GIflODUC DflOTI w9 Gia tri cam niian ciia sinh vien ve dich vu dao tao • • • • • van bang dai hoc thir hai o" cac trirong dai hoc Bill Thi Thanh* Nghien eiru ndy nhdm kham phd vd dinh vi ede thdnh phd[.]
w9 GIflODUC-DflOTI Gia tri cam niian ciia sinh vien ve dich vu dao tao • • • • • van bang dai hoc thir hai o" cac trirong dai hoc Bill Thi Thanh* Nghien eiru ndy nhdm kham phd vd dinh vi ede thdnh phdn gid Iri cam nhdn cua sinh vien vi djch vu dao tao vdn bdng dgi hgc thir hai d cde trirong dgi hgc Dii- Hiu khao sdi dugc thu thdp lir 5H8 sinh vien dang iheo hgc vdn bdng dgi hgc ihir hai d ede Irudng dgi hge tgi TP HCM Md hinh nghien ciiv de xudl dua tren nghien eiru gid tri cdm nhdn cua Patrick (2002) eua Shelh el al (1991) vd ke thira cde kel qud nghien eiru gid tri com nhdn Irong Imh vuc dich vu dao lao eua LeBlane vd Nguyen (1999) Do tin egy vd gid Iri cua thang dirge kiem dinh bdng hi sd Cronbach 's alpha vd phdn lieh nhdn td kham phd (EFA) Kit qud phdn lieh hdi quy da bien eho thdy gid Iri cdm nhgn ciia sinh vien ve dich vu dao tao vdn bdng dgi hoc Ihir hai gdm bay ihdnh phdn xip theo thir lu quan Irgng giam ddn nhu sau: gid tri tiin ti (^=0.378), gid tri in thirc ((i=0.36l) gid tri chdl lugng (^=0.286) gid tri chirc ndng ({3=0.240), gid tri dieu kien (p=0.234) gid iri hinh dnh (p=0,179) vd gid tri xa hdi (P^O, 077) Tir khda: Gia trj cam nhan, sinh vien, dich vy dao tgo van bang dgi hgc thir hai Gioi thieu Bdi canh hgi nhgp quoc te va cam ket md cira Ihi trudng djch vy sau gia nhgp WTO ciia Chinh phii Vipt Nam da mang lai ca hgi nhung ddng thdi cung Igo ap Igc budc nganh giao due- dao igo phal nhanh chdng ddi mdi he thdng giao due dgi hgc theo hudng nang cao chat lugng va da dgng hda cac loai hinh dao tao Theo dd, nhu'ng nam gan day, djch vy dao Igo dgi hgc van bang dai hpc thir hai da dugc nhicu trudng dgi hgc dua vao ap dyng va thu hiu dugc sg lua chgn ciia nhieu ngudi hge vdi muc dich ciia hg la gia tang ca hgi chuyen ddi nghi nghipp, boi dudng kian thirc ky nang va nang cao kha nang thich irng trirdc nhiTng ddi hdi cang cao ciia xa hgi Tii\ nhien, nhihig yeu to nao quyet dmh sg hai Idng va kha nang hiit sinh vien den vdi djch vu dao igo van bang dgi hgc ihir hai? Phdng van can bg quan ly dao tgo d mgi so trudng dgi hgc tai TR HCM cho thay cdn cd nhung quan diem khac tham chi thieu rd rang, chang hgn: nhin chung la ngi dung chuong trinh dao tgo va thdi lugng dao tgo: chat lugng ^lang vien va phuang phap giang day; dieu kien dgy va hgc va cac djch vy bd trg; miic hgc phi- ho$c sg ket hgp cac yeu id NghTa la S,'i 193 Ihdng 7/2013 dudng nhu cac nha cung eSp dich vy dao igo van bang dgi hgc thir hai van chua tra Idi thau dao duge cac cau hdi: gia tri cam nhan ciia sinh vien hge van bang dgi hgc thir hai la gi? Gdm nhung ihanh phan nao? Trong do, nhii'ng phan nao ddng vai trd quyet djnh? Mac dii, day chinh la co sd de cac trudng dgi hoc nang cao chat lugng djch vy dao igo, gia tang su hai long va kha nang thu hiit sinh vien Tren tinh than do, myc lieu ciia nghien ciru la kham pha va djnh vj cac phan gia trj cam nhan eua sinh vien ve dich vu dao tgo van bang dgi hgc Ihir