VAN DUNG THUYET DA TRi TOE TRONG DAY HDCfiTRUilNG PHOTHONG TS, TRAN D l N H C H A U * TS O A N G THI THU THUY" Theo Luat Giao due (GD), myc tieu cua GD phdthong la giiip hpc sinh (HS) phat trien toan[.]
VAN DUNG THUYET DA TRi TOE TRONG DAY HDCfiTRUilNG PHOTHONG TS, TRAN D l N H C H A U * - TS O A N G THI THU T H U Y " T Nhilu nha Tam li hpe, nha GD da thd dng dyng heo Luat Giao due (GD), myc tieu cua GD phdthong la giiip hpc sinh (HS) phat trien toan lithuyet vao quatrinhnghien ctiu cua minh.Trong dien ve dao due tri tue, the chat, tham mi va sd do, Thomas Annstrong da dng dyng cdng cac ki nang CP ban, phat trien nSng luc ea nhan, tinh mpt phin thuyet 6a tri tup cua H Gardner vao vipc nang dpng va sang tao, hinh nhan each giang day va GD n g da cdng bdmdt sdcudn saeh ngudi Viet Nam xa hpi chu nghTa, xay dung tu each va nditidngnhu:7loa[hinhtn'thdng minh, Ban thong traeh nhiem edng dan; ehuan bj eho IHS tiep tyc hpc len minh hon ban ngliT, Da tri t u ^ lop hpc, hoac di vao cupc sdng lao dpng, tham gia xay dung va Cae cudn saeh chu yeu vidt ve van de GO va bao ve To qude, Tuy nhien, GD d phd thdng nudc ta hudng dan eha me GD cai, giup giao vien (GV) hien van qua chu trpng day chu, nang tinh han lam, DH theo cae phupng phap nham phat huy n3ng lyc nhatrudng dang tap trung nhieu veday ngon ngd, suy tri tue ndi trpi eua em minh luan logic, itchij trpng den cac phuong phap, hinh thdc Thuyet da tri tue eua Gardnerda dupc nhilu nha day hpc (DH) cho phat huy dupe tri thong minh da GD dng dung rpng rai vao qua trinh DH, giup phu dang d moi HS ve giao tiep, van dpng, am nhac, huynh HS,GVthaydupc themanh cua tdngtoainang Theo Howard Gardner, tri thong minh (intelli- lue tri tue tung ca nhan HS.de khdng ddi hdi cai gence) la kha nang giai quyet cae van de hoac tao ma ca nhan khdng the cd, va giup HS dudi tac cac san pham ma cac giai phap hay san pham dpngcuaGDcdthdphathuytdidananglyctritupna co gia tri mpt hay nhieu mdi trudng van trpi cua minh hoa va tri thong minh eung khong the chi dupe Ddi vdi G V, can hieu rd ve nang lue tri tu^, bilt ludng nhat qua ehi sd IQ Ong phan ddi khai van dung da tri tue viec lap kdhoach DH, soan niem "tri thong minh" ma ta cd the ludng mdt giaoan.van dung ddlmdiPPDH,van dyng vao each khach quan va quy mptchisdgpila"eh? cae hoatdpng ngoai khda, cdng tac chu nhiem,danh sd thdng minh IQ" Ong cho rang, nen van hda Viet gia HS, ddi mdi hinh thuc tdchuc DH, Nam da dinh nghia tri thong minh mpt each qua De van dung thuyet vao DH mgt each hieu dPn gian theo nghTa hep qua, G V can: danh gia dugc cac dang nang luc triki$ Thuyet da tri tue cija Gardner (Theory of Multiple Intelligences) cho rang, mdi ngudi chiing ta deu tdn tai mpt vai kieu thong minh sdS loai hinh sau: ngdn ngd, logie/toan hpc, am nhac, khdng gian, hinh the-dpng nang, giao tiep, npi tam tunhien hpc Tuy nhien, ijng vdi moi ea nhan se cd nhdng loai tri thong minh vupt trpi hon cac tri thong minh cdn lai Ben canh do, Gardner da chi r§ng eae nha trudng truyen thdng thudng chl danh gla mot HS thdng qua hai loai tri thong minh la tri thdng minh ve ngon ngd va tri thong minh ve logic/toan hpe, va dieu la khong chinh xae Tn/dng hpc da gan nhu bd roi nhung HS cd thien hudng hpe tap thdng qua am nhac, van dpng, thi giac, giao tiep, dong thdi da d i n d^t tat ca mpi HS di thee ctJng mot dudng va cung chiu chung mpt sudanh gia Nhieu HS da CO thehpc tap tdt hpn ndu cac ern^ dupe tidp thu kidn thdc b4ng chinh themanh cua ban than eae em dd 341 Tgp chi Gido due so 316 mSlHS; linh hoat thay do) phuong phap, hinl\ thdc tochdc DH cho phu hgp doi tugng HS diphit huy duge