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TIEP CAN THDYET OA TRi TOE TDONG DAY DDC MDN TOAN a TRUONG TRUNG HOC CO SO ThS NGUYEN TRUNG T H A N H '''' Theo quan tJiem truyen thong, cac nha tam li hoc siJdung cac bai kiem tra IQ de (5o chi so thong[.]
TIEP CAN THDYET OA TRi TOE TDONG DAY DDC MDN TOAN a TRUONG TRUNG HOC CO SO ThS N G U Y E N TRUNG T H A N H ' T heo quan tJiem truyen thong, cac nha tam li hoc siJdung cac bai kiem tra IQ de (5o chi so thong minh cua ngucfi Nhin ehung cac bai Iciem tra IQ thucmg chu trpng tori loai tri thong minh la tri thong minh ve ngon ngtr va tri thong minh ve logic toan hpc Vi vay, truong hpc da bo rai nhung hpc sinh (HS) co thien hu6ng hpc tap thong qua kha nSng am nhac, nghe thuat, tu nhien hay xa hdi, dong thcri dira tat ca HS theo ehung mpt su danh gia va phan xet Do do, nhieu nha nghien ciiu da nghi ngotquan diS'm kiem tra IQ ia thude tri thong minh tot nhat Mpt so la nha tam li hpc Howard Gardner cua Oai hpc Han/ard Thep ong, viec kiem tra iQ CO tac dung rit han che va khcng phai ia thuoc chinh xac tri thong minh cua ccn nguoi H.Ganjner cho rSng khong chf co mpt ma co rat nhieu loai hinh thong minh khac Nam 1983, H.Gardner da cdng bocac cong trinh nghien cuu ve thuyet da tri tue (Thepry of Multiple Intelligences - viet t^t la Ml) Thuyet da tri tue cOa H.Gardner da chi r4ng, mdi nguoi chijng ta deu ton tai mdt vai kieu thong minh, nhien, se co kid'u thdng minh trdi hon moi ngudi Oa tri tud la mdt ndng luc hoae mdt Ipat c^c n8ng liffi cua ca nhan de hanh ddng co muc dich, suy nghl hop li n h l m giai quyet van de hpac sang tap cac san pham co gia trj nhiing dieu kien cu the' Cac loai tri thdng minh t h u y S d a tritue Nam 1983, Hcward Gardner da chp xuat ban mpt cud'n sach co nhan de "Frames olMind: Theory ol Multiple Intelligence^, xac djnh co loai tri thdng minh thuyet da tri tue nhu sau: han giai bai toan: Tim nghiem nguyen duang cua phuang trinh x' + I0x = 39 (1) Tac6(J}c:>x^ + 2.5x = 39 T d bien doi nay, HS hinh dung X la canh cua mdt hinh vudng thi dien tieh hinh vudng dd lax^ Keo dai mdi canh cua hinh vudng them don vi (hinh 1), b^ng lap luan logic, phan tich quy la ve quen HS nghT hinh vudng ed dai canh la x + se ed dien tich la 64 Do dd (x + 5)' = 64 o x + = • o x = Vay, phuong trinh cd nghiem duong la x = t 2)Trithdng minh ve ngdn ngu/ldi ndi (verbal/ linguistic): Nhung HS ed thien hudng thudng lam viec vdi cac ehd, cd kha nang ITnh hdi tinh te ve ngdn ngd, nhay cam va thdng minh sudyng td ngd, ua thieh sang tao eac tang y nghTa cija cau ehd Nhdng ngudi cd Ml ngdn ngdthudng cd kTnSng ndi va vie't tdt Hg ed thien hudng hgc tap thdng qua vi§c ndi va viet, thieh dpc, chai d ehd, 1) Tri thong minh vetoin hqc/logic (malhe- f/do;Trong hgc tap mdn Toan, nhdng HS ed Ml ngdn ngdthudng cd kha nang dien dalbSng Idi hoae viet tot Hg nhanh chong nSm b§t nhung hinh thdc Chung dien dat mdt dinh nghTa, khai niem, djnh li hay trinh bay Idi giai mpt bai toan b^ng ngdn ngd ndi va viet C h i n g han neu dmh li ve dudng tnjng binh cua tam giac HS biet trinh bay ca djnh li thuan va dinh li dao, diin dat gia thiet, ket luan, chdng minh ca hai djnh li bang ngdn ngd ndi va viet deu chinh xac metbal/loglcalf La HS co thien huong lam viec