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NANG CAO GHAT LIfdNG, HIEU QUA VIEC DAY TIENG VIET CHO NGIftfl VIET NAM A NtftfC NGOAI PGS TS Ngayin Thg''''Ky* I I ''''^1 Day tieng Viet cho hoc smh ngLfdi Viet Nam tai Lho 1 oat van de Hau nhu qudc gia, v[.]
NANG CAO GHAT LIfdNG, HIEU QUA VIEC DAY TIENG VIET CHO NGIftfl VIET NAM A NtftfC NGOAI PGS TS Ngayin Thg'Ky* I I '^1 Day tieng Viet cho hoc smh ngLfdi Viet Nam tai Lho oat van de Hau nhu qudc gia, vung lanh thd nao cijng ed hoac It, hoac nhidu ddng bao cua minh song d cac nUde khae Dieu xuat phat tU nhieu li do: di vi ke sinh nhai, chidn tranh, thien tai, quan diem chinh tri, hoc tap, nghien cUu, lao ddng, kdt hon vdi ngUdi nude ngoai Qua trinh toan cau hda manh me da va dang thuc day su phan bd dan cU, nhUng • Pho Taftig ban Ban Tuy&i giao Truig iCng cupe di cU tren thd gidi hoat dpng cUu nUdc, hoc t i p , kinh doanh, lam thue, tidp tuc gia tang nude ta, nhOng ngUdi djnh cU lau dai Khi dd Viet Nam di nUdc ngoai qude My x i m lUpc Vi§t didn manh me tU cudi Nam, k h i nhieu ngUdi the ky XIX thUe dan Vi^t, nha't la d midn Nam, Phap xam luPc va dat ach di vi nhUng ly nhuda dd hd len Nam Ky va cac neu, dac biet la cae nam vung khac ca nUdc 1975, 1976 Thap nien NhCfng ngUdi yeu nUdc tam mUPi, chin muoi cOa Viet Nam bi bat, bj luu day thd ky' XX, nhieu sang Phap, sang chau Phi ni^n, sinh vi§n, nghiSn Mdt sd ngUdi khic sang eUu sinh, lao dpng Vi$t Phap, chau A u , Trung Nam sang Lien Xd, cic Qude, Nhat B i n , Thai Lan, nude xa hdi chu nghTa Lao, Lien Xd (trUdc diy) de Ddng Au dd hoe t i p , kidm UPCHJTHONGTINOtflNG Sd' - ^ LY L U A H • THI/C T l i N - KINH H G H I £ M sdng Ddn thdi didm hi$n nay, cd trdn triSu ngUdi Vi6t sinh sdng hpn 100 qudc gia d c i chiu luc, dd, hon tri$u ngUdi Viet sdng tai My' Sd lieu thdng ke cQa Bd Ngoai giao gan d i y cho bidt, cac nUdc cd ddng ngUdi Viet Nam djnh cU la M y : 2.200.000 ngUdi; P h i p va Oc mdi nUdc 300.000 ngUdi; Ca-na-da: 250.000 ngUdi; Dai Loan (Trung Qude); 200.000 ngUdi; Cam-pu-chia: 156.000 ngUdi; c i c nude T h i i Lan, H i n Qudc, Malay-xi-a mdi nude 100.000 ngUdi; DUc 88.000 ngUdi; Nga, Sec mdi nUde 60.000 ngUdi; Nh^t Bin va Anh mdi nude 40.000 ngUdi; Lao 30.000 ngUdi; Ba Lan, Na Uy, H i Lan moi nUdc khoing 19.000 - 20.0000 ngUdi; c i c nUdc BI, Thuy Didn, Dan Mach mdi nUdc khoing 14.000 ngUdi, Nhu vay, so' ngUdi Vidt Nam sinh sdng d nUdc ngoii chiem mdt tfle d i n g kd {tr§n tri^u, dd dan sd Viet Nam hien tai hon 90 tri^u ngUdi}\ Hp la mdt phan quan trpng lam n§n cdng ddng dan tpc Vidt Nam, l i "con Lac, c h i u Hdng" Cdng ddng ngUdi Vi^t Nam nude n g o i i (NVNONN) ngiy c i n g khing djnh vi tri, vai trd, ddng gdp quan trpng cua minh ve kinh te T«PCHiTHON6TINBlilll604l8l)' - ^ van hda, khoa hpc kl thuat chp que cha dat td va que hUPng thU hai, nPi ma ho djnh cU Ngoai My, c i c nUdc khac nhU: Ue, Phap, Ca-na-da, Nga, DUe, ddu cd cdng ddng gdc Viet ddng d i o NgUdi Viet tai DUc l i nhdm ngUdi ngoai qudc gdc A Idn nhat d qud'c gia nay, hien cd tr§n 90 nghin ngUdi Viet, gdc Vidt dang sinh sdng tai DUe O Sec, cpng ddng ngUdi Vidt da dupe Nha nUdc n