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MOT SO G U I PHAP QUAN LJ CONG TA£ OAO TAO NGHE CAC mim DAY NGHE THEO HITDNG m m NHU CAU XA HOI o ThS NGUYIN THI HANG* udc sang eo ehl thj frudng, ddo tqo (OT) theo hudng cung (supply driven) dd khdng cdn phu hqp Ngdy nay, vdl quy Iudt cung edu cuo thj trudng, DT phdi hudng tdi ddp ung ill da duqc nhu edu loo dfng (LD) kT thuqt cuo khdeh hdng v l ehdt luqng, sd luqng cung nhu eo cdu ngdnh nghl vd hinh df Do vfy, d l tdn k;il vd phdt triln, ode frudng phdi ehuyin sang DT theo ohudng edu" (demand driven) Hdu h^ cdc nude phdt friln dd H ^ hdnh cdi cdch gido dye Kr nhirng ndm 1980 din nay, mftfrongnhung nfl dung edi cddi Id ehuyin DT Kr «hudng eung" song chudng cdu* d l ddp ung nhu cdu cua thj frudng ID (1) Nhd nude ta eOng dd ed ehO hvong DT ddp ung nhu cdu xd hfl (NCXH) Chiln luqe phdt friln gido dye 2011 -2020 dd ndu rd: «Tdng cudng gdn DT vdl su dyng, nghidn cuu khoa hqc vd ehuyin gloo edng nghf ddp iing NCXH" (2) Tuy nhidn, cho din ede trudng dqy nghl (TDN) dang gdp nhllu khd khdn frong vifc thye hifn ehu fruong h * i , do: - Chua ed duqc cdc thfing Hn ddy du v l nhu edu hryln dyng LD kT thuft hdng ndm cung nhufrongii hoqch ndm cijo cdc doanh nghiep (DN); ehua bilt duqc nhu cdu hqe nghl hdng ndm cuo HS phd thdng vd nhihig ngudi LD mudn hqc nghl; - HS phd thdng chua duqc hudng nghldp vd phdn ludng lit ndn dang hudng nhllu vdo dql hqc md it quan tam din hqc nghl; - Chuong trinh DT chua cd chud'n ddu ro vd nfl dung phu hqp vdi ydu cdu LDKT eua cdc DN; - Cde dilu kifn ddm bdo chdt luqng DT nhu GV, eo sd vdt ehdt, trang thilt bj dqy hqc eua cdc TDN ehua ddp ung duqc ydu cdu edn thilt; - QL TDN frong co ehl thj hvdng dang cdn rdt mdi md doi vdl ede nhd QL nhd hvdng Ddy Id nguydn nhdn eo bdn dd gdy ndn tdtcd cdc nguydn nhdn ndu frdn Do vfy, fim nhihig gidi phdp QL d l DT nghl ddp ung duqc nhu edu cuo xd hfi Id vdn d l cd'p thilt Thdnh If p trung tam khdo sdt nhu edu DT vd tu vd'n nghl Xdc djnh nhu edu DT Id xudt phdt dilm cuo DT nghl ddp iing NCXH Mft dilu hiln nhidn Id khdng Ihl DT ddp ung NCXH oic TDN khdng bilt nhu edu eua xd hfl Id nhifrig gi Khde vdl thdl ki boo cdp hvdc ddy, frong oo ehl thj hvdng vd vdl ehu fruc«ig phdn edp QLfrongDT nghl, xdc djnh nhu edu DT Id xudt phdt dilm cuo DT nghl, ddng thdl Id nhldm vy quan frqng hdng ddu eua ede TDN d l tuyin sinh hdng ndm eho phu hqp vdl quy luft cung - cdu, ylu td quy^ i^nh sy ldn hpi vd phdtfrilncua cdc TDN Gidl phdp ndy nhdmfrdldi edu hdi: «Xd hfl ed nhu cdu gi dll vdl cdc TDN?" Trung tam khdo sdt nhu cdu hqe nghl vd hr vdn nghl thye hidn cdc hoqt dfng: Khdo sdt nhu edu ID lO* thuft hdng ndm cung nhufrongkl hoqch ndm dn cdc DN di kjp thdi ndm bdt nhu edu DT ngudn nhdn lyc cuo hq Ben cqnh dd, khdo sdt nhu cdu hqc nghlcija HS phd thdng vd ngudi LD cd nhu edu hqe nghl d l Kr vdn eho hq chqn duqc nghl phu h ^ vd d l ed eo