voi cdc sd', Ml dupc the hi?n Acac kha nang nhu tinh toan, ph§n tich, td'ng hpp va nhan dinh,, NhiJng HS cd tri thdng minh logic toan hpc thudng cotri nhcr tS, thich li luSn, gioi lam viec vdi cac cpn so, nhin nhan vS'n de logfc, khoa hpc gian 3) Tri thong minh ve thi glac/khong (visual/spatial): f^hOng HS cd thien hudng hgc t&p vdi cae hinh anh vat, su dung ban do, cd kha n3ng cam giae tot, chuan xac ve khdng gian, toa do, bd'cyc.gidivehinh.thichtd mau, chju khd sap xep eae vat hay tu lam nhdng vat the dep mat, Vidu:TmT\q hpc toan, nhi}ng HS cd tri thong minh logk: toan hKthudngcdkhananghpcgidi toan chang ' Tnrdng THCS Odng Hda, fiong Son, Thanh Hoa Tap chi Gido due so 309 59 (ki 1-5/2013)- Vidij:UhimQ HS cd tri Ml khdng gian thudng rat hdng thii tim hieu; lien tudng rat nhanh den cae khai niem, dmh li toan hgc eac mdi lien he dugc xac lap hpc tap vdi cac md hinh, so hinh anh biet ve them yeu to dudng phu dechiJng minh mpt baitoan hinh hoc hoae ghi nhd bai hpc the hien qua ve so tuduy 4) Tri thong minh ve van dgng (bodily/ kinesthetic):Oowcti HS cd Ml thudng rait kheo leo va uyen chuyen cae ddng tac, de dang diln ta hoae taiyen dat cam xiic qua hinh the nhu dieu khien cae bd phan tren co the: m^t, mieng, tay, ehan Hp ed thien hudng hgc tap thdng qua each van ddng va sudung ddng tac, cam thay thich thii van ddng eathe,ehaithethao VI du: Trong hgc tap toan hpc, nhung HS sd hdu Ml vSn ddng thudng rait kheo leo su dyng cac thiet bj nhu: thude t h i n g , thude gde, eke, compa, de ve hinh hoae su dung dung ey thuc hanh dae mgt each thuan thyc mang tinh chinh xae eao, Chang han' chieu cao cua cay hoae thap, khoang each giua hai diem dd cd mpt diem khdng tdi dugc giai mdt bai toan, to chdc tranh luan vS'n de nghien cdu, to chdc hgc theo gdc nhung HS cd MI tuang tac ca nhan thudng rat ndi trdi, ngoai viec ludn nd luc hoan nhiem vy eua minh nhdm cdn ed nang luc to chdc, dieu khien, phd'i hgp cac vien khac de hoan nhiem vu hgc tap ehung ctjanhdm 7) Tri thdng minh hudng ngi (intrapersonal): Nhdng HS cd tri thdng minh hudng npi thudng cd nang lue lam viee vdi ehinh minh, rat am hieu ban than, danh gia chinh xac cac cam xiic va hanh vi eua minh Theo H.Gardner, nhung HS thudng thich suy tu, cd kha nSng tap trung eao dp, lam viec dpc lap mdtcach hieu quavathudng nhin nhansuviecdting nghTa sau Wdu;Nhdng HS cd Ml ngi tam lam viec rait hieu qua vdi cae nhiem vy hoe tap ca nhan, thich hgc t?p ndi yen tTnh Cac em thudng dat eae muc tieu, ke hoach hgc tap rd rang va cd thdi quen ghi lai nhung dieu mdi quan trpng theo each rieng eho ban than; ludn no lue hoan nhiem vu hgc tSp dugc ddng vien, khieh le, khen thudng va danh gia chinh xae ve hanh vi, nang luc eua ehinh minh tdthay ed, gia dinh, ban be va nha trudng 5) Tri thong minh ve am nhac/giai dieu (musical/thythmic).HS cotnVnonQ minhveam nhac Vao nam 1996, Gardner cd bd'sung them lo^i la nhung ngudi cd nang lue lam viec vdi eae to hgp am Ml ma dng va dong nghiep da nghien cdu dugc: Theo H.Gardner, MI ed quan he gan nhu 8) Tri thong minh hudng ve thien nhlin til? thuan vdi Ml ngdn ngd Nd the hien dsunhay cam (naturalist): La nhung HS ed kha nang hgc tap thdng dd'i vdi cac giai dieu, cam xiic, tiet tau, am qua hethd'ng s^p xep, phan