hai thdng qua viec \zy dgng va kiem djnh md hinh nghien ciiu gia tri cam nhgn ciia sinh vien ve dich vy dao lao van bang dai hgc thir hai d cac irudng dgi hgc tgi TP HCM Co &d ly thuyet va mo hinh nghien ciru 2.1 Gid Iri cdm nhdn vd cdc thdnh phdn eua gid tri cdm nhgn Theo Zeithaml (1988), gia trj cam nhan la su danh gia tdng the cua ngudi lieu dimg \e linh huu dung ciia san pham, djch vu dga tren nhan thuc vi nhiing gi nhgn dugc va nhiing gi hg da bd ra; ddng thai, chat lugng, gia ca (tien te va phi tl6n te), danh tieng ciia san pham, djch vu va phan img cam xue kiflllfilallriefl pIflODUCBflOTflO (lam cho khach hang cam xue nhu the nao) li nhimg phan cd quan he vdi gia trj cam nhan > Theo Shelh et al (1991), gia tri cam nhSn gdm nam phan: gia trj chirc nang, gia trj tri thirc, gia trj xa hdi gia tri cam xiic va gia tri dieu kien, Trong dd: - Gia tri chiic nSng dfi cap den Igi ich kinh te ma khach hang cam nhgn dugc bat ngudn tir cac thugc tinh (linh nang, tien ich, ) ciia cac san pham va dich vy; - Gia Irj tri thiic d6 cap den Igi Ich ihu dugc thdng qua eung cap linh mdi hogc khoi day su td md, sang tao eiia khach hang nham dap ung nhu cau phal trien tri thirc; - Gia trj xa hgi 6k cgp den loi ich xa hgi, dd la khach hang dugc ghi nhgn, dugc d6 cao, hoac dugc gia nhap vao cac mdi quan hp xa hgi, , - Gia trj cam xue de cap den cac gia irj Men quan den cam xue hay trgng thai tinh cam vui, budn mua dugc san phSm dich vu, ciing nhu an tugng ciia khach hang qua trinh lieu diing san pham, djch vy - Gia tri difiu kipn de cap den cSc tien de kinh 18, xa hpi (bao gdm cac chi phf tien va phi tien tp, thii tuc phap ly) ma khach hang phai dap irng chgn mua san pham, djeh vu Theo Sweeney et al (1998), gia Irj chat lugng, gia trj earn xiic gia ca va gia trj xa hdi ndi ten nhu la nhQ'ng dgc trung eiia gia trj cam nhgn ve mgl san pham Trong dd, chat lugng phan anh san pham dirge tgo tdi nhu the nao? Gia trj cam xue phan anh san pham lam cho khach hang cam thay nhu the nao? Gia ca giai thich sd tien phai tra cho san pham da hgp ly hay chua? Gia trj xa hgi nhu la niem vui va an tugng cd dugc tir vipc mua san pham so vdi cac san pham khac Theo Petrick (2002), hau hk cac nha nghien ciru nhu: Bojanic (1996) Grewal et al (1998), Jayanii va Ghosh (1996), Oh (1999), Parasuraman va Grewal (2000), Woodruff va Gardial (1997), Zeithaml (1988) deu cho rang gia Irj cam nhgn la mgt sy so sanh giira nhirng gi ngudi tieu diing "nhgn dirge " so vdi nhii'ng gi ngudi tieu diing phai "bd ra" de gianh duge san pham, djch vy dd Ap dung cho ITnh vyc djch \y lien quan den nhirng gi ngudi lieu diing "nhgn dugc", bao gdm: phan irng cam xue, chat lugng va danh lieng cua djch vy; lien quan den nhung gi phal bd la gia ca lien le va gia ca hanh \ I the hipn Ihdi gian va nd Ige dugc sir dung de lim kiem san pham, djch vu Trong dd: Chal lugng dugc Dodds et al (1991), Swait va S,i 193 lining -21113 Sweeney (2000) djnh nghTa nhu la sg danh gia ve nhirng diem ndi bgt ho§c vuol trgi ed linh tdng the ciia san phSm, djch vy Phan img cam xue dugc Grewal et al (1998), Parasuraman va Grewal (2000), Zeithaml (1988) djnh nghTa la nifim