MOT s o VIKT Di l i U J M v i TAO DONG Cff HQC TAP CHO NGUtN HQC O m S P H A M Q U A N G TI^P'''' Nghldn cuu v l d fng co hpc tOp (DCHT), nhilu nhd Tdm l( hpe (TLH) khdng djnh hopt dfng hpc tfp (HT) cOa[.]
MOT s o VIKT Di: l i U J M v i TAO DONG Cff HQC TAP CHO NGUtN HQC O N ghldn cuu v l d f n g co hpc tOp (DCHT), nhilu nhd Tdm l( hpe (TLH) khdng djnh: hopt dfng hpc tfp (HT) cOa hpe sinh (HS) dupe thOe ddy bdl nhilu d f n g eo Cdc ddng eo ndy tpo thdnh ed'u hOe xdc djnh cd thO bde cOo ede kfch thfch, dd ed m f t sd d f n g co Id chO dpo, CO bdn, m f t sd ddng eo khde Id phy Id thu y l u OCHT ed mdt sd bllu hifn: ngudi hpc (gpl chung Id HS) hpe vl cdl gl, edi gl thOc dd'y hp HT vd tfl't cd nhOng kich thich ddl vdl hopt ddng HT cOo HS Nhu vdy, DCHT cd thi hliu Idtitcd nbitng y l u ti, thdnh p/idn h> bin ngodi, b6n HS, ed chOc ndng thOc diy HS HTm$l cdch liai eye vd f/>dn/) edng Co sd khoo hpc cOo vifc tpo OCHT 1) Ca sd khoa hgc thin kinh ciSa Wfc Iqo DCHT Sy phdt hlln, tiln bd vupt bfc hong Irnh vyc khoo hpe thdn kinh v l nhdn thue, dd chf rd, mdl HS dupe hong bj mft «6d mdy bgc' d l HT Bd mdy hpc cOo eon ngudi dupe chlo Idm hal phdn, bd pbgn thv edm - kit ndl eon ngudi vdl t h i gidl bdn ngodi (gdm cdc gidc quon, hf thdng no ron ddn truyin) vd /)# thdn kinh trung uong Cdc bd f^dn ^V ^fn hvdc hit phdl k l d i n cdc gidc quon Cdc gidc quon dupe col td cOo vdo cOo hi thOc, chOng hopt dfng theo co e h l t3d trp eho nhou h ^ sOc ch^t chd, llnh hopt, glOp chOng to ed dupe nhfn thuc v l sy vdt, hifn tupng t h i gidi Idideh quon ddy dO nhdt VI vdy, chinh gidc quon dfi nudi dudng hf thfing minh vd chdt ddy hf nhd cOo ngudi TrongIchl dd, no ron thdn kinh cd chOc ndng ehO dpo Id ddn hvyin thdng Hn (h> gidc quon tdl hf thing thdn kinh uong vd ngupc Ipl) I^lgodi ro, chOng ed chuc ndng luu giO thfing tin v l sy vft, hidn hipng hong qud hlnh truyin dSn d l qud hinh hvyin dSn xdy ro mft edeh chpn Ipc het sue Hnh vl HS thdn kinh hvng uong cOo eon ngudi dupe cdu tpo thdnh bo Idp, hong eOng td tdp nfio bd sdt, boo bpc bdn ngodi Id ldp ndo thO vd ngodi m S P H A M Q U A N G TI^P' cOng, boo bpc kfy hal Idp ndo hdn Id kSp nfio ngudi idp ndo bd sd/ehuydn hdch vi nhOng vdn d l lldn quon hfrl bdn ndng, Hnh dye, sy an l o ^ v l Ifinh thd Ldo ndo ihO (gpl Id vOng Lmbic) chuydn phy hdch nhOng vdn d l lldn quon tdl xOc edm Thdng Hn, hi thue hvdc dugc duo d ^ Idp nfio ngudi xu If, dupe If mft cdch hlft d l , dupe ghl nhdTdu ddi hong ^ nfio ngudi Chi nhihig thdng Hn dupe vOng LimDlc ddnh gid Id cd fch node thyc sy tt ihO mdt dupe ehuyin vdo hf nhd ddl, cdt dO mft cdch h f thdng h?l ldp ndo ngudi (bdn edu nfio hdl) Nhu vdy, ldp nfio thu dupe xem nhu d he thdng tin' cOo ngudi