loai, yeu thich thiSn nhien Nhi>ig ngudi cd tri thdng minh ve am nhac ed thien va cae hoat ddng ngoai trdi, hudng hgc tap thong qua eae giai dieu, am nhac, 9) Trithdngminh vesuton t^l (existential)^ La thich b^t chudc hoae sang tao cae to' hgp am thanh, nhdng HS ed kha nang hgc tap thdng qua viec xem thich chai nhac cy, hat, dgc tnjyen cam cae tac pham xet nhung bue tranh td'ng the, nhung eau hoi nhu: Tai Vidu: Vdi HS cd tri thdng m inh ve am nhac thucflig ehung ta ton tai dday?; Vai trd cua tdi the rat thii vdl eae hoat ddng lien quan den am nhac, gidinaylagi?: Valtrdeua tditronggia dinh, nhatrudng thich hat nghe nhac hgc tap hoae suy nghT va ccnptfoipiap/^Loaihinh tri tu? ludn tim kiem vain de nao dd Cd kha nang hgc toan b^ng van van su ket noi giua kien thdc vda hgc vdi eac dng dyng, hoSc bang &ia chang han nhu each tinh dien tieh, kien thdc thue te chu vi eua cae hinh dugc cae em quy ve: "Chu vitu giac bao rang: Bon canh cdng lai la bing tdi thdi/Dien tichdUdc^dhdaroi/Mdibanhatnhedetdldemdan/ Muon tim di$n tich hinh thang ' 6) Tri thong minh hudng ngoai (interpersonal): Nhdng HS sd huu Ml ed thien hudng hgc tap thdng qua sd dung cac kT nang xa hoi, giao tiep, hop tac lam viec vdi ngudi khae, thieh gap gdva trd chuyen ed kha nang thdng hieu ngudi khac, ViduTrong cac hoat dpng hpe tap (HDHT) dugc to'chdc theo nhdm, ca nhdm thao luan tim hudng 60 Van dung thuyet Oa tri tu^ day hgc mon l o a n dtruong trung hoc c a sd Thuyet da tri tup da mang lai mdt cai nhin nhSn ban va can thiet nhdm keu ggi nha tn/dng va GV coi tmng su da dang ve tri tu^ d mdi HS; m a kiai tri tu? deu quan trang va moi HS deu cd it nhieu kha nSng theo cac khuynh hudng khae De phat huy tinh tich CLfc ehu ddng sang tao cua HS, lig'n trinh day hoc GV can dua vao logic ngi dung kien thdc, phuang ten day hgc, kha nang hgc tSp eua HS de to chdc cae HDHT phij hgp qua dd.HS cd the the Tap chi Gido due so 309 -(kil-5/2013) hi?n ta da nang luc ban than Dong thdi tao dieu kien cho mgi HS cd the tham gia tich cue va ed hieu qua vao cae HDHT Vdi mdi hoat ddng ey the, tren co sd ngi dung kien thdc, G V can xac dinh xem cd the phat huy cho HS toaihinh Ml nao dS'tddd thiet ke cac HDHT tuang dng va co ging ket nd'i cac HDHT vdi cang nhieu toaihinh Ml cang tai Cac hoatdpng thuong gap cd the boi dudng Ml cho HS tien trinh day hpc la: • Vdi cac HDHT cd the tiep can b4ng each dgc sach giao khoa tai lieu tham khao, trinh bay biing \d\ hay viet Idi giai mgt bai toan, ta cd the phat trien Ml ngdnngdehoHS - Vdi HDHT ed the tiep can b^ng each tien hanh lap bang bieu ve hinh, thj, so tu duy, quan sat tranh anh, video theo nhdng each khae nhau, tim hieu hoat dgng lien quan den eae md hinh, GV ed thS'phattrien Ml khdng gian - Cae HDHT yeu cau HS phai diing cac hoatdpng kheo leo nhuve hinh, lip rap, ehe tao eae dyng eu thi nghiem, G V cd the boi dudng tri thdng minh ve van dpng cho HS - Cac HDHT y§u cau HS phai tinh toan nhanh chinh xac ho5c xd li cac thdng tin de nit khai niem dinh nghTa, dinh li giai toan, tacd the boi dudng tri thdng minh logic toan hgc eho HS • Cae HDHT yeu cau HS lam viec theo nhdm de trao dd'i, tranh luan, phd'i hgp chia se giiip tJd quatrinh chiem linh tri thdc,GVcdthe boi dudng tri thdng minh hudng ngoai