hfl fim duqe vide Idm sou tdt nghldp Kit qud cuo nhifrig hoqt dfng ndufrdneua gidl phdp Id Hin d l ddm bdo eho ddu vdo, d l TDN cd ihl tuyin sinh cd chdt luqng, du sd luqng vd co cd'u ngdnh nghl phu hqp vdl nhu edu eua ede DN, ddng thdi ed thi dy h'nh duqc kit qud ddu ro d l HS tdt nghldp ed eo hfl Hm duqc vlfe Idm QL vifc phdt fr-iln chuong frinh DT ddp ung nhu cdu cdc DN Phdt friln chuong frinh DT ddp iing nhu edu cdc DN cdn duqc thye hifn theo mft quy frinh gdm ede bude sou ddy: - Phdn Hch nhu cdu cOa cdc DN vi Irinh dd kTndng vd dl$n nghi cua cdc nghi DT Di ndng coo ndng sud't LD frong SX, cdc DN thudng su dyng CNKT didn nghl h^p vdl frinh df chuydn mdn hod cao d Krng vj fri LD cOa xi nghldp Trong Trong bdi vilt ndy, tac gid kiln nghj mft sd gidl phdp sou ddy: * TnMn CM < i i | ã{ll* U tlMit côi( ã{kt TP M CM Nik B Tap chi 6lao due so on i • >/aoia) dd, cdc TDN hifn dang DT theo ede nghl difn rf ng Do vdy, d l DT ddp ifrig NCXH, vide quan frqng Id cde TDN phdi khdo sdt, phdn h'eh vd ddnh gid nhu cdu cuo cdc DN vl frinh df kT ndng vd difn nghl d hirng vj fri LD md hq dong cdn d l ddp irng nhu cdu eua hq - Xdc djnh myc Iliu cua chuong Irinh DT iheo chudn cdng rtghl^p Mye Hdu eua DT Id nhifrig ndng lye md t-IS phdi dqt duqe sou ta't nghifp khda DT Do vdy, d l ddp ung duqe nhu edu eua DN, cuo ngudi su dyng LD ddng thdl d l HS sou tdt nghifp ed co hfl Hm duqe vide Idm phu hqp vd Idm vifc dqt ndng sudt, ehd't luqng theo ydu cdu eua SX, mye Hdu DT phdi xud't phdt h> nhu cdu SX eua DN Myc Hdu DT khdng ehi phdn dnh cdc Hin bf eiia KH-CN duqc dp dyngfrongfrongSX md cdn phy thufc vdo vlfe phdn edng LDSX eua Krng DN, cd nghTa Id phy thufc vdo frinh df chuydn mfn nghl nghifp vd difn nghl ciio ngudi LD tql vj fri SX cua hq Vi nhu: cdc nhd SX dang cdn thq son, thq Idm ddng, thq khung gdm d ta, thq difn d ta, dfng cod ta, nhung cdcfrudngk;il DT thq «cdng nghf d ta' Id thilu thye Hin, khdng hidu qud Ndl mft cdch khde, mye Hdu DT cua ede khod hqe edn phdi xudt phdt h> chudn cdng nghifp cuo cdc vj fri LD, oJo cdc ngdnh SX chir Icifng phdi chi cdc nhd gido dye h/ d l nhu hidn Sou xdc djnh duqc nhu cdu cua cdc DN v l frinh df kr ndng vd difn nghl cuo CNKT cdc nghl, cdc TDN cdn xdy dyng chudn ddu ro eho cde chuong frinh DT Chud'n ddu ro ndy phdi cdn cu vdo chudn cdng nghifp cuo cde ngdnh SX ehu khdng phdi cdc nhd gido dye h/ d l ro nhu chung ta thudng Idm DT nghl Id mft trnh vyc rdt nhqy edm vdi SX Chudn cdng nghifp ludn thay ddl vdi sy phdt friln cuo SX dudi tde dfng eua khoa hqe vd edng nghd Do vfy, chud'n ddu cud chuong frinh dqo tao nghl cung phdi duqc thudng xuydn cdp nhdt vdl sy phdt frien cua SX mil ki chuang Mnh DT Chuong trinh DT Id thi hifn cy thi cua mye Hdu DT Khi myc Hdu DT thoy ddl thi nfl dung chuong frinh DT cung phdi thoy dd'l theo Do vfy, sou xdc djnh duqc chud'n ddu cuo mye tieu chuongfrinhDT, cdn thilt k l nfl dung