GOP CUA NHA NHO Vlll NEN GIAO DOG VIET NAM THdl TRVNG ©AI TiiS NGHIEM THU NGA'''' Vao dau thdi dpe lap tu ehu, vdi su phat trien eua Phat giao, eac ngdi ehiia vin la trung tam ciia van hda Viet Nam Nha c[.]
GOP CUA NHA NHO Vlll NEN GIAO DOG VIET NAM THdl TRVNG ©AI TiiS NGHIEM THU NGA' V han, nam 1511, vua Le Tuang Due da ban hanh Tri binh bao giim gom 50 diiu, dd cd diiu quy djnh v i viee hpc tap eua cae giam sinh.Thdi Le Thanh Tdng, nam Quang Thuan thif (1462) djnh leBa'o kit thi Huang quy djnh rd ddi tupng nao khdng duoe di thi Vua Quang Trung ban chieu Lap hgc Cac vua nha Nguyin ed ehi va dao du v i viee tim mua, thu thapsachvd.tailieuhpctap, v i ehinh sach khuyen hoc, nhtrng ngudi dat cao dupe nha nude hit sure uu ai, tdn vinh va ban cho nhieu an dien: ban yen, ban mu ao, lam le vinh quy bai to' Dac biet, den ddi vua Le Thanh Tdng - dng vua nha Nho xua't sic - len ngdi, da md mdt trang mdi lich suxay dung nin van hda GD cua nude nha Ong ban hanh nhifng dinh le lam theche lau dai cho nin GD khoa eif nude ta Nam 1484, vua Le Thanh Tdng sai Thuong thu bd Le la Quach Dinh Bao soat lai danh sach tien sTtif khda thi Nham Tuat (1442), sai cac nha Nho Than Nhan Tmng,DdNhuan, Dao Cif, soan cac bai ki de bia tien sTva sai khic ten tien sTtren bia da de luu danh mudn ddi sau 06 la nhifng an dien cue ki long trpng danh eho nhifng ngudi thi dd dai khoa Den trieu Nguyen, v i dai the chung vin cdn dUdc tri Nhifng dinh le cd the dupe tim thay cac bd sif Idn cua qud'c gia nhu: Qud'c trieu hinh luat, Dai Viet su ki toan thu, Dai Nam thuc luc, Ljch trieu hien chuong loai chi Cac triiu dai khac cd the cd nhifng thay dd'i, nhung nhin chung nhifng djnh le tren vin hit sijfc chat che ma Nho sinh, giao quan phai nhat nhat tuan theo Do gidi han v i dung lupng, bai viet khdng the' trinh bay cu the, chi tiet cac quy ehi dd Vai trd chu the GD eua nha Nho cung the hien dam net d viee hp la luc lupng chu chof thue hien cong V i hpc tap va thi cii', cd nhifng quy chieu the v i tac GD - dao tao Ngay tif nam 1070, nhifng vien noi dung hpc tap, dinh le td'chirc cac kithi, doi tupng di quan gidi chif - nha Nho xua't sic da dupe vua Ly hpc, di thi, v i xep dat cac chifc hpc quan, v i xay dung Thanh Tdng eho tuyen vao day d Qud'c Tif Giam CO sddao tao, v i nhiem vu cua giao quan, Nho sinh Thay giao giang day Qud'c Tif Giam gpi chung va thi sinh,vephan loai va chia trp cap eho giam sinh dtafdnggiam,vigiao nhiem vu eho caegiaoquanva * Vien Viln lida va pliat trien Hoc vien Cliinli tri • Hanh cliinh quan trudng thi, v i each thifc td' chufe thi ei} Ch&ng quae gia Ho Chi Minh ao dau thdi dpe lap tu ehu, vdi su phat trien eua Phat giao, eac ngdi ehiia vin la trung tam ciia van hda Viet Nam Nha chua ddng thdi la trudng hpc, nha su la nha giao Cong hien to Idn cua Phat giao ddlvdi Ijch sifgiaodue (GD) nudeta la diiu khdng the phu nhan Tuy nhien, nhu eau phattrien qud'c gia, to' chifc bd may nha nude mdi, ddi hdi phai dao tao, tuyen lua nhan tai, GD Phat giao dan dan khdng cdn phii hpp va giif dupe vj tri tdi uu nhu nd vdn cd Liie nay, dudng GD Nho hpc la su lua chpn tat yeu va can thiet Nin GD Viet Nam thdi ki trung dai la nin GD Nho hpc chiim vj the doe tdn ma edng lao to Idn^phai ke' den nhifng nha Nho - nha