LICH SU Vdl NHA TRUdNG SilCH GIRO KHOfl UCH SUT 6 TRirdNG P H 6 THdNG VC Dl/ONG NINH'''' Ngfiy 10 5 2013, Hdi Khoa hpc Lich sfl Vidt Nam vfi Lien hiep cae hdi Khoa hpc & K^ thufit Vidt Nam dfi to chfle H[.]
LICH SU Vdl N H A TRUdNG SilCH GIRO KHOfl UCH SUT TRirdNG P H THdNG VC Dl/ONG NINH' N gfiy 10-5-2013, Hdi Khoa hpc Lich sfl Vidt Nam vfi Lien hiep cae hdi Khoa hpc & K^ thufit Vidt Nam dfi to chfle Hdi thao chuydn gia vdi ehu d i "Sfich giao khoa Lieh sfl d trridng Phd' thdng" Bfii viit dridi dfiy gidi thi^u nhflng vfi^n d i ed ban dripc gidi sfl hpc quan tfim thao lufin, dfla nhiiu y kien quan trpng vfi thid't thi^c gdc cua sfl bfit cfip vfi nhiing giai phfip khfie phuc hidu qua Trong mfldi nfim gfin day, Hoi Khoa hpc Lich stt Vidt Nam dfi to chfle cude hpi thao khoa hpc quic gia v i vfi'n d i dgy vfi hpc Sfl d trfldng Pho thdng vfio efie nfim 2003, 2008 vfi 2012 (1) Ngofii ra, mdt so trridng dgi hoc cung to' ehflc nhiing cupc hdi thao ve ehii d i tridng tri Trong nhiiu nam qua, sach gifio khoa (SGK) bien dang sfl dung da dripc Bd Giao di^e vfi Nha xufit ban Gifio due vfi Dfio tao to chfle bien soan mdt efich nghiem tue, cdng phu, cd phan bi^n vfi thu thfip y kiin tfl gifio vidn nhiiu dia phfldng, vide in fin cd nhiiu cai tiin, dfi gdp phfin vfio thfinh tflu chung eua ngfinh gifio due Song nhflng san phfim tren di vfio tbi^c tiln giang dgy vfi hpc tfip vfin chria dem Igi kit qua nhu mong mud'n, gfiy nen ndi bfle xuc cua xa hdi vfi dieu bfin khofin dpi ngu cae thfiy cd gifio Trong cfic Hdi thao do, nhilu tham lufin da phan finh thric trgng cua tinh trang d^gy vfi hpc lich sfl vdi nhiiu dfin chflng cu thi, vgch flu khuyit dilm vfi di xufi't phridng budng giai quyit trdn tfi't ca cfic khau ciia qua trinh dgy vfi hpc Hpi thao hdm chi dfit trpng tfim vfio chu d i "Sdch gido khoa Lich s^ d trudng phd thdng" • mot nhflng khfiu cd ban nhfii d i tim ngudn Vfiy xoay'quanh vfi'n d i SGK, ndn dfit vfi giai quyit nhiing vfin d i gi? Tfl Idng mong mud'n nfing cao chfit Iridng gifio due lich sii cho cfic t h i he hpc sinh p h i thdng, ehung tdi i^in neu vdi tfnh chfit gdi f vfin d i sau day Mgt, ban ve SGK, khdng the khdng d i cfip dd'n chuang trinh mdn hgc mfi hfiu nhu din deu cd quan dilm thong nhfi't rang "GS Dai hpc Quic gia Hfi Ndi Rahifln eflu lUch sd- stf 6.2013 "ChUdng trinh la van ban phap 1;^ budc gifio vidn phai tuan thii" vfi SGK lfi cdng cu dripc bien soan theo chridng trtnh de gifio vien vfi hpc sinh sii dung qufi trinh dgy vfi hpc Do vfiy, cd the "mdt chUOng trinh, nhiiu bd SGK", thay the cho quan diem trfldc day "SGK lfi phfip Idnh" vfi chi cd "mpt chridng trtnh, mdt SGK" Diiu nfiy nhiiu nfldc tren the gidi da Ifim