vd dupe gpl Id «:rdo cdn lht> nhit' md HS phdi vupt qua d l thdng Hn trd thdnh tri thOe thyc sy VOng Limbic Id noi q i » l t djnh d i n OCHT d HS Tri thue mdi sd khdng dupe hlnh t h ^ h hofic dupe hlnh thdnh nhung Ididng luu giO mft < ^ bin vihig d kSp ndo ngudi n l u HS khdng cd DCHT hodc DCHT khdng dOng ddn VI vdy, vol hd oia vlfe tpo DCHT hong qud hlnh dpy hpc (DH) Id hit si>c quon hpng O Idp ndo ngudi, sau vupt quo dupe rdo cdn thi> nhdt, tri thOe dupe tuu tri> (mft cdch khdng ddng nhdt) d bdn edu nfio phdi, Idil hi ihOe v§ mft sy vft, hifn hipng ndo dd dO d l dpt tdl ngudng (hpng thdi T) nd sd dupe tuu trO (mft cdch ddng nhdt) d bdn edu nfio trdi C o «> 71H ci)o DCHT Cd bo hudng phdl tdm If gdp phdn tdm sdng td tf thuylt HT: 7nic3ng phd/nfidn tfiuc cho rdng ff/ipc te mft aud hinh Hdi eye vdxdy c^mg^ng/)?b' HS khdng don thudn chf «sao cb^" nhChig gl dupe dpy ma dd Id mdt qud hlnh tdm tf phOc tpp, HS hude tdl noy - HS ddl hdl dugc ban thudng boic cung d Trdo luu su f^gm ty Id hdo luu thye thi cho vifc hge HS dupe thOe ddy bdl hi vpng ed quon dllm tdp hvng hodn todn vdo HS, phdl mft phdn thudng dudi dpng ndo dd (nhu Idl khen xudt phdt h> HS vd Ipl ieh eOo HS DCHT eOng vl hodc mdt sy td md dupe thdo mdn) thi xudt phdt h> bdn thdn HS, phyc vy eho nhu - COng dcdng tuc tbi, hl$u qud DH cdng cao edu, mong mudn vd Ipl fch eOa ehfnh HS Mdt HS thudng xuydn dupe chdm bdl ngoy sd ed Trdo luu su p/>pm ddng (su phgm binh lht}c) ddng CO hpc tdt hcin HS khdc phdl chd hdng hidn Id hdo tuu dyo vdo chucmg hlnh hpc Chuong mdi dupe «gla cd'*'dudi dpng Idl khen hofic thdng hlnh DH vd logic cOo mdn hpe Id eo sd hlln khol tin v l thdnh Hch cOo minh Vl vfy, GV phdi lldn vifc HT Do dd, DCHT din h> bdn ngodi HS (dp h/c ban thudng vd ddng vidn HS vd vifc dfng lye tiy GV, nhd hudng vd xd hfi) HS dupe «ydu vidn cdng tOc thi, hifu qud DH edng coo cdu' phdl hpe d l hodn thdnh dupe chuong hinh, - Hl$u qud tdng eudrig nhd l^p kpl thdnh cdng ddp Ong dupe mwig mdi cOo gio dinh, ehuydn Vifc hpc cOo ngudi mdt nhllu ihdl gion vd gla, GV, xfi hfi thdnh cdng hong qud khu kpl too dfng eo cho vifc Ngupc vdi hdo tuu su phpm h/ do, trdo luu su hpe hifn tpl Nlu mft HS khdng boo gid thdnh piigm bde/i Idwa chO ylu dya vdo GV, hudng vdo cdng hong cdc bdl gldng, HS dd sd sdm bd cude GV, GV cd uy quySn (huyIn dpt kinh nghlfm eho - D^e trvng cOa tri nhd Id «l{nh ihudng xuySnxfi hfi) vd dupe ddi hdl cdl md hp ehd dpi Theo vd Hnh gdn dd/ Ddy Id phdt hifn vo eOng quan dd, HS phdl thye hifn nhOng ydu edu euo GV (theo hpng cOa truOing phdl hdnh vi, hp eho rdng edi thdi gkn, dja dllm, mycfldu )dfit ro, HS bufc md gpl Id nquSn' chfnh td kr thudt dupe cdl phdl tudn theo quy ^nh cOo GV, bdng Idng