NGHIEN cum Q MOT SO VAN DE Ll LUAN VE SONG NGUf VA DAY HOC SONG NGUf ThS DAQ NGOC LOC Trung tam Nghien cilU Giao due Pho thong I Song ngtf I I SongngOflagiT Theo Td d i ln Longman "Day hpe Ngdn ngd v[.]
NGHIEN cum Q MOT SO VAN DE Ll LUAN VE SONG NGUf VA DAY HOC SONG NGUf ThS DAQ NGOC LOC Trung tam Nghien cilU Giao due Pho thong I.Song ngtf I.I.SongngOflagiT Theo Td d i l n Longman "Day hpe Ngdn ngd v i Ngdn ngd hpc Cfng dung" Rieharchs, Piatt, Heidi (1999) djnh nghTa Song ngd (bilingualism) Id khd ndng sd dung It nhdt hai ngdn ngd cda mpt cd nhdn hay mpt nhdm ngudi dmpt khu vue hode mpt qude giaSli du: Song ngd dupc i p dung phd biln d Quebec, Canada - noi m i ngudi d i n ndi dupe e i tilng Anh v i tilng Phip; hay d cic vung thudc xd Wales, Vuong qude Anh d i n eU ed t h i ndi dupe c i hai thd tilng: tilng Welsh v i t i l n g Anh Khii nilm "song ngd" khie vdi khii nilm "da ngdn ngd": Oa ngdn ngd (multilingualism) l i ning ddng dupe ba hole nhilu ngdn ngdeda mdt c i nhin hay mdt nhdm ngudi dinh eU d mdt vung cu t h i nio dd hole d mdt qude gia Vi du: da ngdn ngd dupe dung phd biln d mdt sd nude thude Nam Phi (Nigeria, Ghana), d Malaysia, Singapore v i Israel - nhdng noi niy ed eU d i n ddng nhilu ngdn ngd nhU: tilng Anh, tilng Phip, tilng Trung Qude, Mdt ngudi ed t h i ndi dupe hai ngdn ngd (bilingual), nhdng trin thuc t l ngudi dd thudng ehl thdng thao mdt ngdn ngOr, v i ning sd dung ngdn ngdedn lai bj han c h l giao tilp Ching han: M^t ei nhin cd t h i dung ngdn ngd niy hpi thoai (nghe v i ndi), nhung Iai phii dung ngdn ngd d l vilt v i dpc Nhu viy, d day cd sU phin b i l t gida ndnglucvi sddung ngdn ngd- hay edn gpi l i sir khic bilt gida mdc dp v i chdc ndng ngdn ngd Bing md t i ning lUe ngdn ngdtrin gpi y trinh phin loai mpt cich don giin mdt ei nhin nao cd hole khong cd ning sddung dupe ngdn ngd Mdt dd ed t h i nghe v i ndi, nhung khdng t h i dpc v i vilt dupc Cd ngudi chl cd t h i nghe hieu v i dpc (song ngd thu ddng), nhung khdng ndi v i vilt dupe Cd ngudi cd t h i nghe hilu ngudi khic, nhung b i n thin ngudi dd khdng t h i ndi dupe Bdn loai ning lue ngdn ngdeo bin khdng tdn tai theo cich gpi "tring" v i "den" Gida tring v i den cdn tdn tai nhilu m i u khic nda Bdc tranh nhilu miu v l d e ning lire song ngd ed t h i dupc milu t i Mdi k h i ning ngdn ngd cd t h i ddpc phit triln theo mde dp nhilu it khie Khi ning dpc ed t h i CO bin, don giin va phit triln tdi mde hoan ehinh v i thinh thao Ai dd ed t h i nghe hieu khung cinh niy (vi du: d cda hing) nhung khdng t h i nghe hilu d khung d n h (vidu: bai giang) Nhu viy, ngudi ta ed t h i phin ehia ki nang co bin thinh eie mde dp ehi t i l t Cd loai kT ning tdn tai ki nang Theo truyin thdng, eie nang lue ngdn ngd chlnh ddpc lilt k l nhu sau: SU phat i m , lupng td vdng, dd chlnh xie cda ngd phip, ning tmyln t i i ngd nghia ddng theo tinh hudng v i vin phong khie Phdn chia kindng ngdn ngdchi tiit: