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^ ODNG NGOliN SJ} IIEO OAO TANG TOONG DAY HOC UCH SO a TRirClNG TRUNG HOC PHO THOHG T I N H D O H G THAP ThiS PHAM XUAN VU* 1 Trong nhifng nam gan day, chat lupng day va hpc bd mdn Lichsu(lS) dtrudng[.]
^ ODNG NGOliN SJ} IIEO OAO TANG TOONG DAY HOC UCH SO a TRirClNG TRUNG HOC PHO THOHG T I N H D O H G THAP ThiS PHAM XUAN VU* Trong nhifng nam gan day, chat lupng day va hpc bd mdn Lichsu(lS) dtrudng phdthdng dang cd chieu hudng giam siit Cd nhieu nguyen nhan din de'n thuc trang nay, dd cd nguyen nhan giao vien (GV) LS ehua quan tam, chii trpng viee khai thae va sudung eac ngudn sulleu bao tang de minh hpa, bdsung cho LS dan tdc cac trudng trung hpc phd'thdng (THPT) ehua dd'i mdi ve hinh thire td'chifc day hpe, GV chi tap trung vao eac bai hpc tren Idp, it quan tam td' chifc cac hinh thifc day hpc ngoai idp Viee tang cudng su dung eac phuang tien, dd dung true quan dac biet la khai thae va sir dung eae tu lieu bao tang (hien vat, tai lieu gdc) ed mdt y nghTa quan trpng dd'i vdi viee nang eao hieu qua day hpc bd mdn dieu kien hien 2.Thiic trang khai thae va sudung cac nguon su lieu bao tang day hoc Ijch sir (DHLS) d trudng THPT tinh Bong Thap Bao tang Dong Thap nim tren dja ban phudng 4, tmng tam TP Cao Lanh; hien da tap hpp dupe tren 27.000 hien vat, vdi tren 100 bd suu tap quy, hiem ve cae gia trj di san van hda vat the eiia Dong Thap ndi rieng, ddng bing sdng Cuu Long va dan tdc Viet Nam ndi ehung Ngoai cac hien vat suu tam thdi ki chdng Phap va chdng MTcdn ed eae bp suu tap khai quatdupedQuantheditichGdJhapvegd'm, tupng, gd, gaeh, eua nen van hda 6c eo, van hda Phii Nam cd nien dai each tren 1.500 nam Cung nhu bao tang d eae dja phuang, Bao tang Dong Thap la nai trung bay nhifng dung eu, vat dung, vu mang dam tinh chat cua cupc chien tranh nhan dan (tieu bie'u la cupc khang chien chdng MT) Nhifng hien vat dan so nhu bd dd ba ba cua bac Pham Van Thoai, gid dung trau eua me Viet Nam anh hiing Nguyin Thj Hue, cung nhii'ng loai vu thd sp nhu sung B40 ciia anh Nguyen Minh Tri, chie'e til va cua chii Le Van Phan, sung trung lien, sung ngi/a trdi nhungdathe'hien tinh than quacam,quye't chien, anh diing chien dau ciia quan dan tinh Dong Thap Ben canh nhiitig hien vat gdc (chu yeu) cdn ed he thd'ng cac tranh, anh, khu tai tao da tao them suda (kil-2/2014) dang, sinh ddng va hap din eua bao tang Cae hien vat, tai lieu trung bay d bao tang se cung cap nhieu thdng tin gdp phan minh hpa sinh ddng, chan thuc nham giiip HS nhan thifc sau sic LS dan toe Tuy nhien, qua tie'p xuc, tim hieu d mdt soGVva HS eae trudng THPT tren dja ban TP Cao Lanh va cac huyen lan can ehiing tdi nhan tha'y: Dd'i vdi eac trudng TH PT phd, thinh thoang HS dupe Doan tnrdng tdehue di tham quan bao tang vao nhifng dip le ki niem Idn nam, edn G V LS chua bao gid dirng to' ehife di tham quan bao tang cho HS theo ke hoach day hpe eiia bd mdn Ddi vdi eac trudng huyen xa phd, viee