giao Cd the' khang djnh, chi den nha Nho xuat hien vdi nin GD Nho hpc dupe thiet lap, viee hpc hanh-thicif mdi di vao nin nip, quy cu, ed he thd'ng va mdi dat dupe nhifng tuu are rd Ddng gdp cua nha Nho vdi nin GD Viet Nam thdi tmng daidupcthe hien d nhiiu phuong dien, bai viet chl trinh bay nhifng mat nd'i bat nhat 1.Chii theeua nen GD Vai trd chu the ciia nha Nho doi vdi GD nude ta thdi taing dai tarde he't the hien^d quan diem, chu tarang, chinh sach GD Cdthe khang djnh quan diem chii dao ehi phdl nin GD trung dai Viet Nam la tu tudng: dao tao nhan tai de phue vu dat nude, viee tuyen ehpn ngudi tai thdng qua dudng khoa cu Muc tieu ddi hdi nin G D phai dupe hoan thien v i the che, chinh sach nhim quan li td't hoat dpng GD, dua viee hpc hanh, thi cu cija Nho sinh vao quy cii Thdi phong kien, d Viet Nam chua cd bd luat nao ve GD Tuy nhien, qua trinh thuc thi hoat ddng GD, cac quy chi, the le v i viee hpc, viee thi da dupe ban hanh, thudng dupe the hien cac bai du, chieu, diiu le mang tinh phap li toi cao 12 Tap ehi Gido due so 327 (ki 1-2/2014) 2.D6ng gop quan trpng ve npi dung, phuong la G iao quan, bao gom cac quan van triiu hoac nhifng ngudi cd hpc van uyen bac xa hdi Trai phap, phuong tien GD / ; Ve ngi dung GD Nhin chung, GD Nho hpc qua cae triiu dai phong kien, h i thay giao nao dao eao dire trpng, cd tieng tam ea nude, deu dupe ehu yeu nhim truyen ba nhifng tu tudng Nho giao ban giif chifc T i tiJu va Tu nghiep: Te tifu nhu ie vao nhan dan Nhirng van de co ban cua triet li Tung (1514); Tu nghiep ed Chu Van An (1328), Nho gia dupe dua vao ndi dung giang day dtrong cac Nguyin Phi Khanh (1400), Den ddi Le cd Le Quy trudng Idp thdi bay gid bac "so hoc", cac nha Nho Don (1767), Vu Quynh, Ngd ST Lien cung tirng giif da day hpc trd nhifng ndi dung v i luan li, each doi chifc Tu nghiep Ngoai cdn chifc true giang (nhu: nhan xuthe, giif va lam diing le, sd'ng cd nghTa tinh, Nguyin CuDao -1449), bac sT(nhu: Phan Phii Tien biit hiiu, di , nghTa la trude hit phai hpc each lam -1448), trp giao (nhu: Pham Hiing -1448), giao thu ngudi, tao dung trach nhiem va li tudng sdng Len bac (nhu: Vu VTnh Trinh -1448) Tail ea nhifng ngudi giif "cao hpc", cac giao li dao due Nho giao dupe tang trpng trach quan li aiy diu la bae danh Nho, dai than them ham lupng cae bd sach giao khoa Npi Ben canh dd cung can ke den eac vi giao quan uyen dung GD eua Nho gia khdng phai chung chung ma hit sife thiet thuc, ey the, day ngudi nhifng quan tham kinh sudupc tuyen vao cung day rieng eho eac he ifng xi} tif gia dinh ngoai xa hdi hoang tu, edng ehiia vdi chifc danh nhu l i nghi hoc sT Ngoai ra, ndi dung day hpc, cae nha Nho (Nguyin Thi Ld - thdi Le), cung tmng giao tap (Nguyin nha giao ludn ehu trpng trang bj cho hpc trd mdt vdn Thj Hinh - thdi Nguyen) Oac biet, khdng the' khdng kiin thifc tuong ddi td'ng hpp v i khoa hpc xa hdi va ke den bd phan nha giao d dia phUPng (lang, xa, nhan van Hpc trd 6\S0c hpc v i dja li, v i Ijch sif, van huyen, phii) Hp dupe gpi la "thay dd", chiim dai da so' hpc va nhiiu phupng dien khac ciia ddi sd'ng ehinh nguditiiam gia hoatddng giao due, cd mat khip lang tri, van hda, xa hdi tren xdm dudi, tao nen mang ludi GD rdng khip Mat khac, mue dich hpc de di thi, nin GD Nho