh la het bit eoc^ bi xd day nga ; nhung no! qua ving ve tre sfle can thiet cung de dang bi bitcflc, xam hai ; congftuflngxay dung, khu vuc bep nau an, ao, ho, sdng, sua, be Tinh huong de gay nguy hiem lagi? Theo Tu dien Tieng Viet, TH latoanthenhOngchua nuce (tre cottiebj dua nuflc, ngatnuoc ), nha ga, ben tau, san bay, duflng giao thong Sl/viec xay ra^ mgt nffi tmng mgt tha gian buoc nguoitaphaisuynghi, hanh dgng, dSpho, chiudiJtig ' 2A Ttf cac hoat dgng hang cua tli nhit [\\M\22&\.fXK\'NHIac6^egaytachail^chocon leo treo, chay nhay, chen lain, xd day, danh vfli ngiajihoa£chocaigid6'(y,\T857).H\]Mvay,co^e ban; tre sudung dung, choi khong dung each hieu, TH de gay NH la nhung su viec xay tai mot (cho dung, choi vao tai, mui, mieng, up nguoc ndinaod6,trongniQtttifltglannaod6,c6thegaytac nguoij tmot cau trupt, nhay len du quay dang hai Ifln chocon ngufli, bupc ngufli phai suy nghi, quay ); tre vua an vua dua nghich an, uong; tre hanhdpng.dapho treu choc dpng vat nuoi, tu y thuc hien cae hanh vi Cac tinh huong de gay nguy hiem thuong "^eflu'cho minh va cho ban gap atre4-5 tuoi 3.Mdtsodacdi«n phattri«i nhan thuc cue Tre nho 4-5 tuw rat hieu dpng nhimg lai ehua co tre 4-5 tuoi kha nang n h ^ thue va kiem soat duoc hanh vi eua S.I.Ve tli giac, te 4-5 tua co kha nang tri giac chinh minh; bfllvay, nhflng hiem hpa eua eupesohg toig thedo suhoan thien dan cua caegiaequan va he CO the xay den vfli eae em tflnhung tlnh huong va dothan krth Ve thi giac, tre co kha nang thu nhan va vatratthanthupcnhu: phan biet cae mau sic, hinh dang, kich thuflc khac 2.1 Tu vat: Cac 66 v^ts^c nhpn (dao, keo, cua dovatxung quanh Vettiinh giac, treco kha kri ),d6 vat corang cua, eo dien (oc5m dien, quat ), nang thu nhan va phin biet am a nhung cao CO dp dan hoi cao (day ehun, 16 xo ), vat ehuB dodp khac Ve khflu giac, cam giac khuu giacUftmg nong (phich, am u ), eae vat co kk;h thuflic nho, deda nhay ben, tfiam chi nhay hon ca nguoS kjn Vevi nuot (hot hat ), dfl vo: thuy tmh, sanh su Ben giac, tre cam nhan dudc vi coban: ngpt, dang, man, canh do, viec sudung hoac sip xep vat khong hop li euig CO the gay NH cho tre Ching han, dao, keo de ' Kbea Sae dac a h i noi, Tmteg Bai ji^c sr phaa Ha NQJ (ki - 8/2015) Tap chi Gido due so 363 113 chua va eae vj tmng gian Ve xuc giac, tre 4-5 tuoi da hoan thien cac loal xuc glae: cam giac xuc giac (cam giac dung cham vacam giac ap luc), cam giac nhiet dp va cam giac dau Do vay, tre c6 the nhan biet vat bang tay ma khong can nhin, c o t h e t u b a o v e ban than bang nhung phan xatuve 3.2 Vetrinha, tre 4-5 tu6l da bietsfldung cache lien tucTig tri nhfl de nhan lai va nhfl lai eae su vat, hien tupng da gap.Bac biet, nhflsutham gia tich cue vao cac hoat dpng nhu vui ehoi, lao dpng, hpc tap , cac loai tri nhfl ve hinh anh, van dpng, ngon ngu cua tre deu phattrien manh me 3.3 Vetu duy, fre 4-5 tuoi da co kha nang glal quyet dupe n h i ^ g tiai toan thuc tien" bing cac "phep thu ngam oc", dua tren eae bieu tUdng da cfl; nghTa la, kieu tu tn/c quan hinh tupng da chie'm uu th§'fl tre Khi hanh dpng vfli cac bieu tuwig jrong oc, tre CO the hinh dung cac hanh dpng ttiue tiln vfli cac doi tupng va ket qua cua nhung hanh dpng ay Tuy nhien, vi chua co kha nang tu tnXi tuong nen tre chl mfli d i ^ vao nhflng bieu tuong da eo, nhflng kinh nghiem da trai qua de suy luan nhung van de mfli Vi vay, nhieu truflng hpp, nhung van de ma tre suy luan moi' chi dung lai a cae hien tupng ben ngoai ma chua di vao ban chat ben D6ngthcrt,treratdel5n Ion giira thupc tinh ban chatva khong ban chat cua suvat, hien tupng xung quanh 3.4 Ve tudng tugng, tre 4-5 tuoi eo tri tumig tupng kha phong phu nhflco von bleu tupng khasinh dpng vethe gioi xung quanh Vol