vui nhgn dugc mua hang, hay Iheo Sweeney et al (1998) la sy danh gia, sg md ta ve su hai Idng ciia ngudi mua doi vdi san pham, dich vu dugc cung cap Danh tiSng dugc Dodds ei al (1991) va Zeithaml (1988) dinh nghTa nhu la uy tin, vj the ciia mdt san pham, dich vy dugc cam nhan bdi ngudi mua, dga vao hinh anh cua nha cung cdp Gia ca tien te dugc Jacoby va Olson (1977) djnh nghTa nhu la gia cua mgt san pham, dich vy dugc hinh dung bdi ngudi tieu diing, hay Iheo Sweeney va Soutar (2001) la nhtmg lgi ieh nhan dugc tir san pham, djch vy nhd giam dugc chi phi cam nhan ngan hgn va dai hgn Gia ca hanh vi dugc Zeithaml (1988) xae djnh la gia ca (phi ti6n Ip) d^ dat dugc mgt djch vy, bao gdm thdi gian va nd Igc dugc sir dyng de tim ki^m san pham, djch vy Theo LeBlane va Nguyen (1999), ket qua kiem dinh lgi Irudng dai hgc chuyen nganh Kinh te d Canada, tbi gia trj cam nhan cua sinh vien ve djch vy dao tgo duge ludng bdi sau phan xep theo thu tu quan trgng giam dan la: gia trj chiie nang (chat lugng - gia ca); gia Iri tri Ihirc; gia trj chuc nang (ihda man udc mudn), gia trj hinh anh, gia trj cam xue va gia trj xa hgi Nhu vgy, gia trj cam nhan la mgt khai nipm da phan, mac dii quan diem ve eae phan chua cd su ddng nhat giii'a cac nghien ciiu Song, v6 thgc chSt gia trj cam nhan cung chinh la gia trj danh cho ngudi mua ciia Porter hay gia tri danh cho khach hang ciia Philip Kotler, dd la sg so sanh giua nhiing Igi Ich ma khich hang nhgn dugc (chat lugng, chuc nang, cam xiic, Iri thiic, hinh anh va su ghi nhgn eiia xa hdi) so vdi nhiing gi hg da bo (lien te, thdi gian, nd lyc, riil ro) 2.2 Mo hinh gid trj cdm nhgn cda sinh vien ve dich vu dao tgo van bdng dgi hge thir hai d cdc trudng dgi hoc Van bang dgi hgc thir hai la van bSng cap cho nhirng ngudi da cd it nhat mgt bang tot nghipp dgi hgc, sau hoan day dii chuang trinh dao tao dgi hgc cua nganh dao Igo mdi, cd dii dieu kien de cdng nhan va cap bang tdt nghipp dai hgc (Quyet djnh sd 22/200I/OD-BGD&DT) So vol sinh vien hgc vSn bang dgi hgc thir nh5t, M\tmm m GIflODUCfiflOTI cua ihj trudng; gid tri cam nhdn ciia sinh \ien la cam nhgn ve rfhtrng lgi ich (kien thiic, ky nang mdi, kinh nghiem lir su chia se ciia IhSy cd, ban be) ma sinh vien nhgn dugc tir djch vu dao tao so vdi nhiing hao phi (hgc phi, thdi gian va cdng sire) ma hg phai bd de thy hudng dich vu sinh \ len hgc van bang dgi hgc ihii hai d cac trudng dai hgc cd dae diem la hau h^t sd hg da cd trai nghipm nhit djnh ca vS vipc bgc lin hogt dgng4hgc tien ddng thai, myc tieu ciia vipc hgc dugc xae djnh rd rang, dd la ITnh hgi ki£n ihirc, phat trien ky nang va thai de phyc vy cho hogi ddng nghe nghiep Vi the yeu cau ciia hg la chuong trinh dao lao phai gan k^l vdi ihyc lien, giang vien phai cd chuyen mdn sau, trai nghiem thgc te va sii dung ihgo phuong phap giang day tuong tac Da sd sinh vien hge van bang dai hgc thii hai da cd sg trirdng ve nhan thirc, mdt bd phgn khdng nhd dam nhan nhfrng vj tri, trgng trach nhat djnh cac td chu"c nen y thirc ly trgng va nhu cau the hien cao, Vi the, ngoai dieu kipn dgy, hgc va cac djch vy bd trg phal cd su cai thien dang ke so vdi sinh vien hgc van