MOT S O YEU T O ANH HUONG DM SU KHAC NHAU Of MOI CA NHAN KHI HOC NGOAI NGU" ThS NGUYEN TH| TUY^T M A I '''' Nhieu nam nay, viec nghien cuu cae yeu id anh hud^g den qua Irinh liep thu ngon ngt/thiihai (Se[.]
MOT SO YEU T O ANH HUONG DM SU KHAC NHAU Of MOI CA NHAN KHI HOC NGOAI NGU" ThS NGUYEN TH| TUY^T M A I ' N hieu nam nay, viec nghien cuu cae yeu id anh cho m uc dieh sudung khac Trude tuoi day thi, chdc hud^g den qua Irinh liep thu ngon ngt/thiihai nang ngdn ngu dugc dinh vi tai mdi vi tri dac biet (Second-language acquisition, viel lat la SLA) nao; sau giai doan nay, nao bg se mat dan di dathu hiit suquan tam cua rat nhidu cac nha ngon tinh mem deo va lam cho qua trinh tiep thu ngdn ngi? hoc, lan li hgcva nhan ehung hgc, Nhieu nghien ngi/dngudi Idn khd khan hon CLIU eiia hgtap tmng lam rdii taisao cd nhieu ngudi Tuong tu, Geschwind (1983) ciing khang dinh rat edng khong it ngudi lai that bai nao ngudl gdm ban eau nao trai va ban cau nao phai; hgcmdl ngdn ngir mdi, Theo Ellis (1994), cae ydu td eac chue nang khac dugc phat trien dan dan anh hudng xem rat nhieu, chang han tuoi tac, gidi nao tre ldn d^n len (2; tr.62-63) Theo Ellis linh, vd'n ngoai ngi/ cd s&n, su luu loat lieng me de (1985), Penfiel and Roberts (1959) cung rat dong nang khieu, thaidd va dgng luc hgc lap, each hgc, mdi tinh vdi quan diem cho rang lua tudi li tudrig tn/dng hge tap, nhal de tiep thu ngon ngi/la khoang 10 nam dau ddi Trong sdcac yeu tdtren, luditac, dongcahpctap Trong giai doan nay, nao rat iinh hoat; nhung bat /lang/fft/ei/that su lam tac gia quan tam Vi vay, bai dau day thi, uu the d§n d&n bien mat Bdi, trude viet lap tmng nghien ciiu anh hudng ciia chung tdi khiday thi, kha nang hieu vasan sinh ngdn ngi/thudng tap trung d hai ban cau nao; sau giai doan nay, kha ngucnhocngoaingi/ nang ngdn nguay chuyen ddn het veban cau nao trai Tudi tac Lighlbrown va Spada (1999) nghien cuu anh (3; tr.107) hi/^g ciia ludi tac den viee tiep thu ngdn ngif thuhai Ngoai ra, su khac ve kha nang liep thu va di den Ihd'ng nhat: cd rat nhieu ngudi Idn cd kha ngdn ngir giCra ngudi Idn va tre nhd cdn lien quan nang cdng giao tiep vdi ngdn ngu mdi den dieu kien hgc tap Chang han, ngudi Idn cd Tuy nhien,dieu lao sukhac biel gii/a hg vdi ngudi ban tinh chat cdng viec kha da dang, ddi hdi cae miie nguvanhiing ngudi hoc ngoaingi/khicdn Ire chinh la giao tie'p khac Dieu dan den nhu cau gipng, viec chgn tir ngi/va cac van dd v§ ngu phap sii dung tu vung va cau true cau cdng viec Cung cd nhieu nghien euu chi/ng minh rang viec hang cung khac Trong nhidu tinh hgc ngdn ngiidtre nho va ngudi Idn ed sukhae biet la hudng, giao tiep bang ngoai ngi/ la bat bugc ddi vdi dosuphatlrienkhaenhau Irong nao Yvonne F.Stapp hg Chinh vi vay Ellis (1994) khing dinh "ngudi Idn {W^)^hinqd\n\\" kha nang dat duac trinh dp ngoai hgc ngoai ngi/ hoan toan khdng tu nhien va hg hgc ngd nhu ngudi ban ngdtrong thdigian ngan dire nho ngoai ngi/phan Idn thdng qua eae nguyen tae ngdn ngu"(4;tr.108) ia suphan anh tinh chat mem deo cua than kinh va co len quan den dac diem khac biet a nao eua tre" Trong dd, tre nhd hgc ngoai ngi/ phln Idn la (1; tr.123) thdng qua giao vien va ban be nen nhu cau giao liep cua tre Ihudng rat ldn Tre hgc va sudung ngoai ngi? Khi ban ve md'i quan