ea nude Tuf nin GD dan da, ed phan tu phat cua hp, hpc cung coi trpng trang bj cho hoc trd Idi van eif bao the he hpc trd ngheo, hpc gidi da ddi, ddng gdp nghiep Trong sud't thdi gian den sach, hpc trd bude khdng nhd cho sutdn vong cua dat nude phai thao eac loai van thi eif: kinh nghTa, van Ngoai cac thay giao tham gia giang day, can ke sach, tha phii, ehiiu, ehi, bieu Ngoai ra, hp cdn hpc den vai trd ciia nhifng nha Nho tham gia cdng tac thi ca cac the van khac nhu van te, eau ddi Ndi dung ei} Hp la luc lupng chu ehd't viee tuyen dung kien thifc phai dupe dien dat cae the loai van nhan tai Cac quan trudng thi dupe ehpn lua kTcang, theo nhifng quy djnh rat chat che, giiip cho hpc sinh va nhiing ngudi giif trpng trach d day chu yeu la cac ren luyen thuan thue, nhanh chdng de cd the vupt nha Nho cd difc dp, tai nang Dac biet, cac ki thi dai qua dupe eac ki thi khoa eang can den vai trd eiia cac nha giao - nha Nho Tom lai, thdng qua viee truyin ba nhifng ndi dung uyen bac, nhifng quan dai than uy tin dvien han lam, hpc thuyet Nho giao, nin GD ciia nha Nho da bd Le, Qud'c Tif Giam Dac biet, ed nhifng dng vua khdng chi GD ngudi nhifng each ddi nhan xifthe niia Nho da difng lam ehii khao cae ki thi Idn ddi thudng ma cdn dao tao nen eho dat nude nhifng (vua Le Thanh Tdng) bac tri thifc khoa bang, nhifng nha khoa hpc, nhifng Nhu vay, phan Idn cae nha Nho, dii dd dat hay nha cam quyin, lanh dao dat nude dap ifng dupe khdng dddat, dii deuang vj xa hdi nao, it hay nhiiu diu ddi hdi cua thdi dai - dieu ma GD Phat giao da khdng tifng la thay giao, tifng tham gia hoat ddng G D Chinh the dam nhiem vi the, hp luc luang quan trpng, khdng the thay 2) Ve phuang phap GD Mac du edn nhifng han the viee phat trien van hda GD Viet Nam thdi che nhat djnh, phuong phap GD nha Nho Viet Nam Tamg dai Nhiiu ngudi gin bdphan Idn cupc ddi minh thdi tamg dai ed nhifng mattich cue can phai ghi nhan vdi su nghiep GD nude nha Hp da tham gia vao toan mdt each khach quan Nha Nho, tron^ qua trinh day bd he thd'ng, tien trinh GD, tif viee hoach djnh ehinh hpc, died nhifng dd'i mdi tich cue Chang han, hp biet sach GD, mata/dng Idp, giang day, quan giao, din hudng ngudi hpc tdi loi hpc di ddi vdi hanh Bing ctiiing cdng viee tuyen ehpn nhan tai (td'chirc thi, coithi,_cham la rat nhiiu d i thi tuyen chpn nhan tai da yeu cau thi thi), va ea viee cdng bo, tdn vinh nhifng ngudi dd dat sinh van dung vd'n kien thifc da hpc vao viee giai quyet Nha Nho, vifa la ngudi tham gia xay dung theehiGD, mdt van d i ehinh tri - xa hdi hien tai 6a khdng it dong thdi la ngudi thuc thithe chedd, cu the hda ehiing nhifng bai lam cua Nho sinh trd cao kien cho qua trinh day - hpc cua minh trieu dinh luc dat nude lam nguy (ki 1-2/2014) Tgp chi Gido due so 327 13 Nhiiu phuang phap day hpc tich cue khac cung nhan hpc tap Bai tua phan nhieu viet theo y minh, dupe nha Nho^van dung, sang tao qua trinh khdng theo loi tap truyen eua Chu Tu" (2; tr.71) giang day Ching han, phuong phap "neu guong" Ngoai cac nha Nlio ke tren edn ed rat nhiiu nha Nho, dupe nhiiu nha giao su dung Hp neu nhung tam nha GD Idn tham gia va ddng gdp khdng nhd cho guong sang Ijch sude lam vi du minh hpa, khiin viee khing djnh chif Ndm ddi sd'ng cung nhu hpc trd khdng nhifng de hieu, de nhd ma cdn tham hoat ddng GD (Chu Van An, Nguyin Trai, thia bai day eua thay, tudo sinh mong mudn hpc Nguyin Binh Khiem, Nguyin Thie'p, ) Rd rang, Nho gia chinh la luc lupng sang tao chu yeu, dong thdi tap va lam theo Thay giao Vd Trudng Toan (? 