vfi Ifim tfl lau, song d ta cd the coi nhri mdt sri thflc hidn quyen dfin chu hpc thu§t, ddng vidn dupc ddng dao cfic nhfi chuyen mdn, cfic nhfi gifio due ed tam huyet, cd nfing liic vfi kinh nghiem sU phgm tham gia cdng vide he trpng nfiy Dridng nhien cfic ban thao SGK phai dflpc phan bidn qua sfl dfinh gifi ciia mdt Hpi ddng khoa hpc cd uy tfn vfi phai dripc Bd Gifio due cho phip sfl dung nhfi trridng Cfic tac gia vfi eac nhfi xufi't ban chiu trach nhiem v i san ph^m cua minh, ke ca tri dfiu tri cho vide lfim sfich vfi dridng nhien phai chiu sfl sfing Ipc ciia xa hdi Chi nhflng cudn SGK thfle sfl cd chfi't Iflpng mdi ed the "dflng" dflpc cudc cgnh tranh nfiy, Cac trridng, efie thfiy gifio cd quyin chon cuon nfio phfl hdp nhfit lfim SGK cua trridng minh Cfic k^ thi se cfin cfl vfio ndi dung chridng trinh dl dfinh gifi ke't qua ndn cfic bd SGK dfl cd khfic vfin phai dat dripc cfii chufin chung dd Vi vfiy, giao vidn bfit bude phai nfim vflng chfldng trinh vfi t h i hidn vide giang day ciia minh nhiing ndi dung cd ban ciia chridng trinh mdn hpc Dieu nfiy se khfie phue tinh trgng gifio vidn chi phu thudc vfio SGK ma khdng c6 tfim nhin khfii quat vi tofin bd ehUdng trinh minh dam nhiem Hai, ed the ndi v i mat ly thuyet, khdng cd bfin cai nhieu Ifim v i muc tiiu cua mdn hgc nhring vfin dung vfio thric tien Igi bdc Id nhflng cfich nghi khae Trong Nghi quyit Dai hdi Dang Ifin thfl XI, v i nhidm vu gifio due dfio tgo cd nhfin manh "dge biit coi trgng gido due ly tUdng, gido duc truyin thdng lich sit cdch mgng, dao dac, lot sdng, ndng lUc sdng tgo, ky ndng thUc hdnh, tde phong cdng nghiip, y thUc trdch nhiim xd hgi" (2) Tfit ca cfic mdn hpc tfl khoa hpc tfl nhidn din khoa hpc xa hpi, tfly theo npi dung ciia ngfinh minh, diu cd nhidm vu thflc hidn theo dflng muc tieu nfiy Song, khoa hpc xa hdi ndi ehung va mdn Lich sfl ndi ridng cd nhidm vu nfing n i vfi diiu kien thufin ldi di mang ndi dung sii hpc phuc vu yeu cfiu gifio due ly tridng, giao due truyin thd'ng lich sfl cfich mgng, dao dflc, Ira song vfi y thfle trfich nhiem xfi hdi nhri van kien Dang dfi ndu Sfl mdnh cua mdn Lich stt quan trpng lfi vfiy, nhring thuc t i i n gifio due nudc nhfi, no khdng dride dgt dung vi tri, chfla ndi den vide eoi trpng hofie flu tidn gi ca Bang chflng lfi cfic kjf thi td't nghiep trung hpc phd thdng, mdn Sii ed nfim thi, cd nfim khdng thi theo k i t qua cua vide bdc tham (nhu cfiu tra ldi bfio chf ciia Cue khao thf nam nay) Cd le nfio mdt viec he trpng nhfl the Igi thudc vfio sri may nii theo kilu "xo sd" vfiy ehfing? Diiu dd cho thfiy tfim quan ly vi md, each nhin nhfin ve vi tri mdn Set khdng tridng thfch vdi diiu ma nghi quyet ciia Dang