he giCra than kinh hgc va su phattrien nd'itrgicija nao bd tre tudi, Lenneberg sudt thdi gian d Irudng va cam thay cd nhu cat ket (1967) da dua li thuyet ring hien tugng phat trien banvdinhiingtrekhdng cung ndi ngdn ngUmede vdi noi trdi cua nao bg se cham dut tudl day thi tdi ehiing.Cau tnic cau va vdn tir vung chiing SL/dung Noi each khae, mgt phan Idn bd nao eua tre dugc qua trinh giao tiep Ihudng khdng qua phuc cau tao de danh eho viec hge ngdn ngi/; sau dd, phan Idn eac neuron than kinh duge ehuyen doi ' Khoa Ngoai ngii' - Hpc vien Quan y, Ha Nqi Tqp chi Gido due so 314 | 57 (ki2 - 7/2013)- taip Li dlgiai thich cho hien tugng la cac tinh hudng giao tiep binh thudng, tre nho khong b^t bugc phai ndi cho den chiing s^n sang Ngugc Iai, ngudi Idn lai b^l bude phai ndi 6^ dap i/ng nhu elu giao tiep eac tinh hudng tren Idp hgc hoac cac ho^ldgng eiia cugc sd'ng hang nhu mua sam, kham chi/a benh hoeic phong van xin viec (5; tr 33-34) Thdng thudng Ire nhd khdng cd cae hanh vi lieu cue ddi vdi nen van hda mdi va chung thudng ed mgt mong m ud'n manh me d§'dugc la mgt phln eua nhdm ngudi hoac cdng dong mdi Trong dd, "Khdng gidng nhu tre nho, ngudildn thudng rat quan tam den viec ngudi khac se danh gia minh the nao Hq lo lang mac Idi giao tie'p vi se cam thay "mat mat" mdc ldi Dieu xay rad mot sdnen van hda ching han nhu Trung Oudc Viec sp mie loi sg cam giac "mat mat" chinh la rao can lam eho ngudi Idn ngai ndi tieng Anh'[Q\ tr.8) Nhu vay, giao tiep b^ng ngdn ngi? thu hai, ap luc it de nang len tre nhd, lam cho viec hgc cua chiing de dang hon nhieu Ngoai ra, sue khde ciing lamdt tac nhan gay su khac biet ve ke't qua hgc lap giL?a ngudl Idn va tre nhd 2, Ddng co hgc tap Ddrnyei dinh nghTa "ddng eO hgc tap la li tai mgt ngudi lai quye't dinh lam mgl viec gi va hg mong mud'n iheo dudi nd bao lau" (7; tr.8) Nhin ehung, ddng eo hge tap dugc chia hai loaichinh:de hda nhap va lam cdngcu (integrative a/?rfOTSfrt/me;)/a//Ca hai loai tren deu cd anh hudng de'n mire do, chat luong cua quatrinh hgc ngoai ngu va ddng vai trd quan Irong su bai eiia ngudihgc Dong cdde hda nhap duoe hieu la thai hgc lap tieh cue cua ngudi hgc vdi mong mud'n hda nhap vao edng ddng ngudi su dung ngdn ngi? dd (mud'n hieu biel nhieu hon ve nhi?ng ngudi dang su dung ngdn ngu dd; deed the ket ban dd dang) Dpng cade hda nhapdu^^ tri su cong tau dai hgc mgt ngdn ngi? thi/ hai Thuc te da chutig minh nhi/ng ngudi hgc ngoai ngu cdng nhat la nhi?ng ngudi cd tinh yeu dd'i vdi ngdn ngu ay, nen van hda ay va ludn khai khao dugc trd nen than quen, tham ehi la hda nhap vao xa hgi c6 ngdn ngu ay dang dugc si} dung hoae trd thanh vien cila edng dong xa hgi ay Thich mot 58 Tap chi Gido due s6 314 ngdn ngir nao va lai co the siJ dung (IU(?c no, ban se cd kha nang hieu sau hon va kT hon co sd n6n tang ve ngdn ngi? hgc ma li thuyet don thuan khdng the dem l^i Nghien CL/U ve ddng co hpc tap, Spolky (1989) ciing da dua ke't lugn: "Mijctieu hoa nh$p, hay cdn dugc biet den la mpt chum cac hanh vi hdng thu eua ngudi hpc doi vdi mpt muc tieu ngdn ngd nao dd cd anh hudng tich cue den viec hpc mdt ngdn ngu mdi ndi chung cung nhu su tiin Irish phat am va he thdng cuphap gidng ngudi fla/in3(/nd/r/enff"(8; tr.151 ).Finegan (1999) cung cd quan diem tuong tu ndi rSng 