1792) (Gia Djnh) neu hai phuang phap ren luyen cung la nhifng ngudi quang ba manh me nhat cho la "tri ngdn" (the hien a su hpc tap va thau tom kien ngdn ngif Cung nhdcac uu ciia nha Nho, thufc thuc dung: biet eho biet, biet de ma lam) va chif Ndm, tif vai trd bd'sung eho chif Han, da dat trinh "dudng khi" (la su nudi dudng, ren luyen ehi anh dpchifvietvanhpe Mpt miu hinh nhan each nha giao hiing) Mdt sd nha giao edn ap dung phuang phap Cd the nhan thay thdi trung dai d nude ta, "thuc te diin da" Dien hinh nhu Cao Ba Quat, qua trinh day hpc da thudng dan hpc trd di tham thu nhifng ngudi thay giao ndi tieng tai eao ciing ddng thdi niii sdng va di sau vao cupc sd'ng ciia dan chiing, la nhifng bae sTphu ed nhan each Idn Mae du daco giiip nang cao kien thirc thue t i sinh ddng cung nhu hpc vj eao va tri thifc uyen bac, hp van ludn diii mai trau ddi tu mTcam true quan eho hpc trd Lai cd kinh sif, phattrie'n tai nang tri tue, kinh nghiem giang nha Nho cd phuong phap day dpe dao nhu thay day, va thue hien su nghiep cao quy cua minh theo Nguyin Su Ld (ngudi Thanh Hda, the ki XV) dd eao, tinh than "giao nhi bat quyen" (day khdng biet moi) tifng lam quan nhung khdng md trudng day hpc ma Dang quy hon, hp ludn trau ddi dao hanh, khuon minh ngay ngdi tren phien da dnga ba dau lang Ke theo L I , giif gin pham gia Nho gia Ban than nhifng qua ngudi lai diu dupe dng mdi den bay ve mdt vai nha giao da la mau nhan each cao dep cua ngudi cau, giang cho nghe mdt bai hpc bat ki, hoac diing trung, hieu, tiet, nghTa cho hpc trd hpc tap Nhirng tam que ve chii xudng dat Theo tac gia Vu Ngpc Khanh, guong ngudi thay dang kinh nhu Chu Van An, Nguyen day la "mdt sang kien dua van hda vao dai chiing tif Phi Khanh, Tran Nguyen Dan, Nguyen Binh Khiem, Ly Tran Quan, Nguyen Thiep, Cao Ba Quat, Nguyen xua den chua nghTra" (1; tr.612) 3) Ve phuang tien GD Thi/c te cho thay, G D ehiDinh Chieu thuc su la "guong bau" de'cho bao the phat trien dupe da ed chif viet Trong thdi ki Bic he "ran minh" thude, vdi am muu ddng hda, chinh quyin dd hp da Ngoai ra, xa hdi trung dai edn ed bao hinh su dung chif Han khdng ehi hoat ddng truyin anh dep eua nhifng nha giao am tham noi thdn da ba van hda Trung Qud'c, edng viee hanh chinh Trong sd hp, ed ngudi bang quan vdi khoa cif, co ke ma ca hoat ddng GD Loai chif dd mac dii cd ham hdthi tho tai nang, ed ngudi vdmdng khoa danh, nhiiu han che day va hpc nhung van la thif ed ke edng tren dudng hoan Id, lai ed ke "rip ngdn ngif dpe tdn eua thay-trd mdi trudng GD tam treo an tirquan" vi ehan canh quan trudng, mong Sau dat nude ta gianh quyin tu ehii, nhifng xa lanh vdng danh Ipi Tuy trinh dp, dja vj, canh han che cua ban than chif Han va ddi hdi cua boi ngd khac nhau, nhung trd nhifng vi "thay canh dat nude, chif Ndm -chif viet cua dan tdc, ddi do", hp diu tran day nhiet huyet, dem hit tai nang, tri Tuy nhien, nha nude phong kien, chap nhan ndi tue ciia minh truyen lai cho hau the, lam trdn suf menh dungGD Nho giao,da