ddi hdi Vfi da khdng thi thi Ban giam hidu cfic trridng ei^ng vdi va k i t thflc mdn hoc sdm de tfip trung dn luydn cfic mdn thi Hfiu qua cua nhiiu nam lien tiip nhri the' nfio, eung thfi'y ro Diiu dd cho thfij' viec xae dinh muc tidu eua mdn hpc cfin dripc qufin triet dfiy du tiJt cfip lanh dao de'n ngridi gifio vien, tfl nhfin thfle ly thuyit dd'n diiu hfinh thric t i thi mdi dem lai k i t qua kha quan dripc Tham khao d Hoa K^, ky thi tot nghidp Trung hpc, mdn Lich set dripc coi lfi mdt mdn cd ban, bfit bupc cflng mdn khac lfi Tofin, Tiing Anh, Vfit ly, Ngogi ngQ Thfi S6ch glAo hhoa lich SIS' ma sau xay sfl kidn 11-9, ngridi My nhfin hp biit qufi ft v i lich sii tdn gifio, lich a\i chfnh tri ngofii nridc My Chuyen gia gifio due Mike Baker nhfin xet: "Day la luc chflng ta nhfin thflc rd hdn tfim quan trpng ciia mdn Lich sii nhfi trfldng Lieh sfl lfi mdn bpc cung cfip eho chung ta kien thflc cd sd d l hieu t h i gidi hdm nay" (3) Ba, ngofii mijc tidu v i rdn luyen phfim chfit, dao dflc, vfin d i dfit lfi chridng trtnh vfi SGK se di theo hridng nfio vide dinh hUdng ndi dung hay dinh hiidng phdt trien ndng lUc hgc sinh, ndi cfich khae lfi theo hridng "tiep can ngi dung" hay "tiep cdn nang lUc" Bfiy lfiu, SGK thfldng theo hfldng thfl nhfi't nhfim cung cfip nhiing kiin thfle lieh stt mdt efich ed ban vfi he thing mfi phfin rdn luyen ky nfing, ed quan tam nhring cdn hgn che Diiu dd lfim cho SGK dfiy fip cfic sri ki§n, dfiy ngridi gifio vien vfio t h i phai truyin thi^ kiin thflc lfi chfnh vfi hoe sinh chi lo tiip thu nhflng kiin thfle dd NghTa lfi ea hai phia thfiy vfi trd diu rdi vfio t h i hi ddng mfi bieu hidn rd nhfit lfi phridng thflc dpe - chdp tren ldp vfi bpc sinh ehi lo hpc thudc bfii Dd lfi mdt nhflng ngudn gdc khiin eho mdn Stt trd nen nfing ne vfi chfin ngfin Trong thdi dai cdng nghd thdng tin ngfiy cang phfit triln, giao vien vfi hpc sinh cd the ttm hilu nhiiu sri kidn tii cfic ngudn thdng tin khae nhri sfich vd, internet, phim anh thi Iridng kiin thfle SGK cfin dripc ehpn lpc theo tinh thfin tinh gian Thufit ngfl "tinh gidn " lfi tinh thfin chl dgo cua ed Bd trridng Bd Dai hpc Tg Quang Biiu nhflng nam 60-70 cua the' ky trflde, mang ndi dung khfic vdi phUdng chfim "giam tai" dang dripc sfl dung hdm "Giam tai" mang nghia cd hpc, ehi nen coi lfi bidn phfip tinh t h i chridng trtnh qufi nfing, budc phai cfit bdt bao nhieu phfin trfim Lfim nhri vfiy, cd giam bdt dflpc phfin nao nhflng se pha vd tfnh Idgich cua chfldng trinh, cfic kien thflc khdng gfin kit bidn ehiing vdi nhau, dd sri hilu biet eiia hpc sinh se rdi rgc, vun vfit Cdn tinh gian tofin bd chridng trinh lfi ehpn Iria mdt cfich khoa hpc nhiing vfiii de, nhiing