'muc tieu hda nhip ting cudng kha nang cdng viSc phat am gidng ngudi ban ngi/X9\ tr.568) Dong cahpc tap delam eong cu lai de cap nhimg li hgc mdt ngdn ngi? mdi nhlm dat dugc nhi?ng muc lieu sd dung nha't djnh nao nen mang tinh thuc dung nhi^u hon ChSng han, nhlm dap utig y§u cau mdn hgc dtn/dng phd'thdng hay dai hgc.xin viec hoac doc djch tai lieu chuyen nganh, Dap ling nhu elu hgc tap dtrudng phd'tfidng hay dai hge ciing thugc dgng co hgc tap de lam phuong tien, Morow (1987) da danh Ihc^ gian nghien ciiu ve dgng co hge tap lai Nhat Ban va phat hign ring mdt nhirng yeu id gdp phan vao viec thue day tinh tich cue hge tap tieng Anh ciia hgc sinh d Nhat chinh la he thd'ng thi cu Nhiing gi hgc sinh dugc giang day dtn/dng sedugc kiem dinh qua eac ki thi.Chang han, neu lieng Anh dugc giang day tren \dp, tai cac ki thi hgc sinh se duoc yeu cau lam cae bai kiem tra vdl cac cau tnic ngi? phap da dang, vdn ti>vung phong phii va cac kT nang ngdn ngii nhu nghe, ndi, dgc viet Oo muc dich hgc lap nhuvay nen mot so ngudihgc thudng quen each sudung cOa ngoai ngi/do sau rdi ghenha trudng DO ed nhieu diem khac biet giira hai loai ddng co hge tap, trang mdi hoan canh, tinh hudng xa hdi mdi (oai lai mang tinh uu viet rieng Oe'&uic day ngudi hpd ngoai ngi?, giao vien nen gidi thigu nhilu ve nen van hda, ngudi cho hgc sinh tren Idp hgc Do ta mgt nhi/ng each thiet thift nhat giup ngudi hgc co dugc nhiing cam nhan thi/c teve ngoai ngi^dd Vi dg, phong each sdng, hanh vi, suy nghT vaquan niem ve gia trj cua nhi?ng ngudi noi ngdn ngi^ ay ngoai thuc te Ngoai ra, giao vien ciing nen xac dinh cho ngudi hgc nhu clu va dgng ca hoc lap thuc su nh4m thiet ke nhimg bai giang phu hop va ap dgng nhiing -(ki2-7/2013) phi/ong phap day hgc hieu qua dap ung nhu cau eua ngu'di hgc Nang khieu Ngoai tudl lac va ddng eo hgc tap, nang khieu cung ddng mgl vai Ird khdng nhd qua Irinh hgc ngoai ngi? Mac du ciing cd the hoc ngoai ngi?, nhung khdng phai lat ea moi ngudi deu cd kel qua lioc lap gidng Mgt sd ngudi cd tai nang dac biet hoac nang khieu hgc ngoai ngi?, Tai nang ay thehien dviec rat de dang sudung ngoai ngi/thanh Ih^o nhu ngudi ban xu hoac cd the Iri gigng ndi nudc ngoai rieng biel cho du sau hang thap ki Lightbown & Spada (1999) deu nghl ring mgl sd rgudi cd nang khieu khae thudng danh eho viec hgc ngoai ngU nhd Cd ngudi rat gidi cac nguyen tic ngu phap lai khdng cd kha nang sddung ngdn ngi? ndi Tuy nhien, nhung ngudi hgc ngdn ngu cdng ed the chl cd mdt kha nang hoac nhieu kha nang khae nhau, Ngudi hge se hai Idng hon neu dugc dat mdi trudng hoc lap phu hgp vdi kha nang dac biet cuaminh Nang khieu hge ngoai ngif ed ve nhu la mdt kha nang tach biet, gidng nhu tai nang am nhac ho3c nghe thuat Nhieu nha nghien cUu da kham phara ring nang khieu khdng thay ddi, Hau het cac nghien cuu hien cove anh hudng eua nang khieu deu ehi rang nang khieu gdm ba phln chinh: nhay ben vdi ngi? phap, kha nang ngii am vaghinhd (1) Siapp Y V "Teaching English as a Second or Kha nang nhay ben vdi ngt/phap ciia ngudi hgc ngoai ngi? the hien bang kha nang minh hga nhan ttiiic cau tnic ciJ phap cua cau Su khac biet vd kha nang thao ngi? phap ngoai ngu cd ve chi lien quan den mdt phan sukhac biet vd tri lue ndi chung Kha nang lap hgp ngi? am la kha nang luu