bang thir nhat, thi hg cdn cd nhirng yeu cau ddi vdi thai dg, trach nhiem ciia giang vien va nhan vien phyc vy Hon nira viec hgc van bang dgi hgc ihu hai d trudng nao cdn la de cai thien htnh anh va su ghi nhan ciia xa hgi ve chinh danh ciia hg Tir nhirng dac diem tren va dga vao cac nghien ciru trudc, dd trgng tam la nghien ciru ciia Sheth et al (1991) Petrick (2002) va LeBlane & NgiiNcii (1999) ve gia trj cam nhgn irong ITnh vyc djch vy dao lao, tac gia de xuat md hinh gia trj cam nhan ciia sinh vien ve djch vy dao tao van bang dgi hgc thii hai d cac trudng dgi hgc gdm cac ihanh phan: gia trj chSt lugng, gia trj tri thiic, gia trj chirc nang, gia trj hinh anh, gia trj xa hgi gia trj cam xiic va gia trj lien te (Hinh 1) Trong dd: gid trj chdl lirong la cam nhgn ciia sinh vien ve ngi dung chuang trinh dao tgo, giang vien, dieu kien day va hgc \;i cac dich \u bd Irg; gid tri tri thirc la cam nhgn ciia sinh \icn ve nhung kidn ihuc, k> nang \a kinh nghiem nhgn dugc tham dg chuong trinh dao tgo; gid tri chirc ndng la cam nhgn ciia sinh vien \k tinh hiiu ich ciia tri thirc va van bing hg nhgn dugc doi vdi yeu cau cua cdng vipc sy thang lien va phal Iri^n nghe nghiep ciia hg; gid tri hinh anh \a cam nhgn cim sinh vien \c danh tieng va van bang cua nha trirdng dem lgi sg hanh dien va sy lu tin eho hg trudc bgn be, dong nghiep; gid in xd hdi the hien d nhirng Igl ich xa hgi ma sinh vien nhan dugc Ihdng qua sy ghi nhgn \a kha nang md rgng mdi quan hp giao luu, hgc hdi chia se kinh nghiem \di bgn be ddng nghipp- thdy cd; gid tri cam trie the hipn mirc dg hai Idng x li an tugng ciia sinh vien \c djch vy dao tgo ciia nha irudng; gid tri tien /p phan anh cam nhan ciia sinh \ len ve miic hgc phi phai tra cd hgp ly va lirang ximg vdi chal lugng djch vy dao tgo \ di kha nfing ciia sinh \ icn va m?l bang chung Sd If3 rhiiiis 7/2III3 Ve mat logic, cac phan iren dugc khach hang danh gia cao, ibi gia trj cam nhgn cua khach hang cung cang cao va dieu cung dugc kiem djnh cae nghien ciru ciia Sheth et al (1991) Petrick (2002), LeBlane va Nguyen (1999), vi thi cd the phat bieu cac gia thuyet nghien ciru nhu sau: HI Khi sinh vien cam nhgn ve gia tn chat lugng cang cao thi gia trj cam nhan ciia hg ve djch vy dao lao cang cao H2: Khi sinh vien cam nhgn ve gia trj tri thOrc cang cao thi gia trj cam nhgn cita hg ve dich vu dao tao cang cao H3: Khi sinh vien cam nhgn vc gia trj chiie nang cang eao Ihi gia trj cam nhgn ciia hg ve djch vu dao Igo cang cao H4: Khi sinh vien cam nhgn ve gia irj xa hdi cang eao thi gia trj cam nhgn ciia hg ve djch vy dao tgo cang eao H5: Khi sinh vien cam nhan ve gia trj hinh anh cang cao thi gia trj cam nhgn ciia hg ve dich vu dao igo cang cao H6: Khi sinh vien cam nhan ve gia trj cam xiic cang cao thi gia trj cam nhan ciia hg ve djch vu dao lao cang cao H7: Khi sinh vien cam nhan ve gia trj lien le eiia djch vu dao tgo cang hgp ly thi gia tri cam nhan eiia hg ve djch vy dao tao cang cao Ngoai ra, dga theo ly thuyet ciia Kotler (2001, ir 46 198), thi gia irj cam nhan eua khach hang cao hay thap bj chi phdi bdi cac dac diem ca nhan Nghien ciru ciia Sheth et al (1991) cho thay