chuong frinh DT cho phu hqp vdl nhu cdu cuo cde DN Chuong frinh DT nghl gdm nfl dung chuong frinh vd cdu friie chuong frinh Hifn cdc TDN dang td chirc DT theo chuang frinh khung DT ddl hqn theo nghl didn rf ng ndn chua phu hqp vdl yeu edu cua ede DN Do vdy, ede TDN cdn edn cu vdo chuong frinh khung ciio co quan QL nhd nude ban hdnh, ddng thdl phdi edn cir vdo myc Hdu DT cdc nghl xd hfl md cde DN dang ydu cdu de hodn thifn nfl dung vd cdu fruc Iqi chuong frinh DT theo cde module kr ndng hdnh nghl theo nghe difn hep eho phu hqp vdi nhu cdu eua cdc DN D l dqt duqe chuongfrinhDT nhu vfy, edn ldi eudn duqc sy tham gia eiia cdc DN frong vifc xdy dyng nfl dung chuongfrinhDT vi hon al hit, ngudi su dyng LD hilu rd Id hq edn gi d ngudi LD cho DN cua hq - Tdchuc hiin khai chuong Mnh DT Di DT ddp ung nhu cdu cdc DN, cde chuongfrinhphfl dugc vifc td chuc friln khoi DT theo tilp cf n ndng lyc thye hifn, gdn li thuylt vdl thye hdnh, khdng phdn ehiaridngrd bdi li thuylt vdl bdi thye hdnh Vdl frilt li cua DT theo ndng lyc thye hidn Id «hqc d l thdnh thqo cdc cdng vifc cua nghl, d l cd co hfl fim duqc vide Idm", vifc ihyc hidn chuong frinh DT phdi ddm bdo d l ngudi hqe sou hqc xong khdo DT sd cd khd ndng thye hifn thdnh thqo cde cdng vlfe cuo nghl d l ed eo hfl fim duqc vide Idm Chudn nghl nghifp Id thudc cua sy thdnh thqo cdng vlfe cuo nghl, vfy, phdi filn hdnh dqy hqc theo Kfrig cdng vifc cuo nghl, chua thdnh thqo thi chua dqy sang cfng vide khde vd sy thdnh thqo Krng cdng vlfe phdi duqc ddnh gid theo chudn cdng nghldp Mft dilu ddng quon tam id d l ngudi hqc c6 ihl thdnh thqo ede edng vlfe cfng vifc eua nghl, cdn cd nhifrig dilu kifn nhdt djnh Hqc nghl chii yeu Id hqe SX, ckj vdy, ciing nhufrongSX, ngudi hqc edn ed nhifrig dilu kidn cdn thilt nhu: mdy mdc, thilt bj, edng ey, didn, dnh sdng, nguydn vft lifu d l ed ihl hqc thye hdnh kii miie thye hidn thdnh thqo cde cdng vlfe eiia nghl dqt chudn quy djnh vd phdt friln ndng lyc cuo minh frong qud frinh hqe top Nhifrig dilu kidn ndy cung cdn ddm bdo ddy du v l chdt luqng vd sd luqng cdn ihllt theo ydu cdu eiia Kfrig edng vlfe eua nghl thi ngudi hqe mdi cd thi thye hidn duqe nhifrig edng vifc dqt chudn quy dinh Trilt li ndy dd d l ro mft ydu cdu ddl vdi dqy hqe theo ndng lye thye hidn Id phdi cd ddy du eo sd vdt ehdt, frang thilt bj edn thilt thi vide dqy hqe mdi cd kit qud - Ddn/i gid vd cdl Hin chuong Mnh DT Sou k^ thiic moi khod DT, edn ddnh gid vide thye hidn chuong frinh DT Vlfe ddnh gid ede ehucmg Tap chi Giao due so (kt i 9/aoia) frinh DT nhdm myc dich: 1) Ddnh gid chdt luqng ON Nhu frdn dd frinh bdy, chudn edng nghldp hidu qud cua khod OT bdng cdch so sdnh ehdt luong ludn thay ddl, bdi vdy, TDN khdng ihl kjp thdl ede HS dqt duqc so vdl chudn edng nghifp vd myc nhdn blit duqc sy thoy ddl ndy d l doi mdi mye Hdu DT d l ra; 2) Ddnh gid vlfe friln UTOI khod hqe Hdu vd nfl dung chuong