sri ki^n thiit yiu nhfit, quan trpng nhfit, "tinh" nhfit dl dria vfio chfldng trinh vfi SGK mdt td'ng t h i bien chflng hpp ly Nhring du ed "tinh" t h i nao thi hidu qua cung hgn c h i niu nhri khdng qufin tridt dinh hridng "phfit triln nfing Irie tri sfing tgo cua ngridi hpc" "^ tridng nfiy phai dripc t h i hi$n xuydn suit tfl vide xay dflng chfldng trtnh din cfiu true cua tofin cudn SGK vfi cila tiing bfii SGK Nhieu tham lufin cfin cfl vfio kinh nghidm thric tiin giang dgy d nflde eiing nhfl nhflng tham khao tfl nflde ngofii da d i cfip din vfi'n d i nfiy Tinh thfin chung lfi phfin bdi viit, tflc npi dung kiin thflc ed ban ehi chiim mdt ty Id nhfit dinh nhring^ nhflng phfin edn lai dflpc gpi lfi "ca chd sU phgm " cd vi tri rfi't quan lfim cho hpc sinh vfla hieu sfiu vfin de (qua tri lidu, tieu stt, ban di, sd dd ), vfla md rpng tfim nhin (qua tranh anh, binh lufin, nhflng cfiu hdi gpi md va nhflng boat dpng ngoai khda), qua dd ed the tiip nhfin kiin thfle mpt efich chu ddng, ddng thdi cd t h i md rdng tfl duy, hpc each lfip lufin vfi bfiy td y kiin cua minh Hpc tfip theo phridng thflc ehii ddng se gfiy bring thu, nfing cao nhfin thflc vfi rdn luyen ky nfing cd hieu qua vfi thiit thUc hdn Bo'n, mdt vfi'n d i dripc bfin lufin nhieu lfi nguyen tac cdu true cua chUdng trinh vfi SGK, theo nguydn tfic ddng tfim, dridng th^ng, hay kit hpp gifla dridng thfing va ding tfim Hghien eihi I4cJi siV sd 6.2013 bfic tilu hpc, hfiu h i t y kiin tan thfinh xu hudng tfch hpp gifla lich sii, dia 1^, gifio due edng dfin; thiet ke chridng trtnh lieh sii dridi dang cfiu chuyen lich sfl, cae truyin thuyit dfin gian, cac nhan vfit lich stt cflng chii'n tfch, edng trang vfi tfii nfing cua hp, cfic dia danh lich sti vfi vfin hda tfl npi dia din hai dao Vide chpn giai phap nfio de thric hien lfi diiu rfit quan trpng, nd cd y nghia quyit dinh den phridng hfldng xfiy d i ^ g chfldng trtnh vfi viet SGK, vi vfiy cfin dflpc xfic dinh ro rfing tfl dfiu Ne'u theo phfldng fin phfin ban d b^c trung hpc phd' thdng thi vfiii d i cdn cfin bfin thao nhieu hdn vfi cu the hdn , Vi mdi quan hd gifla trung hpc ed sd vfi trung hpc thdng, cd nhiiu giai phfip khfic nhau: Ndm, SGK ed dripc hoc sinh tiip nhfin hay khdng edn tfly thudc vfio vide the hidn (ndi dung vfi hmh thfle) cd phfl hdp hay khdng vdi tfim 1^ hpc sinh vfi trinh dd cua hp - Giai phfip 1: Chridng trinh dflpc phfin bo theo dridng thang, dfit trpng tam efi'p vao lich stt cd' trung dai, ca'p vfio lich sii cfin hidn dai Cfiu hdi dgt lfi n i u hpc sinh sau h i t cfip khdng hpc tiip thi hfinh trang kie'n thfle lich s i eua hp se t h i nfio? - Giai phfip 2: Chridng trinh diu di tfl co dai din hi$n dai