tfch tOy ddt sdn hong hong bp ndo nhdm ddm bdo nd I d ^ thOe vd khd nfing md GV huySn thy eho minh klidng bj ddn thdnh mft ddm vdi nhimg kiln thOe Trdo luu suf^gm md (trdo luu suf^m khdng vd dyng Myc ^ch Id khdng ghl nhdgl khde ngodi hinh ihuc), hopt dfng cOo GV vd HS hong DH thdng Hn hihi fch Tuy nhldn, khuynh hudng ndy ludn dlln hong mdl hvdng xdc djnh (dllu klfn, dii col mot da lifu hode yr h/dng ndo dd Id hCKi Hnh hudng DH cy thi) Sy hrong tdc giffo GV, HS fch vd cdt gli> mft cdch Idu ddl nlu nd thudng kl vd mdi trudng Idm gla tfing gid hj, tpl feh cOo gdp phdi lifu hofic y' hidng dd nhou vd Id sy tdn tpl tdt ylu DH Nhu vfy, Theo hvdng f^l nhdn vdn, DH phdl thda trdo tuu su phpm md quon ldm h£rl nhihig dfng mfin nhu edu Hnh edm eOo HS Maslow, mft honglye thOe ddy h> bdn hong vd bdn ngodi HS (K> nhihig nhd h/ h/dng Idn nhdt thi kf XX xfiv dyng t^dn hong Id mong mudn khdng djnh, gio tfing mft trdt h; theo thong bdc eho nhChig nhu edu gid hj cOo bdn thdn; h> bdn ngodi, HS dupe thOc ndy Nhu edu h/ thda mfin 4- Nhu edu dupe tdn d ^ bdt nhihig gid hj d ngudi thdy, mdl hudng) trpng khdng thy ddng hong thdi d f HT vd sy glOp dd qud mOc eOa GV sd Idm gidm tfnh h/ chO cOo HS HT; dd, hlfu qud ndl ehung hong sudt qud hlnh HT khdng coo -TgoeahdidiHSh/ ddnh gid Vlfe h/ ddnh gid sd khuyin khfch tfnh h/ lye vd h; chi dpo, bdn thdn vlfe h/ ddnh gid Id mft kr nfing cd't y l u d l Idm vifc vd d l hpc HS cdn dupe dfng vidn bdl mong mudn thdnh edng, khdm phd, phdt hlln vd ndng eoo hlnh dd, ehu khdng phdl n i l lo sp thdt bpl Ndn dp dyng chO huong «khdng quy trdch nhl^' ddl vdl cdc sal sdt, col sol sdt Id cdl tdt y l u vd Id mft co hfi d l hpc 2) HS thiy duqc trinh dd c/iuyiSn mdn cd (eh cho tuong lal Di glOp HS ed hlnh d f chuydn mdn tdm mft ngdnh nghi ndo dd hodc hpc tilp mdt khdo hpc khde coo hon (myc tidu ddl hpn ddl vdl hdu hit HS), G V cdn nhdn mpnh myc Hdu cOo nhihig nfi dung DH minh dang ddm nhdn Nhi>ng myc tidu ndy sd ^ nghTo hon nlu vOo ed tfnh Idu ddl vuo ed Hnh hvdc mdt Tinh Idu ddl Id vol hd cOo kiln thOc ehuydn mdn vdl ngdnh nghi, hrong kii eOo HS Tfnh trudc mdt, don thudn td kit qud mdn hpc sd quylt djnh nhllu d i n kit qud HT todn khdo, hodc mft nfl dung ndo dd d l pHi^ vy cho bdl kllm ho vdo thdi d l l m xdc djnh QUiSt phdl Idm cho HS thdy rd n f l dung Idln t h ^ chuydn mfin dong hpc thyc sy cdn thilt cho nghi nghlfp hrong tol vd phye vy hyc tilp cho nhlfrii vy trude mdt • bdi kllm ho, nhihig bdl thi v l lif i dung dong hpc 3) HT thdnh cdng glOp Idng hf Irgng cOa HS dvgc cOng cd'(dfng co chO y l u , mpnh md nhdt cOa hdu hit HS) D f n g co ne^ glO vj H chO dpo, Id ehllc ddu mdy Idi qud hlnh HT nhung n6 cd t h i v f n hdnh theo cd hal chilu Trong