trinh OT nlu khdng cd sy d l rut ro kinh nghifm eho cdc khod DT nip theo nho frq cuo cdc DN; - Cde TDN ed thi phdi hqp Trong qudfrinhddnh gid ndy, khdng loqi tru khd vdi cde DNfrongvide td chuc friln khai cdc khod ndng phdi dilu ehinh, edi filn mye Hdu vd nfl dung OT, ddc bift Id td ehue eho HS thi^e tdp SX tql cdc chuongfrinhOT Vdl hie dfng ciia KH-CN vd frong DN d l ndng cao ehd't luqng DT ddp ung nhu cdu eo ehl thj trudng cqnh franh, SX ludn phdt friln, DN Gidi phdp ndy cung gdp phdn gidl quylt chudn cdng nghifp lufn thay ddl, ddl hdi ehdt duqc khd khdn ciia TDN v l cdc dilu kifn ddm bdo luqng edng nhdn kr thuft ngdy cdng coo vd chdt luqng nhu GV, phuong Hdn vd thilt bj dqy vfy, myc Hdu vd nfl dung chuong frinh DT nghl thye hdnh nghl; - Vdl ed myc dich ddnh gid cde cung phdi cd nhCfrig thoy ddl edn thilt d l DT ddp chuong frinh OT, quo md'l lldn kit ndy, cde TDN ifrig duqc nhu edu cua cdc DN mft mdt ed thi phdi hqp vol cdc DN frong vifc ddnh gid ehdt luqng HS tdt nghifp cde khod DT Ndng coo ndng lyc cdn b f QL O l dqt duqe mye Hfu QLDT nhd frudng mft cdch khdeh quan vd chinh xdc nhdt, mft mdt theo hudng ddp i/ng NCXH thi ehinh dfl ngO cdn khde, cdc DN cd thi gdp y vdi nhd hvdng bf chu chdt cuo nhd hvdng phdi ddp irng duqc vide thay ddi, bd sung nhifrig nfl dung DT edn NCXH v l frinh df, ndng lye QL nhd trudng theo thi^ d l ddp ifrig eho nhu cdu cua hq CO ehl thj frudng Cdn bf Idnh dqo, QL nhd Hifn d cdc nude tidn Hin ed rdt nhllu md hvdng cd vol trd quylt djnh tdm nhin, chiln luqe, hinh vd hinh thue lidn kit giira TDN vd cdc DN myc Hfiu, chdt luqng DT vd sy phdt friln ciia trudng nhu: Md hinh DT song hdnh Id md hinh lidn kit vl thi khdng thi khdng ndng coo ndng lye Idnh giira nhd hvdng vd co sd sdn xud't (CSSX) frong dqo, QL cuo cdn bf chO chdt nhd frudng dd qud frinh DT nghl duqc td ehue song song, Phdt friln d f l ngG gido vifn (GV) dqy li thuylt d nhd hvdng dqy thye hdnh d CSSX Trong hvdng, dfl ngO GV duqc ddnh gid Id /v\d hinh OT ludn phldn cung lldn kit glOa nhd vdn d l cdt ldi cuo nhd hvdng, khdng cd GV, gidng frudng vd CSSX frong qud frinh hqc ludn phldn vidn gidl thi khdng thi ed mft ehdt luqng DT coo, giira nhdfrudngvd CSSX nhung khdng thoy ddi vd cdng hilm cd HS, SVta'tnghifp loql gidi Vdl hdng hrdn nhu md hinh song hdnh md sou mdi phuong thuc DT theo module kT ndng hdnh nghl glal doqn thye tdp edn bdn d hvdng, HS duqe ddl hdi GV phdi dqy theo ndng lyc thye hidn, phdi thye tqp SX tql vj fri thye tlcuo ngudi cdng nhdn, Hch hqp giua li thuylt vd thye hdnh nghl Do vdy, cudi khdo DT l-is duqe thye ldp tdt nghldp toi d l ehuyin ddi phuong thuc DTfronghvdng thi DT CSSX Md hinh OT hrdn h/ cung hrong h/ td chuc qudfrinhOT nhu hoi md hinhfrdnnhung ehi ehia vd bdi duong GV Id mft nhldm vy quon trqng Tdng cudng md'l lidn kit giua TDN vd ro Idm hoi glal doqn: Giai doqn ddu hqe li thuylt vd thye hdnh eo bdn tql