theo vdng ding tfim vdi hfldng tiip cfin khfic nhau: d efi'p tiip c^n tfl gdc dp lieh sii van minh the' gidi vfi vfin hda Vidt Nam; d efi'p 3, tiip cfin tfl gde dd lich sii chfnh tri, kinh te', xa hdi thd' gidi vfi Vidt Nam - Giai phap 3: Chridng trtnh efi'p dfit trpng tfim vfio lich sfl dan tde (Qudc sfl) tren cfii n i n lich sii t h i gidi NghTa Ifi lich sfl t h i gidi khdng tfich rieng, khdng di mdt cfich hofin chinh mfi lfi bdi canh cfin thiit dl hiiu lich sfl dan tde vfi quan h§ gifla Viet Nam vdi the gidi Den chfldng trmh efi'p se tfich lfim hai bd phfin: lieh stt t h i gidi vfi lich stt Vidt Nam di tfl cd dai din hien dai - Giai phfip 4: Chfldng trinh lich sfl t h i gidi vfi Viet Nam dridc giai quyit v i ed ban d cfip 2, din cfip giang theo chuyen d i b a o gdm cfic loai chuyen d i v i lich sii Vidt Nam, v i lich sii the gidi va v i lich s i Viet Nam - T h i gidi Cfin xfic dinh rd doi tuang chinh s& dung SGK Id hgc sinh, khong phai lfi thfiy c6 gifio Do vfiy, each viet, each trtnh bfiy vfi dfin giai vfi'n de cfin phu hdp vdi tfim ly lfla tuoi cua hpc sinh cfip (dp tuoi qufing khfin do) va cfip (mdi chdm nidn) Tfim ly vfi kha nSng nhfin thric cua hpc sinh cd mflc dd nhfit dinh, nfing ve cam nhfin trflc tiip qua efie cfiu chuyen, hinh anh, ban vfi bride dfiu cd tfnh he thd'ng qua cfic sd do, thd'ng ke vfi nhfit lfi qua cfich truyin dat gay hiing thu hay budn te eiia giao vien SGK hien nay, mfic dau cd ed gfing v i mfiu sfic vfi hinh anh nhring ndi chung kenh chfl cdn nhiiu, mfi nfing v i 1;^ lufin, nghi quyit, nhieu kiin thflc sau khdng cfin thiet ddi vdi tudi hpc sinh phd' thdng khiin cho SGK trd nen nfing ne, d i chfin Hodn ednh thtic tiin cua nridc ta hien cung lfi vfin d i phai quan tfim Gifla efie vung miin, trinh dp ngoai ngfl rfi't chenh Idch, diiu kien hiiu biit bdn ngofii dia phfldng cua hpc sinh rfit ban ehi V|iy mfi mdn Lich sii, nhfi^t lfi Lich sit t h i gidi chria dflng biit bao dia danh nfldc ngofii, ten tuoi nhfin vfit cfic nudc thi lfim hpc sinh hieu dflpc vfi nhd dfldc? d day cd khoang cfich rfit ldn gifla ydu cfiu cua chridng trinh, SGK vfi nang Irie tiip nhfin gfich gi6o hhon lleh si ciia hoc sinh Chfing cfl mdn Sii, cfic mdn khoa hpc xfi hdi khfic (Vfin hoc nridc ngofii, Dia If t h i gidi) eung rdi vfio tinh trgng tridng tu Dfiy lfi vfin de cfin quan tfim xae dinh ndi dung ciia sfich va ehpn Iria tdn ngfldi, tdn dfit cho phfl hdp Ddi ngU cdc tde gid lfi nhiing gifio sfl, giang vidn dgi hpc cd trinh dp cao song nhiiu ngfldi khdng tham gia giang day d nhfi trfldng phd' thong, khdng hfing ngfiy tiip xuc vdi hpc sinh nen tri xay dring chfldng trinh vfi cfich viit SGK diu mang tinh kinh vidn, \f