cho HS W'dy.Trong day hpc dinh li "Ba dudng phan giac cua mgt tam giac ctlng di qua mpt diem Die'm each deu ba canh cua tam giac do", de HS phat hien dinh li, GV to'chdc cho HS tra Idi baitoan sau: Sa/toan; C i t mdt tam giae b i n g gia'y Gap hinh xac dinh ba dudng phSn giac eua no Trai tam giac quan sat va cho biet: ba nep gap cd eiing di qua m$tdiem khdng? Dd' giiip HS dan dan kham pha dinh li, GV to' chdc cho HS tra Idi cac cau hoi sau: - Ba nep gap ed Cling di qua mdt diem khdng"?; - Ba nep gap ed phai la ba dudng phan giac khdng?; - Ba dudng phan giac cua tam giac cd eat lai mdt diem khdng?; Theo tinh chait tia phan giac ctia mgt gdc, diem nhu the nao vdi ba canh ciia tam giac? Od'i vdi hoat dgng chdng minh djnh li: De cd the huy dgng nhieu kien thdc lien quan, ddi hoi HS phai cd kha nSng: phan tich, td'ng hgp, so sanh khai quat hda, tuang tv hda Od'i vdi HS ldp 7, rait can s u h d trg thiet, ket luan va ve hinh minh hpa?; Hay so sanh IL va IH; IK va IH?; Em ed nhan xet gi ve giao die'm I va cac canh cija tam giac? Cac HDHT da phat huy dugc tri thdng minh logic toan hpc, tri thdng minh ngdn ngu, tri thdng minh hudng ndi tri thdng minh hudng ngoai, tri thdng minh khdng gian, tri thdng minh van ddng cho HS Ml la su tich hi?p ctia nhieu loai nang lue khae nhau, ed tinh ddc lap tuong dd'i va mang tinh chu the, chiu su anh hudng ciia mdi tn/dng xahgi Mdi ngudi deu cd the phat trien mdt sd'9 loai hinh MI dtren den mdt mdc dd dang ke de ed the sd dung thao De nang cao hieu qua day hpe, tao dieu kien eho nhieu HS tham gia tich cue, ehu ddrig, sang tao hoc tap, GVed the to'chuc thiet ke cae HDHT theo hudng boi dudng eae loai hinh MI mdt each da dang cho H S a Tai Mu tham khao Phan Diic Chinh (iring chu bien) Toan NXB Gioo(/HC H.2007 Howard Gardner Frames of Mind Theory of Multiple Intelligence.^ New York: Basic Books 1983 NguySn Ba Kim Phinmg phap day hoc mOn Toan NXB Dai hoc supham H 2004 Thomas Amstrong Da t r i tue Idp hoc (Lft Thanh Long djeh) NXB Gicio due Vift Nam, H 1992 This paper presents the concept of intelligence stating the difference between intelligence perspective lo communicate with intelligence by H.Gardner Describes nine specific types of intelligence by H.Cardner that each one of us owns To promote actively the creation of student, in the teaching process mathematics in schools, teacher should be Ijased on logical content knowledge, teaching facilities, the student s ability to learn or^nize learning activities appropriate, so that students can maximize the kind of intelligence with H.Gardner s Theory of Multiple Intelligences Tap chi Gido due so 309 | 61 (kil-5/2013)- ... thdng hieu ngudi khac, ViduTrong cac hoat dpng hpe tap (HDHT) dugc to''chdc theo nhdm, ca nhdm thao luan tim hudng 60 Van dung thuyet Oa tri tu^ day hgc mon l o a n dtruong trung hoc c a sd Thuyet... cac cam xiic va hanh vi eua minh Theo H.Gardner, nhung HS thudng thich suy tu, cd kha nSng tap trung eao dp, lam viec dpc lap mdtcach hieu quavathudng nhin nhansuviecdting nghTa sau Wdu;Nhdng... Vai trd cua tdi the rat thii vdl eae hoat ddng lien quan den am nhac, gidinaylagi?: Valtrdeua tditronggia dinh, nhatrudng thich hat nghe nhac hgc tap hoae suy nghT va ccnptfoipiap/^Loaihinh tri