Ngd am - Td vdng - Ngd phip Ngd nghia -Vin phong KH^U NGOf Nghe Ndi BOTNGOf Ope U Ning luesong ngit 1.2.1 Bdn ning luc/khd ndng ngdn ngd (The Four Language Abilities) D l xie djnh mdt ngddi ed t h i sd dung dupe Viit ngdn ngd hay khdng thi d n x i t ning luc song ngd 1.2.2 Ndng lue ngdn ngd thd5 (A Fifth Language cda ngudi dd Cd Ioal ning lUe ngdn ngd: nghe, Competence) ndi, dpc v i vilt Chdng dupe x i p v i o ehilu: kl Ngoii ning lUe ngdn ngd co bin ndi trin, ning t i l p nhin ngdn n g d v i kl ning sin sinh ngdn ddi ngudi ta khdng ndi, nghe, dpc hoic v i l t ngd; khiu n g d v i bdt ngd nhung v i n sddung d i n ngdn ngd.Theo SkutnabbKangas, 1981 (Baker, C d i n lai, 1993) d l x u l t ngdn Khiu ngOr ButngOr ngd dupe dung d l tu (suy nghi) cd t h i coi l i Ooc Kining tilp nhin Nghe ning lUe thd cua ngdn ngd Nhu viy, ngudi ta ed Vilt Ndi KI ning sin sinh Stf7i-THANG1/2I12^27 m NGHIEN C i u t h i sd dung e i ngdn ngd d l l i m cdng cu tuduy (dupe dat g i n vdi nang lUe ndi), Cummins (Baker, C, d i n lai, 1993) cho ring khai nilm dUgc xem nhu mpt ning luc nhin thdc bing ngdn ngd, Oilu niy cd nghTa dd ehinh l i ning lUe sd dung mdt hoae ei ngdn ngd de li giii v i can nhic mpt van d l nio dd, 1.2.3 Song ngd tdi thieu vd song ngd tdi da (Minimal and Maximal Bilingualism) 04 xie djnh mdt ngudi ed t h i sd dung dupc ngdn ngd hay khdng l i vile khdng don giin Ngudi ta d n phii x i t g i i trj ning lire tdi thilu d n ed d l dat dupe nang "song ngd" Theo djnh nghia cd diln, song ngd l i "khi nang kilm soit dupc hoae nhilu ngdn ngd gidng nhU bin n g d " - hinh nhu djnh nghTa niy nhin manh d i n mde "tdi da" cda song ngd (Thi nio l i kiim sodt hay gidng bdn ngOfl) Thuit ngd "song ngd ban d i u " cho phip ngudi ta vdi ning luc tdi thilu v l ngdn ngd thd cd t h i cd dat dupe trinh dp song ngd tdi thieu mdt cich I p budc Vf du: khieh du I ich vdi mdt it cum td v i eie thuong gia vdi mdt vdn td it di nhU: Idi chio, hdi g i i e i bing ngdn ngd thd ed t h i gupng I p dupe x i p v i o loai ngudi cd nang song ngd ban diu Ai dupe x i p v i o loai ngudi ed t h i dung dupe ngdn ngd edn tdy thude v i o muc dich phin loai VI du, d eie thdi dilm khie ehinh phd cd t h i tinh d i n vile sd dung hay khdng sd dung ngdn ngd thilu sd Noi nio cd ngdn ngd bin dja tdn tai thi chinh phu (ching han d Ireland va xdWales) d n tdi da hda sd lupng ngudi dung dupe ngdn ngd, Sd lupng niy phin i n h sir thinh cdng eda ehinh phd ehinh sich ngdn ngd bin dia Ngupe lai, d n han ehl hoae ddng hda/ hda nhip thi ngdn ngd thilu sd v i ngudi cd ning dung dupe ngdn ngd ed t h i bj tdi t h i l u hda (vi d u d England) Hau h i t nhdng ngudi se sd dung ngdn ngd cda hp vio cic muc dich v i chdc ning khic nhau, Ching han, mpt ngudi cd t h i dung ngdn ngd niy d noi l i m vile, dung ngdn ngd d nha hoic cpng ddng dja phuang Mpt dda t r l cd the hilu v i n i m b i t dupe npi dung ehuang trinh dupe truyin t i i d