di tham quan bao tang rat khd td' chifc thue hien va hau nhu khdng cd trudng nao lam duac Ngoai ra, viee khai thae hien vat, tai lieu tai bao tang de minh hpa, bd'sung kie'n thifc cho HS, lam phong phii ngudn tai lieu, dd diing day hpe chua duac GV LS thuc suquan tam Khi dupe hdi ve eac loai dung true quan, ngudn tai lieu phue vu cho DHLS dtrudng minh edng tac, da soGV cho rang nhifng dd diing true quan quy udc (gdm ban dd LS, lupc dd, tranh, anh ) nha nude xua't ban bj hu hdng nhieu, khau khaithacsudung vabao quan khdng td't, lai it dupe bd'sung, dd diing tutao eiia GV va HS thieu tham mT, khdng chinh xac nen viee day chay edn kha phd'bien Ben canh dd, cac cap lanh dao d nhieu trudng cdn nhin nhan va danh gia chua dung ve vj tri ciia bd mdn LS, xem LS la mdn phu nen viee dau tu eho day hpe bd mdn ehua thda dang M pt so'hinh thuc, bien phap khai thae va sir dung hien vat, tai lieu bao tang de DHLS d cac truang THPT tinh Dong Thap 1)GVdayLS kit hgp vdi Boan nien to' chuc cho HS di tham quan bao tang dia phuang vao dau nam hpe hoac nhifng ki niem Idn nam GV LS phai lap ke hoach chi tiet, xac djnh ndi dung, muc dich,yeu eau ciia budl tham quan rdi thdng bao eho HS ehuan bj trude dd khoang mdt tuan Tiep de'n, ket hpp vdi Doan tn/dng eu ngudi lien he vdi bao * Bp mon Ljch sii, Tnrting Oai hoc Song Thap Tap chi Gido due so 327 45 tang de mdi can bd chuyen mdn thuyet minh, hudng bao tang Vi du, GV ed the mdt cau hdi khai din Cud'ieilng, GV,HSvadaidien ciia Doan trudng quat: Nhimg hien vattronggiaidoan khing chien ehaig MJduge trung bay bao ting mi cic em quan eiing di tham quan mdt bud'i dupe xac djnh Tu lieu va hien vat d baotang rat phong phii, da sit, tim hieudugecdynghi'agiddivdisuthinglgicua dang, cd sifc Idi eud'n, hap dan HS Vi vay, ke hoach cugc khing chii'n chdng MJeiiu nude eua nhan dan va mue dich tham quan phai xac djnh rd nhirng tu Bdng Thip ndiriing va mien Nam ndi chung ? 2) GV day LS td chiic cho HS di tham quan lieu, hien vat nao can tap tmng tim hie'u Vi du, dd'i vdi HS Idp 12 hpc phan LS khang chien chdng MT, hgc tap dbao tang Dd'i vdi hinh thifc nay, mue tieu GV cho cae em tap tmng quan sat, tim hieu nhifng dat la nhim cung cd nhirng kie'n thu^c da hpc de hien vat gin vdi nhifng hoat ddng lao ddng san xua't, chuan bi cho viee tie'p thu bai mdi Vi vay, HS phai tap chien dau eiia quan va dan Ddng Thap theo tifng giai trung vao nhiing hien vat, tai lieu ed lien quan true tie'p doan cu thedupc sip xep, trung bay bao tang de'n ndi dung chuang trinh da hpe va se hpc d nha Ching han, sau hpe xong Muc III - "Mien Nam tmdng Viee GVtd'chife cho HS di tham quan hpc tap dau tranh chdng chedd Mi- Diem, gid gin vaphit sau hpc xong phan LS cd lien quan de'n hien vat d triin luc lugng eieh mang, tien tdi "Ddng Khdf'(1954- bao tang segiiipHScuthehda dupe kie'n thuc da hpc, r950J"Bai21(LS 12, eaban), eho HS quan sat sung tao dupe nhiing bie'u tupng LS ehan thuc, chinh xac, trung lien, chien