i y chinh thUc cdng nhan l i mpt d i n tpc thieu sd • nUdc ma hp sinh sdng, coi nhukhdngtdntai Thi/c trang suT dung tieng Viet cong dong NVNONN DO chUa ed cac cupe dieu tra hay thdng k§ day du, nhung nhin tdng thd, cdng ddng NVNONN d i va dang cd gang tn viec day va hoc tidng Viet cho eon em minh TrUdc hdt, dd la viec tri viee sd dung tidng Viet nhu mdt sinh ngU Bdi khdng dung ngdn nguf nhU mdt cdng eg giao tidp thudng (ma ch? hpc Ddtdn tai va phat tridn, de bidt) thi mpi tri thUc mpt mat, cdng ddng ngUdi thudc vd ngU nang se mai Viet Nam c l n hda nhap mdt Cdng ddng ngUdi Vi§t ve mpi mat vdi ngUdi d i n Nam d cac nUdc Ddng Au nude sd tai-que huong thu (nhu: Nga, See, DUc, Uhai cOa hp; mat khae, erai-na, } cd nhieu trung khdng dupe phep l i n g t i m thupng mai, hay td quen, phai nhat van hda hpp s i n xuat rieng, cd d i n toe, epi ngudn gidng nhieu sinh hoat chung va ndi Mpt nhOng yeu cd nhieu mdi lien hd, giao tdquan trpng nhat la ngdn lull vdi cdng ddng ngU, tidng ndi dan tpc nude dd, ngoai giao tidp Nen t i n g van hda mdi vdi dan b i n dia, ngUdi gdc dan tdc hinh tU Viet cua ta v i n tri kha qude sd, qud'c van, qudc td't vide ndi v i vidt tidng ngU Vi vay, viee tri, Viet (tren cda hang, bien giO gin tieng Viet hieu, ) Ngay trung tam c d n g d d n g N V N O N N BeHin (DUc) ed chp "Ddng dang la van de rat d i n g Xuan", d See cd "Trung tam quan t i m , tU gdc dp vT md thuPng mai Sa Pa", nhieu (Nha nUdc) ddn vi md (gia n h i hang chuyen kinh dinh, mdi ca thd doanh mat hang Viet, bien cdng ddng) Neu de mi't hieu tidng nUdc sd tai va tidng Viet thi cpng ddng tidng Viet My, cd kha ngUdi Viet - thep dung nhidu "Little Saigon" tai nghTa cua tU n i y , d cac nhieu phd Cac khu • LVLUAN-THI/C TliN-KINH NGHIEM Little Saigon cd mat phd Westminster, Garden Grove, San Jose, California, Houston, Texas Westminster va Garden Grove nam khu vUc Quan Cam, California, nPi dupe menh danh la "Thu dd ngUdi Viet d M y " NhUng khu nay, cpng ddng ngUdi Viet Nam ed sd lupng ddng dao thi tidng Vidt dupe coi la ngdn ngU giao tidp chu yeu Tuy nhien, djnh cU lau (hoac kha lau), cae the he thu hai, thU ba, thU tu, ddi tai qud'c gia ban dia da dUng trUde mpt SU lua chpn: cd nen hpc tidng Viet khdng va hpc nhu the nao? Bdi eon em ngUdi Viet d dd phai hda ddng vdi nude sd tai ve mpi mat, c6 hoc h a n h , lam v i e c Ne'u khdng ndi, khdng hoc, khdng gidi tie'ng sd tai {Anh, Phap, Nga, DUe, Tay Ban Nha, ) thi dd dang bi tut hau va tU dao thai minh Mdt thUe te dang lo ngai dang didn cang gay gat: mpt sd cdng dong ngUdi Viet ed the manh d mdt sd nUdc, tidng Viet dang dan trd mdt ngdn ngU thU yeu va chuyen eon em ngUdi Viet khdng hpc va khdng thich hpc tidng Viet dang la mpt nguy CP phd bien, hien hUu Trong mpt bai bao gan day, Ngd HOfu Hoang cho rang "That nguy hiem da cd mdt thdi nhOfng dUa tre gdc Vi§t ndi tidng ban XLf gidi la mdt niem hanh dien va vui mUng cua eae bac phu huynh" Trong mpt bai vidt tren bao Tudi tre, de cap ddn van dd nay, da neu mdt thUc te la, hau hdt tre em Idn len hoac sinh de d nUdc ngoai khdng cdn ndi dupe tieng Viet va eung khdng chju hpc tidng Viet (vi mac