trudng hpc bing b i t cd ngdn ngd nio, v i nd cd t h i tham gia cic hoat ddng hpe tap bing bit kl ngdn ngd nio la vi du cho ngudi ed ning sd dung c i ngdn ngd mpt cieh thuan thuc hay cdn gpi la song ngd c i n bing 1.2.5 Bdn song ngd(Semilinguaiism) Nhdng ngudi cd ning song ngd thudng ed khuynh hudng ndi trdi v l mpt sd ngdn ngd hp cd t h i sddung SU ndi trdi v l mpt ngdn ngd cd t h i thay ddi theo thdi gian, dja II v i xa hdi Tuy nhiln, ddi ehdng ta ndi tdi nhdng ngudi cd ning song ngd nda vdi (vdi nghTa xau), dd la nhdm ngudi dupe eoi l i khdng ed "dd" nang luc bit ed ngdn ngd nao Su thilu hut eua mat ning lUc ngdn ngd thude loai bin song ngd: Vdn td vung Op ehinh xie ngdn ngd Xd li ngdn ngd vd y thde Sing tao ngdn ngd (dung td mdi) Nim vdng chde nang ngdn ngd Ngd nghTa v i hinh tupng Nhu viy 'song ngd" bde Id nhdng khilm khuylt d c i ngdn ngd: sd lupng td vdng It dung sai ngd phap, kha nang sing tao ngdn ngd rlt han ehl, khd cd t h i bay td xde d m , t h i i dp chuln xie thdng qua ngdn ngd 7.3 Sd dung song ngit eiia ea nhan Khi bin luin v l nang lire ngdn ngd cda mdt ei nhin, ehdng ta d i u rd l i ngdn ngd khdng t h i tieh rdi ngd d n h Ning ldc ngdn ngd ehl xit tdi y l u td ngdn ngd hay y l u td tam li eda ngdn ngd 1.2.4 Ngudi cd khd ning song ngd cdn bdng thi ehua dd Giao t i l p khdng chi bao gdm clu trde ngdn ngd (vi du: ngd phip, td vdng), m i gdm ci (Balanced Bilinguals) Trin thUe t l , khdng nhilu, ed nhdng ngddi vile dang ndi d i gi, ndi vdi ai, hoin cinh ed k h i ning dung dupe ngdn ngd mdt cieh die nao Mdt ngudi cd the bj han e h l v l ki ning ngdn b i l t Ning lUe ngdn ngdeda nhdng ngudi d i u ngd, nhung d tinh hudng nio dd ngudi dd lai phit triln r l t tdt d e i ngdn ngd Mdt ngUdi cd the ed t h i thinh cdng giao tilp Mdt ngudi khic sddung thdnh thgo cd ngdn ngdd cdc tinh hudng ed the n i m tuong ddi chic kiln thdc ngdn ngd, khdc duac coi Id ngudi cd khd ndng song ngd nhdng kT nang giao tiep xa hpi khdng phit triln thi cdng khdng t h i giao t i l p dupc Mdi trudng xa hpi cdn bdng Song ngd d n bing ddi dupe dung nhu m i dd ed ehde ning eda ngdn ngd cd tinh mdt khii nilm Ii tudng Fishman (1971) lip luan chit quylt djnh d i n vile hilu v i sddung song ngd ring hilm ed e i nhin nio ed nang lUe ngdn ngd Nhu viy, k h i ning sddung song ngdeda e i nhin d n bing mpi tinh hudng d d ngdn ngd (song ngd chdc nang) khie bilt vdi su thao •KHOA HQC GlAO DVC NGHIEN cuu (luu loit) ngdn ngd Song ngd chdc ning ddi hdi e i nhin phii sin sinh ngdn ngdthdng qua sU kiln, hoat dpng hing ngiy Nd quan t i m tdi cic ciu hdi: nio, d d i u , giao t i l p vdi bing ngdn ngd (Fishman, 1971) O l phin loai ngd cinh m i dd c i nhin sd dung mpt hoic hai ngdn ngd thi d n ein c d v i o su khie bilt v l v i n hda Bin chit v i va cic su kien x i hdi khic gida vung niy vdi vung khie, gida cic vin hda khu vUe khie Cin phin bi^t khii nilm: song ngd chdc ning v i bdi d n h ngdn ngd