Ipi pha'm eua tieu doan 502 thu duac hinin dung rd qua trinh phat trien ciia LS dan tpc tran Gidng Thj Dam - Gd Quan Cung 26/ Chang han,sau khihpexong Mud "Chii'ndi'uchdng 09/1959 Sau HS dupe nghe hudng din vien bao chien luge "Chii'n tranh cue bg" cua dequdc Mid tang trinh bay ve LS hien vat: "Sau tran thing Gd mien Nam (1965- 1968)"Bat 22 (LS 12, eo ban), GV Quan Cung 26/09/1959 cila daiddi271va272, eho HS tham quan, tim hieu eac hien vat dupe tmng tat ca chien Ipi pham dupcduavebdehihuytinh Kie'n bay d bao tang giai doan de HS hinh dung Phong.De'n nam 1965, sung lai dupe sifdung rat dupe ket qua eua cupc dau tranh ehd'ng che dp MThieu qua nhu: nam 1966 diet thieu iiy dai dpi trudng Diem chien lupc "chien tranh cue bd" cua nhan eiing dai dpi phd nguy quan Nam 1967 diet ddn dan Dong Thap ndi rieng va mien Nam ndi chung Sau Qud'c d Hda An tie'p tuc bao ve thdn ap Ve sau, HS quan sat hien vat khau sung B40 ciia anh hiing ddng chi Tam Mai chinh trj vien tieu doan 502 A (ket Nguyin Minh Tri (tie'u doan 502) sifdung tran hop dai dpi 271 va 272) tang cho huyen Cao Lanh danh "Be gay chien djch ham dpi nhd tren sdng" tai nam 1965 de phue vu khang chien De'n nam 1969, kenh Nguyen Van Tie'p B: 04/12/1967, quan dong ehi Nam Thuong huyen dpi trudng Cao Lanh MT diing chien thuat ham dpi nhd tren sdng, tien vao tang lai xa Binh Thanh, phd'i hpp vdi dai dpi 283 tieu kenh Nguyen Van Tie'p B dedanh chiem viing trung diet ddn Binh Linh,vdi khau sung ddng chiThanh tam Thap Mudi.Tieu doan 502 (quan giai phdng Tinh Tao xa dpi phd dac chien bay gid da ban chet ten Kie'n Phong) da phue kich, be gay chien thuat Trung uy Thp tieu doan 834 ciia y de'n md cupc Trong tran anh Nguyen Minh Tri sifdung sung can d a'p Binh MT A xa Binh Thanh Sau thdi gian B40 diet ten giae Anh da hi sinh, khau siing duac cat giau de'n nam 1970, sung dupe dong anh da bin trai dan (2) chiThanh Tao len tang cho dpi du kich xa Long Hiep Sau nghe ve LS hien vat, HS s§ hinh dung de tie'p tuc chien dau bao ve thdn xdm" (1) dupe cupc chien dau ehd'ng chien luqe "chien tranh Thdng qua nghe - tim hie'u va dupe tan mit nhin tha'y hien vat, HS se khic sau ndi dung LS dan tdc da hpc tren ldp, tu hao ve su sang tao chien dau ehd'ng lai ke thu cua quan va dan tinh nha de gianh dupe nhiing thing Ipi quan trpng cho cupc khang chien Qua hien vat, HS se nhan thue eu thehPn, sinh ddng hon vetinh than dung cam, gan da chien dau eua eae luc lupng each mang ddja phuong cupc khang chien ehd'ng MT ciru nude d que huang minh Sau bud'i tham quan, GVed the'td'chifc trao dd'i, hoac yeu cau HS viet bai thu hoach ve nhifng ndi dung LS lien quan de'n nhifng hien vat ma cac em da quan sat 46 Tap chi Gido due so 327 cue bd" ciia nhan dan Dong Thap bing sifc manh cua ea dan tdc va nhan dan mien Nam vdiy ehi quyet chien quyet thang giac MTxam lupc 3) Day hgc mgt bai ngi khda tai bao tang dia phuang Hinh thure chinen ap dung ddlvdi nhifng trudng ndi cd dieu kien