gii? cac cac am ngdn ngu tri nhd va kha nang lao lien ke't gii/a am va ki tu ngdn ngif Tren Ihuc le,cdmdtsd ngudi cd kha nang bit chudc gigng ciia ngudi khae mdtsd ngudi lai hoan loan khong cdkha rang Kha nang bit chudc ve ngi? am hoan loan khdng phu thugc vao tri tue Mgt sd ngud^cd kha nang tri tue khdng noi trdi nhung lai rat CO taibll chudc gigng cua ngudi khac Kha nang ghi nhd la kha nang nhd va khdi phuc lai lu ngi? ciia ngon ngi? mdi Tri nhd ddng mgt vai trd tmng tam Irong loan bd cac the loai nhan thuc d cap eao Quan diem ve nang khieu cung nhan dinh ring, hgc thugc Idng tiivung cung la mgt phan quan trgng ddi vdi kha nang hge ngoai ngu Ba phan khdng phu thugc iln va khae d mdi ca Itie Do vay, mgt ea nhan the hien kha nang theo each khac Cd ngudi cd the manh d kha nang tap hop ngi? am nhung lai han che kha nang ghi (ki2r 7/2013) - Tren day la ba Irong sdcac yeu td coban ddng vai trd quan trgng viec giai thich sukhac ve kha nang hgc ngoai ngu CLia moi ca nhan va gdp phan tra Idi cau hdi ma nhieu ngudi quan lam: Taisao mpt sd ngua lai cd kha nang hpc ngoai ngu gioi han nhdng ngudi khac ? Q Foreign language" V o l No Gaikokugo Cenler University ofTsukuha Japan, 1999, January ( ) G e s c h w i n d , N Biological Poundations of Language and Hemispheric Domonance In Studdert - Kennedy, M (ed.), 1983 (3) Ellis, R Understanding Second language Acquisition Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985 (4) Ellis, R The study of Second Language Acquisition Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994 (5) Liglnbown P M and N Spada, How languages are learned O^ord University Press - 2"'' edition, 1999 (6) Kangshumin "Developing Adult FFL sludenis' speaking abilities" Forum journal Vol 35, No 3, 1997, July-September (7) Domyei, Z Teaching and researching motivation Essex, England Pearson Education Limited, 2002a (8) Spulky B Conditions for Second Language Learning, Oxford University Press, 1989 (9) Finegan, E Language: Its structure and use (3"" ed) Harcoiirl Brace 1999 SUMMARY As the global society In which we live flows more easily across state borders, our people, cultures, companies, governments, and institutions from around the world have more contact Borders are blurred and the importance of bl- and multllingualism becomes necessary to sustam this constant contact However, some people succeed while others fail in their attempt to learn a second language That is why this article focuses on studying some factors affecting individual learner differences in learning a second language in order to answer the question: W h y some learners better than others? Tap chi Giao due so 314159 ... thuat Nhieu nha nghien cUu da kham phara ring nang khieu khdng thay ddi, Hau het cac nghien cuu hien cove anh hudng eua nang khieu deu ehi rang nang khieu gdm ba phln chinh: nhay ben vdi ngi? phap,... chl cd mdt kha nang hoac nhieu kha nang khae nhau, Ngudi hge se hai Idng hon neu dugc dat mdi trudng hoc lap phu hgp vdi kha nang dac biet cuaminh Nang khieu hge ngoai ngif ed ve nhu la mdt kha... -(ki2-7/2013) phi/ong phap day hgc hieu qua dap ung nhu cau eua ngu''di hgc Nang khieu Ngoai tudl lac va ddng eo hgc tap, nang khieu cung ddng mgl vai Ird khdng nhd qua Irinh hgc ngoai ngi? Mac du ciing