Theo Baker (1993), bdi cinh ngdn ngd la khii nilm rpng bao gdm d loai kinh nghiim cd hole khdng tham gia hoat dpng ngdn ngd Song ngd chde ning l i khii nilm hep hon, quan t i m tdi viec tham gia true t i l p eda hoat ddng ngdn ngd- dd la ning sin sinh v i t i l p nhin ngdn ngd (tdc l i eie ki ning ndi, v i l t dpc v i nghe true t i l p cic ngd cinh khae nhau) Song ngd ehde nang ylu clu nghiln edu ylu td sau: (1) Ai l i ehd the? (Ai la ngudi ndi?) (2) Ai l i ngudi t i l p nhin ngdn ngd? (Ai l i ngudi nghe?) (3) Tinh hudng l i gi? (& nha miy, Idp hoc, n h i thd, ) (4) Chu d l eda hdi thoai/giao t i l p l i gi? (Thi thao, edng vile, dd i n thde udng ) (5) Vdi mue dich gi?/ dat hilu q u i gl? Nhu viy, ndi tdi sddung song n g d c i nhin chung ta phii llln h i tdi d e y l u td quan trpng nhu ndi vdl ai, nio, d d i u Oilu niy nhin manh tdi ngd d n h giao tilp Vi mdt ngudi ed k h i nang song ngd ed t h i chuyin t d tinh hudng niy sang tinh hudng khic, n i n ngdn ngd dupe Iua chpn d l ddng theo: loai ngdn ngd (vl du: tilng Tiy Ban Nha hay tilng Anh), theo ndi dung (vl du: td vung), v i theo v i n phong Theo thdi gian v i noi chdn, vile sd dung song ngd khdng bao gid ddng yIn tai ehd m i nd ludn ludn thay ddi v i p h i t triln Day hpc song ngtf 2.1 Dmh nghia 'Day hge song ngCT Theo Td diln Longman "Day hpe Ngdn ngd v i Ngdn ngd hpe Cfng dung", Rieharchs, Piatt, Heidi (1999) cho ring Dgy hgc/gido due song ngd (bilingual teaching/education) Id viic sd dung ngogi ngdhodcngdn ngdthdhaididqycicmPnhgctrong nhd tnidng Cin phin b i l t su khic gida khii nilm 'ngo^i ngd* v i ' n g d n ngd thd hai": Ngogi nguf (Foreign language): l i ngdn ngd Q khdng phii la bin ngd (khdng phii tilng me de) Ngoai ngd thudng dupe hoc tap, nghien edu de giao t i l p vdi ngudi nUdc ngoii ndi thd tieng dd, hoae dung 64 dpc eie t i i lieu in bing ngdn ngddd Theo cich sd dung eda ngdn ngd dng dung Bic MT, "ngoai ngd" v i "ngdn ngd thd hai" thudng dupe hieu nhu (cung mpt nghTa), Tuy nhiln, theo d e h dung cua Tilng Anh Anh (BritishEnglish) thi "ngoai ngd" la ngdn ngd dupc day nhu mpt mdn hpc, nhUng no khdng dupc dung nhu mpt ngdn ngd d l giing day (phuong t i l n day hpc), v i cung khdng phii l i ngdn ngd dung d l giao t i l p mpt qude gia (vi du: d chinh phu, ITnh vuc kinh doanh, giao due, ) Tilng Anh dupe md t i la mdt ngoai ngdd Phip, Nhit va Trung Qudc, Ngdn ngiif thd hai (Second language): edng theo cieh dung eda tilng Anh - Anh (meaning used in British-English), ngdn ngd thd hai l i ngdn ngd khdng phii la tilng me de mdt qude gia, nhUng nd dupc ddng mdt d c h rpng rii nhu mpt phuang tien giao t i l p (vi du: linh vUe giao due v i ehinh phd) v i nd thudng ddpc dung vdi mpt hoic nhilu ngdn ngd khie, Tilng Anh dupe xem nhu l i ngdn ngd thd hai d eie nude nhU: Fiji, Singapore v i Nigeria d e i Vuong Qude Anh v i Ble MT, thuit ngd "ngdn ngd thd hai" dupe md t i nhu mdt bin ngd d mdt qudc gia