HT, viu HS hodn thdnh tdt nhlfm vy d mft bdi gldng ndo dd vd dupe bllu duong hodc ghl nhdn s8 dua HS d i n vdi bdi gidng tilp theo mdt cdch tfch eye vd hlfu qud hon N l u thudng xuydn thdnh cdng hong HT thi HS sd xdy dyng dupe nllm Hn vdo khd ndng HT cOo t^dn thdn TO dd, ed bo bifn phdp dupe xem Id viu t l then chdt d l tpo ddng CO hong hdu hit Hnh hudng DH: 1) Odm bdo chdc chdn HS bllt rfi phdl Idffl gl vd Idm nhu t h i ndo (GV phdl sfin sdng glOp dd HS cdn); 2) Cde nhlfm vy HT phdl c6 Ifnh hye flip, nhonh chdng dpt dupe kit qud cOng vdl vlfe thye hdnh ed hlfu chinh soo cho mpl HS d ^ cd CO hfi thdnh cdng (OH phdl mong Knh vOa si>c, HS y l u hoy tdt d i u dupe hudng thdnh cdng, ndn GV phdl bilt chlo nhd nhlfm vy HT vd hodn thdnh ^ O n g theo cdc gtol dopn, sou mil phdn Id nhihig ghi nhfn hode Idi khen cOo GV v l kit qud cOo HT cOo HS); 3) GV cdn ihudng xuydn bilu duong vd ghl nhdn ddl vdl bdt ki thdnh cdng ndo hong HT eOa HS (glOp DCHT tfing vd hlfu qud HT cdng dupe edi thifn) 4) Hgc W ihiSy c6, bgn bi Thi duo hofc thdch thuc cd t h i dem tpl d f n g co mpnh md hong m f t Idp hpc Tuy nhldn, vd'n d l thi dua cdn dupe G V quan tdm vd xi> If cdn thfn, ed cdl «dugc' hong ddng co vd tdng h/ hpng c6a «ngvdi thdng' khdrig oO dupe cdl ^md'^hong d f n g CO vd Idng t\f hpng cOa «Jcl Hiua' Hon nCto, d l ddng eo ndy f^dt huy toe dyng thi HS phdl tin rdng cudi cOng minh sd Idm dupe, se hodn thdnh dupe ydu edu G V duo ro N l u HS lidn h/c thdt bpl, dd sd td rdo chdn khdng Id Idm h l f t tidu DCHT eOo HS 5) HoqidingHTdem Igl nlim vul vd hOng ibO cho HS G V cdn nhdm vdo Knh thieh Ong ddl vdi HS, duo nhChig vf dy tidn quon tdi (Xem H^ irang 6^ Tgp Chi SIAo dqc s6 (to a - «/atieg bdo cde didu kidn v^t chd't cho dpy hpc, nghldn cuu, hpc tdp cuo G V vd SV cd vai trd quan trpng nhdm chuydn tdi ndl dung kidn lhi>e cd hidu aud vd chdt lupng hon G V rdt cdn sy hfi Irp ddc lye cuo cdc phucmg Hdn 1^ thudt DH, ddm bdo cho v i ^ dpy vd hpc dupe tidn hdnh thudn k^l, cd chdl lupng vd hidu qud Vt vdy, cdn dupe ddu tu xdy dyng, nrtd r^ng cdc phdng hpc chOc ndng, phdng lob, phdng thu vidn; bd sung, ndng cdp cde phuong Hdn, thidt bj nghe nhtn vd tdl tidu tham khdo; thudng xuydn cdp nhdt cdc tdi lidu, chuong h-tnh, bdng dfa hpc tidng Anh vd cdc tdi lidu ehuydn mdn hdnh chfnh t^dngtidngAnh; chO h-png cdng Idc l;>do qudn, khoi thdc si> dyng hidu qud co sd vdt chdt, thidt bj DH, cd kd hopch hj, sQa chOa kjp thdi Ngodi ra, cdn Idm tdt cdng h k nghidp vy ihu v i ^ nhu: phdn topi sdch, bdng, dra theo Irnh vyc, theo Idc gid, theo tidu dd; h>ng hude dua tin hpc vdo cdng tdc qudn If thu vl^n BO GD-DT D6 &n gi&ng d^y, hpc t4p ngo^i ngd h^ thdng gifto dye qudc dftn Vi$t Nam giai do^n 