thuyit nfing ni, ldi vfin cd dpng khdng phfl hpp vdi trtnh dp vfi tfim ly hpc sinh p h i thdng Phridng phfip bidn soan giao trinh dai hpc vfi phong each hpc tfip cua sinh vidn cd nhiiu diem khfie xa vdi SGK vfi hpc sinh nhring nhiiu khi, SGK "vfin chi lfi tdm tfit lieh sii cua ngfldi ldn bfit tre eon hpc" mang dfim dfiu vit cua "gifio trinh dai hpc bi ddn ndn" nen cfic em khd tie'p thu, sinh chfin! Do vfiy, dpi ngu nhflng ngridi xfiy dflng chfldng trinh vfi bidn soan SGK cfin cd sU kit hop giiia cdc thdy cd dgy d dgi hgc vdi cdc thdy cd dgy d thdng, chpn Iria nhflng ngridi khdng nhiing rfi't gidi v i ndi dung chuyen mdn mfi phai rfit gidi ca ve ky nfing sri pham Nhri vfiy, cfic tfie gia vfla cd trinh dp khoa hoe cao, nfim bfit dripc nhflng vfin d i cd ban vfi hidn dai, ddng thdi cd the vfin diing phfl hdp vdi tfim ly vfi kha nfing tri eiia hpc sinh phd' thdng Cd nhri vfiy, SGK mdi d i "di vfio" vdi cfic em vfi dripc cfic em chfip nhfin Thric ra, v i chridng trinh vfi SGK cdn nhieu van d i khfic lien quan din ehu trfldng va chfnh sfich cua cfip trdn, den sfl quan tfim vfi ddng tinh cua xa hdi, dd'n dieu kidn kinh phf dfiu tfl cho vide bien sogn vfi xufit ban Song vfin de quan trpng nhfi't vfin phai lfi cdng viee eua cfic nhfi sii hpc, efie thfiy cd gifio day lieh set, nghia la edng vide ciia ehinh chflng ta nhfim lfim cho vide bien soan SGK dat dflpc mot bude tie'n tfch cflc tren eon dfldng Dii mdi ed ban vfi tofin dien n i n giao due Vidt Nam CHU THtCH (1) C&c H91 thao mang chu de: Diin ddn Sd hgc (Hfi Nfii, 2003), ThUc chdt vd gidi phdp gido due mdn Lich sd nhd trUdng phd thdng (fik Npi, 2008); Vi dgy hgc lich aH d trudng phd thdng Viet Nam ff)a Ning, 2012) (2) Dang Cfing san Vi^t Nam- Von kien Bgi h0 dgi bieu todn qudc ldn thUXI Nxb Chfnh trj Qu6c gia H6 Nfii, 2011, tr 216 (3) Mike Baker; The lessons for History's subject in School D&n theo Trfin Thj Vinh: M6t ad vdn di vi chuang trinh m6n lich sU hi thdng giao due d My vd Canada Ky ylCu H^i thao Qufic gia ve day hoc hch sil h tnidng ph^ thdng Vi^t Nam Nxb Giio dye Vi|t Nam 2012, tr 189 ... (2) Tfit ca cfic mdn hpc tfl khoa hpc tfl nhidn din khoa hpc xa hpi, tfly theo npi dung ciia ngfinh minh, diu cd nhidm vu thflc hidn theo dflng muc tieu nfiy Song, khoa hpc xa hdi ndi ehung va... qua sfl dfinh gifi ciia mdt Hpi ddng khoa hpc cd uy tfn vfi phai dripc Bd Gifio due cho phip sfl dung nhfi trridng Cfic tac gia vfi eac nhfi xufi''t ban chiu trach nhiem v i san ph^m cua minh, ke... nhd dfldc? d day cd khoang cfich rfit ldn gifla ydu cfiu cua chridng trinh, SGK vfi nang Irie tiip nhfin gfich gi6o hhon lleh si ciia hoc sinh Chfing cfl mdn Sii, cfic mdn khoa hpc xfi hdi khfic