v i nhdng ngudi sdng d ed ngdn ngd thd nhat (thudng l i tilng me de) phai hpe ngdn ngd thd hai Tilng Anh d Vuong Qudc Anh la ngdn ngd thd hai eua din nhip eu v i eda din eu ed ngdn ngd thd nhat la tilng Welsh (d xd Wales) Phuang tiin giing dgy (Medium of insntruaion/teachingmedium): l i ngdn ngddupe sd dung d l giing day n h i trudng (3 nhilu qude gia, phin Idn phuong t i l n dupe ddng d l giing day chlnh l i qudc ngd (tilng me de), vi du: tilng Phip dupe dung d l giing day he thdng giio due d nude Phip Nhung d mdt sd nude, phuong t i l n giing day cd t h i khac d nhdng vdng khic nhau, ehlng han nhu d BI ei tilng Phip va tilng H i Lan dupc dung l i m ngdn ngd giing day Trong day hpc song ngd, ngdn ngd thd hai hole ngoai ngd la phuang t i l n giing day ddi vdi mdt sd hay phan Idn d e mdn hpe, vl du: tilng Anh d Singapore l i ngdn ngd thd hai, ddng thdi l i phuong t i l n giang day ehinh ddi vdi d c mdn hpc h i thdng giio due; tilng Anh d Hin qude la ngoai ngd va l i phuang t i l n giing day day hpe song ngd ddi vdi mpt sd mdn nhU: Toin, Khoa hpe, , Sli7i-THANG1/2I12>29 G NGHEN Cflu 2Jl, Phin logi chucmg trinh dgy hgc song ngCfme d l cua HS, t i n g cudng •} thdc col trpng bin sic Cie chuong trinh day hpc song ngd cd the van hda v i khlng djnh quyen tu ehu v l vin hda v i khic v l t h i loai, bao gdm: ngdn ngd • Chuang trinh dgy hge sd dung dan nguf Sau diy la 10 vi du v l day hpe song ngd vdi (mpt ngdn ngd) cda n h i trudng d l giing day, m i muc dich khic nhau: don ngd khdng phii la tilng me d l eda HS (1) D l ddng hda eie c i nhin hay cic nhdm Chuong trinh niy ddi dupc gpi l i chuang trinh ngudi chung sdng mdt x i hpi chinh thong, song ngd "chim" hay "thdm ddm" mdi trudng x i hpi hda mpi ngUdi giup hp tham gia dly du ngdn ngdeda nhd trudng (immersion programme) edng ddng MP hinh day hpc song ngd k i l u " t h i m d i m " (2) O l thdng nhat mdt x i hpi da ngdn ngdvdi n i y lai ehia t h i n h ba loai theo tinh hinh sd sir da dang v l ngdn ngd dung ngdn n g d t h d hai k l hoach day hpe: (3) O l giup mpi ngudi cd t h i giao tilp vdi t h i (1) Md hinh day hpc song ngd kieu tham dam gidi b i n ngoii mdt p h i n (partial immersion), tdc la sd gid day (4) O l cung d p d c ki ning ngdn ngdddng d l hpc song ngd ehl ehilm khoing 50% tdng sd giao tilp thi trUdng, giup kilm dupe vile lam, gid l l n Idp; (2) Md hinh day hpe song ngd k i l u (5) O l bio tdn b i n sic vin hda d i n tdc t h i m dam t o i n p h i n (total immersion), tde (6) Oe hda hpp, hda giii gida cic cpng ddng l i 100% sd gid l l n Idp deu day hpc song ngd; ed ngdn n g d v i chinh trj khie (3) Md hinh day hpe song ngd dua t r i n mdn (7) O l md rdng ngdn ngd thudc dia hda, xa hpc (content - based bilingual instruction) thi hpi hda t o i n bp dan sd theo sU tdn tai mang tinh khdng quy djnh sd gid eu t h i eho day hpc song thudc dja ngd v i mdn hpe l i npi dung eda md hinh day (8) O l tang eudng