loai trif chif Ndm, khdng coi "dao thuc hau tien" "Xua'f lai "xif", bdi hp khdng chu Ndm la van tuehinh thifc diing viee GD, thi phai viquedehudng canh an nhan mala thuc hien le cu Chif Ndm chi cho phep day nha trudng de sd'ng "tiin vi quan, thoai visu" Nhin chung, cac thay biet them, de giang nghTa chif Han Din dau the ki thu dodiu dupexahdi kinh trpng,bdi ledhpkhdngchico XV, chif Ndm da khang dinh dupe vj the eiia minh pham chat tan vdi nghi ma edn vi hp biet sd'ng an van hda GD nhddng vua nha Nho Ho Quy Ly nhien, ban, xa lanh nhifng bon chen danh Ipi - mdtnha cai each Idn thdi bay gid HoQuyLy dac biet Nhiiu ngudi so hp it dinh dang din viee ngoai d i cao chif Ndm, va chinh dng cung la mdt ddi Vdi nhiiu thay ngheo, day hpc trd mot nhifng ngudi di dau viee siidung loai van tunay nghe muu sinh, nhung khdng vi the ma hp ban re Sulleu cdn ghi lai: "Ho Quy Ly lam sach QuocngOthi lUPng tri hay Idng tu trpng Cd nhifng thay ngheo nghJa va bai tua, sai nif su day cho hau phi va cung nhung vin lang tham noi thdn xdm, vin tinh nguyen 14 Tap ehi Gido due so 327 (ki 1-2/2014) day khdng luong cho hpc trd ngheo hieu hpc Dii tan qua rue rd, ddng gdp eho dat nude bao nhieu tam vdi nghi, thay cung rait khd tinh viee ehpn bae anh tai, tuan kiet Nen van hda GD nha Nho lang de d, chpn trd de day Thay ed the nhan hoac day edng gay dung, giif gin va phat trien dd cung khdng nhan day trd nay, trd kia; ed the "ngdi" d lang chinh la CO sdnin tang cho suphat triin eua van hda ma khdng "ngdi" lang khac, tiiy theo thai dp, l i ehinh tri - dao due, eiia van hda nghe thuat cung nhu nghTa ciia lang, eua ngudi hpc, eua diiu kien phong cac phuong dien van hda khac ciia Viet Nam thdi thuy, ciia nin nip gia phong Khdng it nha phu hp, Trung dai Ngay nay, vdi nhifng tien bd v i khoa hpc kT thuat, nha quan mdi thay v i day eon em, nhung neu khdng dung le, thay cung dift ao di Cd thay cdn lanh liing nhifng kinh nghiem phong phii hpc hdi dupe tu ban tir chdl den dja ban nao dd vi li do: "Cai nai ay, son bat be the gidi, va nhifng dd'i mdi ehinh sach GD cao, thuy bat tham, nam da tra, nif da dam, ngdi noi ciiaOang vaNhanude, nin GD nudeta da cd nhiing dd lam gii" (1; tr.612) That khdng phai ngiu nhien bude phattrien mdi, dat dupe nhiiu tuu to Idn ma thdi dai ddedba tdn vj Idn nhat xahdi: Dpi ngu nha giao hdm da mang nhifng pham Quan - Su - Phu thi ngudi thay giao la tdn vj thif hai, chat mdi, nang ddng, sang lao Nhung nhifng pham chat cua nha Nho-ngudi thay thdi trung dai van cao hon cha, va chi difng sau vua Va nhu mdt he qua tat yiu, nhirng ngudi thay aiy la nhifng tdchat "nen", vin cdn cd gia trj thdi dai Oac da sinh Idp Idp thihe hpc trd hieu hpc, tdn su trpng biet, thdi diem hien nay, ma du luan dang lo dao Truyin thd'ng dep de dd da dem lai qua au vi suxud'ng cap cua dao difc xa hdi, sutha hda eua Idn Ijch si} khoa bang nude ta: tao nen vd sdthe mdt bd phan khdng nhd nha giao, su sa sut v i chat he ngudi dd dat vdi cac "nha khoa bang", "ddng hp lupng GD-OT thi "tam" va "tai" ciia ngudi thay giao khoa bang", "lang khoa bang" nuc danh Sdlieu thd'ng xua lai cang la tam guang sang eho hdm ke eho thay: bit dau tir khoa thi Nho hpc dau tien chiing tasoi vao de hoan thien chinh minh • (nam At M ao -1075) din ki