cd su khac bipt ve gia trj cam nhgn giira cac nhdm khach hang iheo gidi linh, tudi nghe nghiep va thu nhap Vi the, cd the phat bieu gia Ihuyel H8 nhu sau: H8: Cd sy khac biet vS gia tri cam nhan ciia sinh vien ve djeh vy dao tao van bang dai hgc thir hai theo cac dgc diem ea nhan (gidi tinh, dg tudi, nganh hgc, nghe nghiep, thu nhgp) ciia sinh vien Phuong phap nghien ciru Nghien ciru sii dyng chii yeu cac phuong phap: - Phuang phap nghien cim djnh tinh dugc thgc hien bang ky thugt thao luan nhdm tap Irung (vdi su Iham gia ciia nhdm sinh vien dang Iheo hgc van bang dgi hgc Ihir hai d Irudng dgi hgc Kinh le TR 75 KiiittlpJhal Irien TODUC-OflOTflO nh 1: M hinh nghien cihi gia t n cam nhan cna sinh vien v l djch v n d a o tao van bang dai hoc thir hai ff cac truomg dai h9c Gia tri chat lugng Dac diem ca nhan cua sinh vien \ HI Gia tn tri thuc HS Gia tn chiic nang Gia tn xa hpi H4 115, - ""^"^^ "^^^^^^^^ Gia tn cam nhan cCia sinh vien ve dich vy dao tao van bang dai hgc thu hai Gia tn hinh anh Gia tr] cam xiic Ngudn: Gia in lieu t^ HCM, mgl nhdm gdm 08 sinh vien chira cd viec lam va mgt nhdm gdm 08 sinh vien da ed vipc lam), theo dan bai thao lugn tae gia xay dgng, nham vira kham pha vira khang djnh cac Ihanh phSn gia trj cam nhan ciia sinh vien ve dich vu dao tao van bang dgi hgc thir hai d cac trudng dgi hgc va phat trien thang nhii'ng phan - P h u a n g phap nghien ciiu djnh lugng d u g e thyc hien nham danh gia tin cay (gia trj hgi tu va phan biet) thang cac phan ciia gia trj cam nhgn; kiem djnh md hinh nghien ciiu va cac gia thuyet nghien ciru, kiem dinh cd hay khong sg khac biet ve gia trj cam nhan ciia sinh vien ve djch vy dao tao van bang dai hoc thii hai theo cac dac diem ca nhan Nghien euu djnh Iirgng d u g c thuc hien qua cac giai dogn: - Thu thap dfl" lieu nghien ciiu bang ban cau hdi phdng van theo p h u o n g phap liy mau thugn lien 588 sinh \ icn hipn dang theo hgc van b i n g dgi hgc ihir hai lgi cac Irudng dgi hgc d T P HCM Trong do, dai dien cho cae khdi nganh kinh te la trudng Dai hgc Kinh te khoi nganh ky thugt la trirdng Dai hoc Kv thuat cdng nghp, khdi nganh luat la trudng Dai hgc Lual khdi nganh ngogi ngir la trudng Dal hgc Ngoai n g u - tin hgc - Danh gia so bg dd tin cay va gia Iri cua thang bang he sd tin egy Cronbach alpha va phan tich nhan Id kham pha (EFA) thdng qua phan mem SPSS 16 nhiim danh gia dp tin ca\ ciia cac thang do, qua dd loai bd cac bien quan sat khdng dat dp lin cay, gia trj hgi ty va phan biet: ddng thai tai cSu triic cac bien quan sal eon lai vao cac phan ludng phii hgp, d^t c a s d c h o \ icc bleu chinh md hinh va cac gia Ihuvei ni»hicn ciiu .So 193 Ihdn!; ' - " ' • * Tdc gid de xudl - Phan tich hdi qui da bien nham kiem djnh mo hinh nghien ciru cac gia IhuySl nghien ciiu va djnh vj tam quan trgng ciia eae phAn - Kiem djnh T-Tests, A N O V A nham kiem dinh co hay khdng s u khac biet ve gia trj cam nhgn ve djch vu dao tgo van bang dgi hgc Ihii hai theo cac dac diem ea nhan (gidi tinh, dd tudi, nganh hgc, nghe ngbiep, thu nhgp) cua sinh vien Ket q u a n g h i e n cuu Ket qua nghien ciiu djnh tinh khang djnh gia irj cam nhan ciia sinh