cie nhdm ngudi ed quyin hpc song ngd (tuy thudc v i o mue dleh, n h u d u lUc v i bio v l vj tri eda hp x i hdi eda tdng trudng/ dja phuang khie d l bd (9) 04 tao sU binh ding mang tinh phip trl thdi lupng v i mdn hpe) luit ddi vdi cie ngdn ngd khdng ddpc sd dung • Chuang trinh dgy hge sif dung tiing me cdng bing ddi sdng hing ngiy di eda HS HS b i t d i u d i n trUdng, nhung sau (10) D l ting them su h leu bilt v l ngdn ngd vi dd ehuyin d i n sang sd dung ngdn ngd eda n h i van hda trudng 64 giing day mpt sd mdn hpc, v i sd dung Cic vi du trin eho thly day hpe song ngd tilng me d l d l day mpt sd mdn hpe khie Chuong khdng nhlt thilt quan tam d i n vile sd dung cin trinh niy cdn dupe gpi l i chuang trinh song ngd duybing hai ngdn ngd Idp hpe Ding sau giio tri tiing medi (maintenance bilingual education) due song ngd l i hing loat t r i l t li khie v i trii • Chuang trinh dgy hge sit dung mpt phdn ngupe v l mue dieh eda giio due Cie vin d l hay toin bp tiing me di eda HS de giing day v i n hda x l hdi, chinh trj v i kinh t l dang 6ugc tranh HS b i t d i u d i n trudng, v i sau dd chuyin sang luin d l dua v i o chuong trinh day hpc song ngd chl sd dung ngdn ngd cda n h i trudng d l giing day Chuang trinh niy ddi duoc gpi l i chuang SACHTHAMKHAO trinh song ngd chuyin ddi (transitional bilingual Baker, C (1993) Foundation of Bilingual education) Education and Bilingualism, Oxford University Press, Rieharchs, Piatt Heidi (1999)LongnfianDiaionary Cieh thdc phin loai chuong trinh day hpe song ngd I i ein ed v i o muc dleh khic eda of Applied Linguistks, Oxford University Press mdi loai chuang trinh Vi du: Fishman (1971) Bilingualism, Cambridge - Chuang trinh dgy hgc song ngd chuyin ddi University Press nhim chuyin ddi vile dung ngdn ngd eda dda t r l SUMMARY td tilng me d l , hay ngdn ngd thilu sd sang ngdn The article addresses some theoretical issues ngd ndi trdi, dupc dung phd biln Su ddng hda v i n hda v i xa hdi thdng qua ngdn ngd ndi trdi l i mue bilingual teaching The author presents theconcepts bilingual teaching, bilingual competencies, bilingu dieh CO bin cua chuong trinh niy - Chuang trinh dgy hgc song ngd tri tiing language used by individuals and classification o me di nhlm cd g i n g b i o tdn v i nudi dudng tilng bilingual teaching programs •KHOA HQC GlAO DQC ... dupe nang "song ngd" Theo djnh nghia cd diln, song ngd l i "khi nang kilm soit dupc hoae nhilu ngdn ngd gidng nhU bin n g d " - hinh nhu djnh nghTa niy nhin manh d i n mde "tdi da" cda song ngd... ning sd dung c i ngdn ngd mpt cieh thuan thuc hay cdn gpi la song ngd c i n bing 1.2.5 Bdn song ngd(Semilinguaiism) Nhdng ngudi cd ning song ngd thudng ed khuynh hudng ndi trdi v l mpt sd ngdn ngd... i n vile hilu v i sddung song ngd ring hilm ed e i nhin nio ed nang lUe ngdn ngd Nhu viy, k h i ning sddung song ngdeda e i nhin d n bing mpi tinh hudng d d ngdn ngd (song ngd chdc nang) khie