frudng, gioi doqn sau Id cdcDN D l DT ddp irng nhu cdu cdc DN, videtangcudng glal doqn thye hdnh SX vd thye hdnh tdt nghldp mdi lldn kit giOa TDN vd cdc DN Id dilu edn thilt duqc thye hifn tai CSSX A^'l lidn kit ndy sd h;io dilu kidn thudn \qi cho vifc Quo thye filn thye hidn mdi lidn kit OT glOa thye hifn cde gidi phdp ndu frdn, bdi Id: - Cdc TDN vd DN md hie gid dd filn hdnh, ddc dilm TDN ihudng xuydn ed duqc cde thdng Hn v l nhu Hnh hinh thye Hen tql Vidt Nkam thi md hinh don cdu CNICT eua ede DNfrdncdc mdt ehdt luqng, sd xen Id hqp nhd't Cd nghTa Id vdn td chirc qud luqng cung nhu co cd'u ngdnh nghl vd frinh df frinh OT vCro d frudng vira d CSSX, nhung khdng Qua dd, TDN cd thi phdn h'eh nhu edu eua cdc theo mft quy djnh qud rdng budc v l thdl gian DT DN v l sd luqng, vi frinh df kl ndng vd didn nghl d trudng hay d CSSX, md theo myc dich vd ndl aja ede nghl DT d l xdy dyng kl hoqch hryln sinh dung cua chuongfrinhDT, Kr ldp k l hoqch soo hdng ndm eho phu hqp; • Cdc TDN cd the ldi cudn eho qudfrinhDT hodnta'tvd kit thuc hjmg module cde DN tham gio vdo vlfe xdc djnh myc Hdu cuo de ddm bdo llnh hoqt vd mim ddofrongmdi lien chuong frinh OT theo chudn edng nghiep vd cdl kit OT giirafrudngvd CSSX Ngudi hqe ed ihl chi Hin nfl dung chuong frinh OT ddp ung nhu edu (Xem Hip h-ang 53) Tap chi Slao due so i • »/aoia) mim d l hinh thdnh BTA D l xdy dyng bdo tdng mqng, GV sS ldp frinh v l gloo difn, cdc frong Web frung bdy d l ddng tdi frSn mqng, vi dy Bdo tdng mqng LS qudc gia (xem hinh 1) BTA d l xdy dyng hon bdng vISc su dyng chuong frinh Powerpoint; qua vlfe tqo hinh, kf ve, ehSn hinh dnh, vdn bdn, tqo llSn kit, GV xdy dyng nSn nhi/ng phdng frung bdy cdc hlfn vdt (xem cho HS; ddng fhdl ed h'nh ung dyng vd phd bien frong dqy hqe LS.Q Tai li^u tham khio NguySn Thj COi Mo tang i|ch s6 va bio tang each m^ng day hpc L|ch sdar trudng pUt thtfng NXB Dpi hpc qudc gia, H 1998 T A Cudrinoi Bao tang va tmong phtf thOng NXB Gidod((c,H 1985 htnh 2) Phan Ngpc Lien (t6ng chii bien) - Luong Ninh 4) Chtnh sua vd hodn thiin BTA mdi xdy dyng Truong Httu Quynh (chii bien) Ljch sd 10 NXB Cido a duqe GV d i l u chinh, ddm bdo sy thdng nhdt, difc, H 2007 d l sO dyng, d l quan sdt, ddp img duqc myc dich SUMMARY su dyng frong dqy hqe LS The virtual museum Is to preserve and display the collechons of natural and social history In digital form to senre the needs for research, educahon, tourism Bf mdn LS d frudng phd thdng cd uu f h l frong and culhjral enjoyment of the people Virtue^ Museum has some advantages to overcome the limitations of vlfe ung dyng CNTT Xdy dyng vd su dyng BTA traditional museums In the learning history In teachchinh Id eon dudng, bifn phdp gdp phdn ndng ing history, virtual museum Is also a new solution, txihdcoo chd't luqng dqy hqe, tqo fhu sdu sdc ing effective electronk: lectures Thiet keva Sir dung Mot SO glal pliap quan li (Tlip