vien ve djch vy dao tgo van bang dai hgc thir hai d cac t r u d n g dai hgc gdm bay phan d u g c de xual m d hinh ly thuyet (hinh 1), ddng thdi phal trlen thang cac phan (thang Likert bgc tir -^ 5) gdm 40 bien quan sal Trong dd cac t h a n g do: gia trj chat lugng bien; gia trj tri thirc bi6n; gia trj chiic nSng bien; gia tri hinh anh bien; gia tri xa hgi bien; gia trj cam xiic bien; gia trj tien te bien va gia tr] cam nhan bien, d u g c phat trien tir thang gia tri cam nhan cua Sheth et al ( 9 ) , Petrick (2002) LeBlane va N g u y e n (1999), ket h g p vdi cac dge diem ciia sinh vien van bang dai hgc thir hai dugc xae djnh d m u c 2.2 Ket qua Cronbach alpha eho Ihay cac thang deu dat tin cay (thap nhai la thang gia trj hinh anh [t=0,662 va cao nhat la thang gia trj cam nhan ciia sinh vien ci=0,894) K8t qua EFA thang cac phan gia trj cam nhan bang p h u o n g phap gich Principal Component Analysis va phep quay Varimax c h o thay, chi so K M O = , vdi mire y nghta sig=0,000 dong thdi 40 bl£n quan sat d u g c nil trich vao nhan to tgi Eigenvalue la 1,172 vdi tdng pbmTng sal trich 76 kinlilfJ'tiatlri^ m GIflODUC-DflOTi P5HA + pgCX+ P7TT + pgDK + e, (Trong dd: GTCN: gia Irj cam nhan cua sinh vien; CL; gia trj chal lugng; TrT: gia irj In thiic: CN: gia trj chirc nang; XH: gia trj xa hgi; HA: gia gj hinh anh; CX: gia trj cam xiic; TT: gia trj tien te; DK: gia tri dieu kipn) =60.82% Chirng td dii lipu EFA thang cac phan gia trj cam nhgn la phii hgp va kel qua EFA la dang lin cay Tuy nhien, ngoai 26 bi^n quan sal ludng Ihanh phan la gia trj tri thirc gia irj chirc n5ng, gia trj hinh anh gia trj xa hgi, gia trj cam xiic va gia tri tien le dugc giir nguyen gdc ihl phan gia irj chal lugng dugc rut irlch vao hai nhan td: nhan id thir nhat gdm bien quan sat ludng chuang trinh, ngi dung dao Igo va glang vien (vl the van dugc ggi la gia tri chat lugng); nhan td thir hai gdm bien quan sat ludng phuong tien, trang thiet bj phyc vy day va hgc (vi the dugc dat ten la gi;i irj dieu kien) Ket qua EFA thang gia trj cam nhan ciia sinh vien cho thay ehi sd KMO=0,878 vdi miic y nghTa sig=0,000, ddng thdi bien ludng khai niem gia tri cam nhan dugc riit trich vao cimg mgl nhan td lgi Eigenvalue la 3,521 vol tdng phirong sai trich =70.42% Dieu cung chiing td du" lieu EFA thang gia tri cam nhan la phii hgp va ket qua EFA la dang tin cay Ket qua Idm tat md binh hdi qui dugc the hien bang cho thSy, trj sd R-=0,633 > R ' di8u chinh=0,623 Chirng td, md hinh hdi qui dugc dy doan giai thich dirge 62,3% bien thien ciia gia trj cam nhgn ciia sinh vien ve dich vu dao igo van bang dgi hgc thir hai Ket qua ANOVA the hipn tren bang cho thay, gia tri kiem djnh F (=60,204) cd y nghta thdng ke (Sig =0,000 < 0,05) NghTa la, gia thuyil H^,: tap hgp cac phan gia Irj cam nhgn khdng cd mdi tuong quan vdi gia tri cam nhan bi bac bd Vi the md hinh hdi quy dugc du doan la phii hgp vdi dir lieu nghien ciru va cd the suy rgng cho tdng the Kel qua kiem dinh md hinh hdi qui dugc the hipn d bang cho thay, Irir gia trj cam xiic, cac phan eon lgi dirge dg doan md hinh hdi qui deu giai ihich eho gia irj earn nhgn eiia sinh vien (Sig