nhiJng dac diem phat trien ve mat nhan thflc tren, tre 4-5 tuoi da co the nhan dupc nhflng mfli NH cac doi tupng quen thugc, gan gui vfli tre; cac THNH ma tre cfl cd hpi trai nghiem Tuy nhien, vfli nhflng doi tupng ma tre chua co co hpi tiep xuc, hoac da tiep xuc nhung chung laixuathien hoan canh moi, thitrettiuflng khong phat hien dupc nhflng moi NH tiem an khitiep xuc vol cac doi tupng Vidu,tre khong nhan dupc dau hieu bj benh cua cac vat quen thupc de tranh xa vat Tre cung ehua CO kha nang nhan dupc nhflng mo'iNHcothexayden mo'i quan hevoinhflng nguflixung quanh.Tre m l u giao (TMG)4-5tuoimac du da biet phan biet ngufli la - ngufli quen, biet dupc tre CO the gap NH tiep xuc voi ngufli la nhu bj ngufli la bit c6c, bietdupc phai lam gidekhong gap NH khitiep xue vert ngufli !a: khong dl theo ngufli la Song treehua hieu dupc visaompi ngufli xung quanh CO the lam hai den tre vi hp do'i xu rat than thien: cho banh keo, dattredi choi Theo tre, nhflng ngufli h i m 14 Top chi Gido dye so 363 dpa tre, lam tre spmfli la nhung ngufli tre khong dupc ganguivadittieohp Thuc trang nhan thuc cua TMG 4-5 tuoi ve cac TH de gay NH t h u d n g gap 4.1 Ngi dung nghien cuu: - Nam hpc 20142015, chung tdi da tien hanh khao sat 60 tre 4-5 tuoi (taiTn/ong mam non Trung Tu-Dd'ngDavaTruflng mam non Blnh Minh - Hoai Buc, Ha Npi ve kha n i n g nhan ttifle cua TMG 4-5 tuo'i doi vfli cac TH d l gay NH thucmg gap nhu: 1)Bua nghich cam keo; 2) An canh dang nong; 3) Nghich ngpm o c i m dien; 4) Ngam ehoi mieng; 5) Nghich ngpm to'ong; 6) Choidua flkhu vuc NH; 7) Voltay lay Ip hoa tren cao; 8) Xd day choi can trupt; 9) Cam gay choi danh tran gia; 10) Chay nhay tren nen nha bj udt Cac/? tfitfcft5'cft£y&/iff/j/e/Jctft/;-Su'dyng bai tap CO minh hpa b i n g tranh anh de tim hieu kha nang nhan biet cua tre ve cae T H d d gay NH;-Sudung he ttidng cau hoi detim hieu kha nang phan doan cua tre ve nhflng moi NH cd the'xay cung nhu kha nang lua chon duoc giai phap x u li phu hpp dd'i vfli cac THN H d o 4.2 Tieu chifTC) danh gia va thang danh gia nhan thuc cua tre vecac TH dSgay NH 4.2.1 TC danh gia: Be danh gia nhan thflc cua tre 4-5 tudi ve cac T H d i gay NH, chung tdidua vao cae TCva thang danh gia sau: rC/:W/ja/i/?ffi/rWAf// (2 diem) TC gom mflc dp: 1) Tre khdng nhan biet dupe nhflng THNH (Odid'm);2)Trec6thenhan biet dupc THNH co su gpi y cua ngufli I6n (1 diem); 3) Tre tu minh nhan biet THNH (2 diem); TC2:Phan doan duac nhdng NH co the xay (2 diem) vfli mflc dp: 1) Tre,khdng phan doan dupe nhflng mdi NH CO the xay^ra dd'i vfli ban than (0 diem};2) Tre phan doan dupc nhflng md'i NH co the xay dd'i vfli ban than co sugpi y eua ngucrt Ifln (1diem);3)Tretuminh phan doan dupcnhihig md'i NH cothe xay dd'i vert ban than (2 diem); TC3: Lua chon each xu'ii THphu hep (2 diem) TC cung e63mfledd:1)Trekh6ng lua chpn dupc c^cli xu li TH phu hpp (0 diem); 2) Tre lua chpn dupc each xu li phu hpp eo su gfli y cua ngflol Ifln (1 diem); 3) Tre tuminh lua chpn dupe each xflliTH phu hop (2 diem) 4.2.2 Thang danh gia:loa\i6\:Jil5-e6\Gm;Loai kha: T f l -can diem; Loal tmng binh; Tfl3 -ean4 diem;Loaiye'u.'DU^3diem ^ 4.3 Thuc tmng nhan thtrc cua tre 4-5 tuoi ve cac THdi gay NH thudng gap [xem bieuddi (ki - 8/2015) tdi eho rang, mdt gioi han cd the, ngufli Ifln v ^ nen de tre dup«c tu minh trai nghiem cac TH de gay NHttiayvi lam hp tre mpi viec, cd nhu vayttemfli nhantfiucmdteach rd rang vemucdpNH eua chijig Sdttidatmflc dpfrunybm/ivenhan biet cae TH de gay N H chi^n i le nho (5%) Nhflng tre nhan biet dupc nhflng TH de gay NH quenttiudcvfli tre, ttjynhien.bnng nhflng TH moi lathitre hau nhukhoig nhan biet dupc cung nhu khdng phan doan dupc su NH cua cac TH dd, vay khdng lua chpn dupc giai Bieu