cd vdi ban be hoac cho la du cd hpc cung vd ich) Cha me thi dau tat mat tdi muUsinh, khdng ed thi gid day tieng Vidt hoac dUa cai di hpc tidng Viet (dau rat mudn lam dUPc didu do) Cd mpt sd gia dinh lo lang, quan t i m viee day tieng Viet eho em, nhUng chl diJng pham vi giao tidp tai gia nen han chd nhidu mat Du chl mdi den the he thU hai, thU ba nhUng tieng Vidt dang "roi rung" dan, bidn mi't dan Khdng it gia dinh, bd me, dng ba ndi vdi chau b i n g tidng Viet, nhUng eon chau ndi nang ngpng nghju, khd nhpc rdi cudi cung quay sang dung tidng nUdc sd tai - vdi cac chau da trd ban ngU,de giao tidp Dd la mpt tinh hinh dang bao ddng, can sU quan tam dung mUc va kjp thdi cua nhufng ngUdi cd t r i c h nhi§m vd p h i t tridn van hda Viet Nam, ngdn nga Vi0t Nam d nUdc ngpai Mdt vai kidn nghj ve giai phap Mot la, trach nhiem cua cac cP quan lien quan nhU: Bd Giao due v i Dao tap, Bd Ngoai giao, Ban Tuy§n giao Trung Udng, Uy ban Nha nUde ve ngUdi Vi§t Nam d nUdc ngoai, cac ca quan lam cdng t i c giio due, b i o chf, truydn thdng can n h i n thUc rd mpt van dd hdt sOfc quan trpng ma chung ta dang de cap ddn; d i y manh tuyen truydn, CP vu, g i i o due cac thd hd N V N O N N quan tam nhieu hon, thUdng xuyen hPn viec giU gin b i n sac dan tdc bat d^u bang vide giCf gin tidng ndi Phii thUe sU coi tidng Viet la mdt tai s i n , "mot eua c i i l i u ddi va vd cung quy bau cda d i n tdc" ( H Chi Minh), "la ngdn ngiJ qud'c gia" (Hien phap nUdc Cpng hda Xa hdi chd nghTa Viet Nam, 2013) thi mdi tha'y ed trach nhidm giU gin va yeu quy tidng Viet da cd tU hang ngan nam Can bien soqin eae bd sach day tidng Viet eho c i c lUa tudi; vd dgy song ngU Viet mdt sd ngdn ngU cd ddng ngUdi Viet d nUdc ngoai sd dung (tidng Anh, Nga, Trung, Phip, Ddc, Tay Ban Nha, T4PCHlTHDNGTINDfilNG04ISa'-7^ LYLU4N-THl/CTliH'KINHNGHl|H ã Nh|tBin, ).TdchUctĐp huan, hudng d i n each day, each hpc cho mot sd giao vi§n, tmh nguyen vien ndng cdt d mOt sd nUdc (md nUdc hoac md d nUdc cd ddng ngUdi V i ^ t sinh sdng) H i n h thanh, phat tridn cac trung t i m day tidng Vi§t d nPi cd ddng ngUdi Viet Nam d nude ngoii DUa cac trung tam vao td chUc, ndn ndp, lien hd c h i t che vdi cac td chUc, trung t i m giao luu v i n hda nude sd tgi va c i c CP quan cda N h i nUdc Viet Nam tgi nUdc dd (dd hoat dpng cd td chUc, ed sU hd trp vd giap trinh, tai Ndu, kinh nghiem, kinh phi, ) Theo Bio Tudi trd, mdt cudc hdi thio khoa hpc Vancouver (Ca-nada), mpt giao sU ngUdi My ke ring: Cach day tren 10 n ^ m , D a i hoe Washington (tai Seattle, My) lan d i u tidn md khoa day tieng Vi$t, nhidu eha me sinh vien da chat vdn nha tnidng Hp hdi vi cho eai hp hpc tidng Viet mdi m i khdng p h i i tidng Viet cua che dp Sii Gdn tnJdc day N h i taJdng da thang than t r i Idi la hp chu trUPng day ngdn ngOf eua tren 80 trieu ngUdi d nude Vidt Nam hien nay, ehU khdng the phd bidn tidng ndi eua mdt thieu sd ngUdi Viet Nam dang dnUdc ngoai Hai Ik, phii cd gang day cho em tidng Vidt Tieng Viet tU thdi Sai chuin, tUc la tidng Viet Gdn CU la mdt thU tieng hi$n d^i, eua hon 90 trieu Viet dang tich xa dan vdi ngUdi Vidt Nam dang ndi tidng Vi^t