tn thong minh da dang cua hg Ve danli gia cac dang naiig luc t r i t u e o H S Theo Thomas Annstrong, chdng cd mdt "da trSc nghi&m" nao de lap mpt bang ke day duve cac d^ng tri tup d HS, cac trac nghiem chuan hda cd thechdtS biet mpt sd bleu Ip cua tdng loai tri tue, tr&c nghi&m la mdt kenh thdng tin de tham khao Theo dng, eongctf tot nhat dedanh gia cac tri tug d HS co le la cong ctf ma aieung cosan, ^: kinang quan satdan thuin Quan sat dua theo su mo ta dang tri tue luc cac em hpc, luc cac em chai C h i n g han, quan sat xem mdi HS thich hpc mdn nao, nao HS dd hao hdng (hpc ea nhan hay hpc nhdm, ) Trong Idp, em naq * B9 Giao due va Dao tao ** Vi$n Khoa hQc giao dvc Vi^t Nam ~(ki2-8/2013) thich phat bleu, thieh hpc nhdm, em nao thich ngoi yen tTnh, hay ndi chuyen ildng, thich ghi bai, thich ve, thich dpc toajtnjyen gi, Khicac em chPi, tim hieu sd thich cua mdi em ve trd choi, hinh thdc choi, De theo ddi cac dgng tri tue cua HS, cd the dua vao mpt sd mdta sau: ^ 1} Tn tue ngon ngd:Y\Q\\idn tdthon HS eung Ida tudi; kdchuyen luu loat; thich trd choi chd; thieh dpc saeh; thich nghe qua am (kechuyen, bang ghi am chuyen, nhukeehuypn dem khuya); biet nhieu td so vdi Ida tudi; giao tiep tdt vdi mpi ngudi xung quanh bSng ldi, 2} Tntuelog'ic - toan /jpc.'Hay hoi cac vat hoat dpng nhu the nao; thich thu vdi cac sd; thieh hpc Toan va cac mon khoa hpc tu nhien; thich danh cd hoac cac tro choi ddi hoi suy nghT; thich cac trd dd chd; thich xep dat vat thd, loai, trat tu; thich lam thi nghiem, quan tam khoa hpc tunhien,., 3) Tri tue khong gian :Qqc ban dd, bieu va cac so dd d^ dang hon dpc td ngd; thich ve, ve kha; biet ^udng thuc cachoat dpng nghe thuat; thich xem phim, hinh den chieu vacac san pham ntiin khac; thich giai cac tro ddhinh, xdp hinh, doc saeh, thudng hieu vanhddupe nhilu hinh hdn ldi, 4) Tri tue hinh the- dgng nang: Hay ngp nguay, cddpng ludn tay, ludn chan, thich chay nhay, dam da lung tung; kheo tay lam thu cdng; choi tdt mpt hoac nhieu mon the thao; nhai lai mpt each kha dat cac ddng tac cua ngudi khac, thich thao gd roi \ip ghep cac dd vat, 5) Tritueam n/?ac;Cdgipng hattot; nhddupc giai dieu cac bai hat; chdi dupe mpt sd nhac eu; cd the ndi ho|c cd dpng theo nhip dieu; hay hat klie khe mdt minh mot each vo y thde; hay gd nhjp tren ban hay ghe lam viSc, hpctap, 6) Trituegiao tiep: Thich giao tiep, thich ehoi vdi ban; cd hai, ba ban than; quan tam cham soc den ngudl'khac; thudng la dau tro cua nhom; hay khuyen bao cac ban cd van d l ; khdn ngoan hPn dudng; thuong dupc ngudi khac tim den hdi y kidn, 7^r//ftye/jo/7am:BieulpythuedpeIaphoaeca tinh manh; rath/trpng; biet diem manh, ydu cua ban Ihanj coy thdc tul^p; thich lam viee mot minh; it ehia se vdingydi khac; biet nJt bai hpc tdt td cdng hay thatbaicua minh, 8) Tri tue iif nhien hoc bieu Ip cam xiic vdi cac ddi tupng thien nhien; thich di da ngoai; phan khich hpc den sinh thai hpc, thien nhien, cay cd; thudng ndi nhieu ve vat cung hay dja danh yeu thich tronq tunhien; thich la ca xung quanh chudng vat nudi, be (ki2-8/2013)- nudi ca; thich suu tdm cae mau vat thien nhien; quan tarn ddn quyen lpi eua loai vat, bao tdn moi trudng; Ddi vdi ngudi sdng ddd thj, cdn la nang khieu phan biet giua cae vat bat dpng, vd tri nhu xe ed, dTa CD, Dua vao nhung dau hieu tren dequan satva trSc nghiem HS,qua dd cothe phat hien thien hudng nang luc tri tue cua HS Ngoai ra, can tham khao th§m cae thong tin tu bang diem cac nam trude eua HSde biet HS CO thien hudng hpc tdt eae mon nao, thong tin tdGV day cac Idp trudc, tdGV day cac bp mdn khac, tdcha meHS, tdcae HS CLing ldp, Cau hdi dat la: 