theo trang 56) (Tlip theo trang 11) dyng Hnh hud'ng DH dya vdo nhifrig co sd khoo hqe nhdm ndng coo chd't lucmg vd ddl mdi PPDH.a hodn ihdnh mft sd module b duqc phep «hdnh nghl", duqc hryin dyng, cd vlfe b m , sou dd kil Hip hfc hqe ede module khde ed nhu edu, ddy ehinh Id mft frong ede gidl phdp fhyc hiSn duqc nhu edu hqc sudt ddi cOa ngudi LD (1) NguySn Thj Phuong Hoa Sii di/ing phuang phdp hnh hudng dfiy hpc mdn Gido d\ic hpc tpi truimg DHNN - DHQG Hd Nfii Bi tai nghien cihi khoa hpc cipDHQG, H.2010 (2) Boehrer, J., How to teach a case Kennedy School ofGovemment Case Programme, 1995, Case No Cl 895-1285.0 available from (3) Boehrer, J - Linsicy, M "Teaching with Cases: Learning to Question." In M D Svinicki (ed.) The Changing Face of College Teaching New Directions for Teaching and Learning, no 42 San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1990 (4) Nguyin Hthi Lam Dpy hpc theo phuong phdp tinh hudng (bdi gidng) Chuomg trinh day hpc Kinh t^ Fulbright (01/10/2003 - 04/10/2003 tai FETP SUMMARY ••• QLOT d ede TDN theo hudng ddp ung NCXH Id mft xu hudng td't y l u vd khdeh quan Id mdt yfu cdu buc thiet d l thye h If n quy Iudt eung - edu frong OT O l OT ddp u'ng NCXH ndl ehung vd nhu edu ede DN ndl rISng, theo ehung fdl, edn fhyc hlfn ddng bq mqt sd gidi phdp dd neu fren.Q Tai li^u tham khdo (1) R.Noonan, Mananging TVET to meet Labor Market Demand Stockholm, April, 1998 (2) Thii tudng Chinh phu Chii'n iupe phdt triin gido dvc 2011-2020 SUMMARY The crttele Introduces SomesoWfonso^/roriihemcrv Ivtodem teaching is Interested in training shident agement In vocational training schools to meet sock3l skills Instead in teaching knowledge One of the im- demand sucti as: Establishing the Cenhe forlnveshgatneeds and Career gukionce: Management portant skills in learning as well as in the life is analysis inghcilnhg synthesis This skill can tie halned In different subjectsthe Curriculum devekspmentto meet social demands, Enhancing competence of leaders, manager and and methodok>gles In this arhcle, we show how to use teaching case studies to practice shjdents the skill of teachers devek>pment and founding the rekjtton between vocattonal halnhg sctKiols and enterprises analysis - synthesis Tap ehi Glao due s6 (kt i • v/aoia) - ... nfl dung vd cdu fruc Iqi chuong frinh DT theo cde module kr ndng hdnh nghl theo nghe difn hep eho phu hqp vdi nhu cdu eua cdc DN D l dqt duqe chuongfrinhDT nhu vfy, edn ldi eudn duqc sy tham gia... CSSX, nhung khdng Qua dd, TDN cd thi phdn h''eh nhu edu eua cdc theo mft quy djnh qud rdng budc v l thdl gian DT DN v l sd luqng, vi frinh df kl ndng vd didn nghl d trudng hay d CSSX, md theo myc... luqng DT coo, giira nhdfrudngvd CSSX nhung khdng thoy ddi vd cdng hilm cd HS, SVta''tnghifp loql gidi Vdl hdng hrdn nhu md hinh song hdnh md sou mdi phuong thuc DT theo module kT ndng hdnh nghl glal