SLf dung tidng cha dng minh d Td nUdc, dung nhU nhan xet qudc (ehinh qude) Bdi k h i ehinh x i c cua mpt nha cpng ddng ngUdi Viet Nam van gdc Viet cd ten tudi: d eae nUde tren thd gidi "Tidng Vi^t d h i i ngoai hien thUdng khdng tinh trang ed lap vdi nhidu (trU My - hon trieu, chinh qudc se gid ynguydn cdn da sd eh? vai, ba tram tr^ng hoae hao bdt di tU ngan) Cpng ddng mdi nPi tidng Viet thdng dung d n i y thudng khdng thuin mien Nam trUde nam nhdt (vd tudi, nghe 1975 Ngay bay gid, dpc nghi0p, trinh dO, v i n hda, sach bao nUde, ngudn gdc vung midn, thdi ehung ta d i khdng hieu gian nh^p cU, ) nen cung dupe y nghTa cda mdt sd tdn tgi mOt tidng Viet ngdn tU dudng phd, nhUng khdng thuin nhat, khdng tidng Idng, thuit ngU khoa da dgng, phong phd nhu hpc NgUpe l^i, ngUdi Vi§t tidng Vi^thi^n Nam trpng nUdc cung T«PGHlTHANGTINO([lNG0«IStf ^ khdng hidu dUpc each pha tieng Anh, tidng Phip cang nhieu v i o ddi thoai thudng eua ngUdi Viet Nam dnUdc ngoai" Ngay c i tieng Viet cda c i c cdng ddng cd lien he chat che vdi nUdc (nhU: Anh, Nga, Phap, DUc, Trung Qudc, Han Qud'c, Lao, Thai Lan, ) cung bj han chd bdi dij no cung bj "phin lap" so vdi cpng ddng ddng d i o n ^ d i Viet Nam d nUde nha Day la chUa ndi tdi mdt thUc te, nhieu ngUdi Viet Nam d nUdc ngoai, nhdt la Idp tr& sau nay, chi bidt ndi chuf khdng bidt vidt tieng Viet Hp hpc tieng Viet "tU phat" qua ngUdi thin chU khdng hpc "chinh quy, b i i b i n " la ddn trUdng, den Idp de tidp nhin tieng Viet qua tai lieu "qude van" Nhieu trd em ngUdi Viet Nam cd dip ve nude, hpc cic trUdng phd thdng nUdc, da rat vat v i phii hpc tidng Viet, chu Viet tU diu Dieu la mpt trd ngai vide iTnh hdi cac ndi dung, tri thUc tren hpc dudng Ba la, chung ta cdn rat thidumdtddi ngu giao vien day tieng Viet thUc thu Dd la nhUng ngUdi tham gia truyen ba tidng Viet mdi trUdng song ngU "bit binh dang" (tidng b i n dja dupe Uu tien, tidng Viet giU vai trd phu) Hp phii dupe trang bj nang lUc ngdn ngU I LYLU4N-THI/C T l £ H - K I H H N G H l | y v i kT nang day tidng, ddng thdi p h i i cd nhiet huydt truydn ba tidng me d^ Khdng it ngUdi day tidng Viet hien nUde ngoai chi la giao vien "nghiep du", la tinh nguyen vien giau nhiet huydt nhUng thieu kidn thUe, kT nang, vi v i y , kdt q u i thu dUpe cung "nghiep dU" theo: cp sd trUdng Idp, each thUe, phupng tien g i i n g day, giio trinh, deu khdng dap Ung ydu c4u can ed vdn de ndi com dang quan tam nhi't la giao trinh va sach cdng cu Hien tai, dai da sd giao trinh giing day eho em ngUdi Viet Nam d nude ngoai hoae c i n cU vao h^ thdng giao trinh (day eho ngUdi nude ngoai) d nUdc, hoac dung cac giio trinh cac giao vien ngUdi Vidt Nam id nude sd tai) bien soan Can phii cd mdt he thdng giio trinh chuyen dung, soan rieng eho eon em N VNON N theo cae dp tudi, trinh dp khac Npi dung giao trinh cung phii khac, gidi thieu dupe nhUng tri thUc cP b i n cua tieng Viet, van hda Viet thdng qua cac van b i n dien hinh, mang sic thai tam hdn ngUdi Viet Nam (nhU: sach bao, tieu thuydt, truyen ngan eua eae nha van ndi tidng, ca dao, dan ca, ngU, tuc ngU, quan ngU, ) Ngoai ra, can luU y tdi viee bi§n soan cac