'Tri thong minh eo phat then dupc thdng qua dao tao, qua GD khong?", cau tra Idi la "cd" Mdi loai tri thong minh tren se dupc phat huy tdt vdi cae chuong trinh dao tao, huan luyen tu phtJ hpp Theo Tony Buzan, chuyen gia nghien cdu v l tri nao, ve tri nhd, nha tu van tu hang dau the gidi, thay rang dda tre nao eung cd tiem nang cija Leonardo da Vinci va Albert Einstein Cac nghien cdu cua Buzan cho thay tri thdng minh dupc phathuy hdt edng nang mdi ngudi dupe nudi dudng mdi tn/dng tdt, dupc khuyen khich, ddng vien va GD dung phuong phap Vdi bp cdng cu so tu hay gpi la ban dd tu duy, so tri nao (Mindmap), Tony Buzan da dua nhdng hudng dan ve hpc phuPng phap hpc, hpc each xd li thong tin, va hpc tu eo phUPng phap de ren luyen va nang cao nang luc tU duy, tddo khai pha nang luc tiem an vo cung to Idn cua bp nao cua moi ngudi, tao nen su dot pha sang tao hpc tap va edng viee Van dung thuyet da tri tue DH G V can coi trpng su da dang ve tri tue d moi HS: moi loai tri tue deu quan trpng va moi HS deu edit nhieu kha nang theo nhieu khuynh hudng khac Nha tm'dng, thay cd giao, cha me HS phai la noi giup dd, khoi gpi tiem nang, tao dieu kien hpe tap theo cac hudng khae cho cac chu nhan tuong lai eua xa Thuyet da tri tue giiip GV each suy ngam, chpn lya phUPng phap DH cho hay nhat va phit hpp nhat vdi ban than hpvahp hieu thau dao visao phuong phap la hieu qua hoae chi hieu qua vdi HS ma khdng hieu qua vdi HS Thuyet eung giiJp G V ap diJng linh hoat hPn eae PPDH va kTnang sudyng cac tai li^u, cac thiet biDH da dang hPn, phong phu hPn, hieu qua hPn GV Idp hpc da tri tue khac vdi trcng Idp hpc tnjyen thdng ngdn ngu hoac togictoan hpe Trong Idp hpc da tri tue, GV phai linh hoat thay ddl phupng phap va kheo leo chuydn td Idi day ngdn ngdsang ldi day khong gian roi Idi day am nhac hay van dpng, giao tiep, Tqp chi Gido due so 316 35 Vi du, de DH bai "Bao ve bau khdng saeh'(Khoa hoc 4), G V cdthdeho cac em: kdchuyen, dpc nhung eau thp lien quan den chu de bai hpc {tri tue ngdn ngu}; thi ve tranh, phac hpa nhdng hinh anh lien quan den bao ve bau khdng (tri tup khdng gian, tri tue tu nhien hpe); thuyet trinh ve nhdng bdc tranh vda ve (tri tue giao tiep, van dpng); hat bai hat ho^c sang tac bai hat, dieu mua, lien quan den chu de bao ve moi tnrdng (tri tue am nhac) Qua nghien edu vathuc nghiem, eothdthdy, viee tdchdc DH b§ng ban dd tuduy tao moi trudng hpc tap da tri tue, Phupng phap DH ban dd tu huy dpng nhieu tri thong minh p HS, nang eao hieu qua DH, gdp phan phat trien toan dien eho HS Theo do, tdchdc DH bing ban tuduy: 1} Mddau bai hpe, GV eho HS nghien cdu tai lieu, dpc tham SGK (phat huy tri tue npi tam, ngdn ngd) 2) HS thap luan nhdm, \ap ve npi dung, dudi su d i n dat, gpi y cua G V (phat huy tri tue giao tiep) 3) HS thiet lap ban tu ve bai hpc (phat huy tri tue ngdn ngu, togic, khdng gian) vi ban dd tuduy la su ket hpp ca dudng net, mau sac, chd viet va cdthe ve them cac hinh anh lien tudng thue te cude sdng, thien nhien vao ban tu (tri tue tu nhien hpc) 4) HS thuyet trinh veban tuduy trudc nhom, ldp Viec thuyet trinh can ca ngddieu, am dieu, dieu bp co the (phat huy tri tue giao tiep, hinh the dpng nang, am nhac) Vi du, tdchuc DH bai Bao vebau khong saeh (Khoa hoc 4) bang ban tu duy, GV td ehuc eho HS: Nghien edu tai lieu, saeh giao khoa; thao luan nhom, to; HS lap ban dd tuduy; HS thuyet trinh trudc Idp v l ban tu m6i Iri/cing, d i l u kien giang day, hoc t^p, vui choi da tri tue, da phuong lien; Giup GV biel phat huy nhflng I l i l manh cua ri§ng minh, tim phi/ong phap DH loi uu nhSft cho tflng bai hpc va tflng doi Iflflng HS, biS't i