2007-2015 DythSo 7/2007 Tni^g Dfii hQC ngo^i ngO - D^i hpc qudc gia H^ Noi Nhdng vtfn dd ca bio vd d«y - b^c nsoyl agft Tuydn t^p c&c biti bio khoa hpc 1995-200S NXB Dfu hng bidn phdp mong Hnh khdo HS ngdy chju thdch ihi/c vd sOc l p Idn ti> sdt, ddnh gid, nhln nhdn thyc liln thdng quo kdt qud ddnh gid sdn phdm ddo tgo cOa nhd hvdng ede ngudn thdng tin chilu; n l u khdng cd djnh vd nhu edu difnh ddng eOo ngudi hpe Bidn f ^ p hudng vd d$ng CO dung diin, vi$c HT d i b| c h i ( j l 4, vd d mong tinh h/ didu chinh, h/ hodn thidn hudng, m6c iol ldm; khd HT b i n bl vd thdnh odng mdt sd khdu quy Irinh ddo lpo nhdm ndng Trong mSl glal doqn eua qud trtnh DH, G V C6D coo hon ni>a chd't lupng ddo too, ddp ung nhu khoi thdc I r l ^ d l mSi k>ql ddng co d l dem Igl thdnh cdng eho HS vd dd cOng chinh Id thdnh edu cuo xd hdl Cd thd cdc bidn phdp ndy chua phdl Id td'l uu edng cOa GV • vd duv nhdt dOng, nhidn, mdi quon hd tdng thd, chOng ed quon hd m^t thidt, hOu co, bd sung ciio nhou dd hdf ndn hodn thidn vd vdn dyng cdn linh hopt, mdm ddo, ddng bd mdl ndng coo dupe hidu qud qudn If Cdc bldn phdp dupe dd xudt, ddu edn thidt vd hodn hsdn khd thi ddi vdl vi$e qudn If hopt ddng DH mdn Tl^g Anh cuo hvdng bp mdn Trudng CDSP Didn Bldn • (I) Jean Marc Denomme - Madeleine Roy Sirph^m tuong t i c mOt tUp cfn khoa hqc thin kinh vl hpc vi d«y NXB Dft Itfc quSc gla Hd Nfi 2009 Til ll«u tham khio Dfng Thinh Hung D«y hqc hitn dfl - Uhifn, bif n phip, kl thuft NXB DfLih^cqiUScgidHdNfi 2002 Geoffrey Petty Teaching today Stanley Thames 1998 SUMMAKV m W u tham khia Today, motor learr^lng Is corKldered Important DJng BS Lam Quin II nhi niK»c vl giio dvc 11 elements ItKitmake up teoctilng acttvttles Ttjeretore iu^n vi thvc tlin NXB Ctilnh Iri quic gla.H 200S motivate arKi mahtain Interest In leaning to leam for NguySn QuSc Chl - Nguyin Thi t^jl LOc Nhdng cc many educators Is the trey, malting a decisive sd khoa h^c vl quin 11 giio dvc Tru&ng Cdn bf conlrlbuttontotheeffectlvenessofteaclilng-lecmlng qudn ll giio due K 1997 activities, nmiaosttocuses clarify this Issue TW Chi eiao dye s6 (la « a/»ou) ... pHi^ vy cho bdl kllm ho vdo thdi d l l m xdc djnh QUiSt phdl Idm cho HS thdy rd n f l dung Idln t h ^ chuydn mfin dong hpc thyc sy cdn thilt cho nghi nghlfp hrong tol vd phye vy hyc tilp cho nhlfrii... quan tdm vd sy td md cOo bdn thdn Trong trudng hpp khdng t h i cho phdp HS dupe h/ ehl dpo vifc hpc cOo minh, GV vfin ed t h i cho cdc em mft muc d f lya chpn ndo dd hong vlfe Idm bdi t f p ,... nhl$m vi viSc hgc cOa bdn thdn HS dupe khuyin khfch chO dfng ehi> khdng thy ddng hong thdi d f HT vd sy glOp dd qud mOc eOa GV sd Idm gidm tfnh h/ chO cOo HS HT; dd, hlfu qud ndl ehung hong sudt