thi cudi ciing (nam Ky M iii -1919), 850 nam GD vakhoacif Nhohpe, sd (1) Vu Ngpc Khanh VSn hoa Viet Nam nhung dieu ngudi tien sT eiia ea nude la 2.898 (3; tr.23), ed tdi hoc hoi NXB Vdn hoa thdng tin, H 2004 21 lang khoa bang tieu bie'u, tifc nhifng lang cdtdlO (2) Nguyen KhSe Thuan Nho giao vdi qua trinh tham ngudi trd len ed hpc vj lien sT (thdi Nguyin cd them gia vao doi s6'ng van hda tutuwng d Viet Nam NXB hoc vj Phd bang) (3; tr.29) Cd nhifng lang khoa bang CidodifcU 1997 nd'i danh trd niim tu hao eua que huong nhu: (3) BCii Xuan Dinh Cac lang khoa bang Thang Long - Ha Npi NXB Chinh tri qudc gia, H 1999 lang Nguyet Ang (Thanh Tri, Ha Ndi), lang Md Trach (Hai Duong) vdi ddng hp Vu, lang Trudng Luu (Ha Tai lieu tham Ithao TTnh) vdi ddng hp Nguyin Huy Nhiiu ngudi xua't NguySn Quang An (chii bien) Nhung gunng mat than lang khoa bang da dat, ddng gdp to tri thuc NXB Vdn hda - Thdng tin, H 1998 Idn cdng cupc xay dung va bao veTd'qud'c, dac Phan Dai Doan Mpt so van 6.k yk Nlio gi^o Vi6t Nam biet la xay dung va phat trien nen van hda dan NXB Chinh tri qudc gia, H 1999 Nguyen DSng Duy Nho giao va van hda Viet Nam tdc Hp la nhifng tam guang sang v i nhan each cua NXB HdNdi, 1998 ke sT, tieu bie'u eho van hda lang xa Viet Nam: "0 mdt Nguyen The' Long Nho hpc d Viet Nam giao due phuang dien nao dd, cae lang khoa bang ciing cac va khoa cCi NXB Gido due, H 1995 danh nhan khoa bang la dai dien xua't sac eho nin van hien Viet Nam Cd the coi eac lang khoa bang la SUMMARY nhiing ngdi sang v i mat GDva van hda tren bau This article analyses the contribution of the trdi lang xa Viet Nam thdi phong kien" (3; tr.8) Confucians to the culture and education of Vietnam Mac dii cdn mdt so han che mang tinh lich sH, nhung nhin chung, nin GD khoa cu Nho hpc vdi vai trd quan trpng eua nha Nho da ed nhung ddng gdp Idn lao cho su phat trien ciia van hda GD Viet Nam thdlTrung dai Nha Nho la hpc trd, roi cung chinh hp la thay giao, la ngudi d i ra, xay di/ng va thuc thi, phat trien nin van hda GD Cif the, the he np noi tiep the he kia, su nghiep GD - dao tao gan theki da ed nhifng (kil 2/2014) in the medieval period The Vietnamese education in the medieval period Is the monopoly of Confucian education that remained by the great merit of the Confucians - Teachers During the period of the centuries, the Confucians placed a main role In the education They contributed significantly to the education as building the contents, creating the methods, and Improving the Instruments At the same time they also were the icons of teacher's personality that have been Idolizing and learning until now Tap ehi Gido due so 327 15 ... phuang dien nao dd, cae lang khoa bang ciing cac va khoa cCi NXB Gido due, H 1995 danh nhan khoa bang la dai dien xua''t sac eho nin van hien Viet Nam Cd the coi eac lang khoa bang la SUMMARY nhiing... chinh minh • (nam At M ao -1075) din ki thi cudi ciing (nam Ky M iii -1919), 850 nam GD vakhoacif Nhohpe, sd (1) Vu Ngpc Khanh VSn hoa Viet Nam nhung dieu ngudi tien sT eiia ea nude la 2.898 (3;... bang", "lang khoa bang" nuc danh Sdlieu thd''ng xua lai cang la tam guang sang eho hdm ke eho thay: bit dau tir khoa thi Nho hpc dau tien chiing tasoi vao de hoan thien chinh minh • (nam At M ao