cudn tU dien tidng Viet rieng (tC/ didn g i i i thieh, tU dien ehinh ta, tUdien ngO, tuc ngU, ) Dae bi0t, eae cudn tU dien tieng Vi§t g i i i thich cdn phai soan rieng cho ngUdi Viet Nam nUde ngoai (edu tnjc bang tU, cap nhit cac tU mdi, bd sung c i c ngU, tuc ngU phd bidn, ) Theo Ngd HUu Hoang [1 ], thi "cd van de dat ve mat tai lieu: (i) Chua ed nhieu bd giio trinh thUe sU chuan mUe va phu hop; (ii) ChUa ed nhUng bp TU dien tieng Vidt phu hpp vdi viec tim hieu, day- hpc, trau ddi tidng Viet danh rieng cho cdng ddng ngUdi Vi&t Nam hai ngoai" Ket Juan Viec day v i hpc tidng V i e t chp c o n g d d n g N V N O N N nhUng nam gan d i y dang la mdt van de quan trpng, cap thidt, ddi hdi sU quan tam, nd luc tU it nha't hai phia: ThU nhat, cdng ddng, td ehUc, gia dinh, ca n h i n ngUdi day, ngUdi hpc d ngpai nude; ThU hai, sU quan tam, hd trp li§n tuc, hieu qua cua cac cp quan, td ehUc, ca nhan nude, nhi't la Bd Giao due va Dao tao, Bd Ngoai giao, Uy ban Nha nUdc ve ngUdi Viet Nam d nUde ngoai nude, chung ta can tidp tuc xay dUng, bd sung, h o i n t h i e n cae c h i n h sach, ca chd, didu ki§n thieh hpp cho cdng vi§c Can cd mdt chfnh sich mang tam chidn lupc v i khdng nen c h i m hon NhUng ngUdi lam cdng t i c g i i n g day, truyen thu tidng Viet can tidp tuc ddi mdi ndi dung, phUPng phap, c i c h thUc bidn soan giao trinh, giao i n , tai ligu, tt( didn, Can cd sU didu tra, d i n h gia chinh x i c thUc trang day va hpc tidng Viet d tUng cdng ddng NVNONN dd dUa cac g i i i phap phij hpp Bao chl, truyen thdng p h i i vi^a la ngUdi tuyen truydn, n§u tam gUPng ve giU gin sU trpng sang cua tidng Vi^t ndi ehung, vUa p h i i day manh tuyen truyen viec day va hoe tidng Viet eho ddng b i o ta dang sinh sdng, hpc t i p , lap dpng d nude ngoii ehiithfch: (1) N g u o n : http.//vi.wikipedia.org (2) Nguon: Tong cue Thong k& & Wikipedia Taili^uthamkhiio: n i Ngd Hl3u Hoang, Tieng Vi#t cpng dong ngUdi Viet tai M i v^ vi^c bi&n soan td dien tieng Viet h i i ngoai, Tff dien hoc & Bach khoa thif, i62, 2013 |2| http://www.cal.org/herUage/ research/faqs.htmh |3| http://www.alsintl.com/blog/top-10I a ngu ages/ [4|.http;//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sea ttleTrashLeseRacBasura200511 _Kaihsu Tai.jpg [51 htlp://en,wikipedia.otg/wiki/ Languages_oLthe_United_States I6) http://tuoitre.vn/The-gioi/Nguoi-Vietxa-que/192757/Cong-dong-nguoi-Vietdung-o-dau-trong-xa-hoi-My.html 17] httpy/vielnam.usembassy.gov/ prni511.htm!, |8|http://vi,wikipediaorg TJPCHlTHaHG TIN Otfl NGOAI S a ' ^ ... ngUdi Vidt Nam sinh sdng d nUdc ngoii chiem mdt tfle d i n g kd {tr§n tri^u, dd dan sd Viet Nam hien tai hon 90 tri^u ngUdi}\ Hp la mdt phan quan trpng lam n§n cdng ddng dan tpc Vidt Nam, l i "con... eua tren 80 trieu ngUdi d nude Vidt Nam hien nay, ehU khdng the phd bidn tidng ndi eua mdt thieu sd ngUdi Viet Nam dang dnUdc ngoai Hai Ik, phii cd gang day cho em tidng Vidt Tieng Viet tU thdi... hpc, trau ddi tidng Viet danh rieng cho cdng ddng ngUdi Vi&t Nam hai ngoai" Ket Juan Viec day v i hpc tidng V i e t chp c o n g d d n g N V N O N N nhUng nam gan d i y dang la mdt van de quan