di de'n bao tang tuong dd'i thuan lpi.Dd'ivdiGV,debai hpe edhieu qua can cd su chuan bj, nghien cifu kTcae hien vat dupe trung bay bao tang ehinh xac vdi ndi dung trude tien hanh bai hpe Vi du, G V cd the ket hpp giifa hinh thijfctham quan ngoai khdaydi tiet day bai LS npi khda lien quan de'n eudechien dau chdng "chien tranh (ki 1-2/2014) cue bd" eua quan va dan Ddng Thap day hpc Muc chien dau pha "ap chien lupc" eiia nhan dan Ddng / "Chii'n dau chdng chien luge "Chii'n tranh cue bd"Thap diin rat ae liet vdi quye't tam "mdt tac khdng di, mdt li khdng rdi", kien quye't bam dat giif lang pha cuadequdcMrdmienNam(1965-1968)"Ba\22(LS 12 , ea ban) Gian tmng bay hien vat ve cude kharig the kim kep eua djch Cd theehup anh hien vat sung chien ehd'ng MT bao tang Dong Thap dupe sip M79 (5) chien Ipi pham cila don vi C279 thu dupe ciia xep theo thif tu tifng giai doan, cu the, d day GV khai djch tran danh ddn Nga Cai 24/04/1975 tai xa thae va sudung hien vat giai doan 1961 -1968 de HS MT Long, huyen Cao Lanh, diing day hpc Muc III quan sat, lien he LS khang chien ehd'ng MT ciia dja "Giai phdng hoin toin mien Nam, giinh toan ven phuang vdi nhung ndi dung bai hpe LS dan tpc lanh thdTd qud'c", Bai 23 (LS 12, eo ban) nhim minh chuang trinh, SGK Tuy nhien, thue teday hpe bai LS hpa eho HS tha'y dupe chien thing cua quan va dan ndi khda tai bao tang hien deae trudng THPT tinh Ddng Thap viee thuc hien ehu truang, kehoach Ddng Thap hau nhu ehua thue hien dupe vj khd khan giai phdng mien Nam eiing vdi nhifng chien djch tieu viee lien he vdi can bd bao tang de sip xep thdi bieu khac gdp phan dua de'n giai phdng hoan toan gian, viee to'ehife di lai eho HS phifc tap, lien quan de'n mien Nam thd'ng nha't dat nude Ngoai ra, thdng qua anh hien vat, G V cd the dat nhifng cau hdi giiip HS nhieu van devetd'chifc, hudng dan, ngoai trijf cae nhan th ife dupe mdi quan he giifa LS dan tdc vdi LS trudng TP Cao Lanh dja phuang tifng giai doan ciia cupc khang chien 4) Khai thae, su dung tu lieu a bao tang dia Vi du: Nhi/ng chii'n thing diin ddja phuang edy phuang di'day hgc mgt bai ngi khda tai trudng nghia va tic dgng nhu thd nao ddi vdi thing Igi cua TWPr Hinh thifc CO theap dung phd'bien deae cugc khing chii'n chdng MJciiu nude cua din toe? trudng tinh, nhim bd'sung, minh hpa them *** eho nhifng su kien ciia LS dan tpc bai hpc de Nhu vay, bao tang LS ndi chung, bao tang d eac lien he vdi LS dja phuang Deed dupe nhifng ngudn su lieu nay, GV LS ciing vdi mdt so HS kha, gidi, dja phuang ndi rieng ed vai trd va y nghTa rat Idn dd'i nang dpng, yeu thich mdn LS va dupe ban giam vdi viee nang cao chat lupng DHLS dtrudng THPT hieu nha trudng ho trp lien he vdi lanh dao ciia bao Neu GVLS quan tam, chuy khai thae va sudung cac tang deden tim hie'u, lua chpn tien hanh chup anh lai hien vat, tai lieu bao tang, ket hpp nhuan nhuyen hien vat va ghi chep eae tu lieu can thiet ve LS ciia eae bien phap va hinh thifc day hpc se giup HS nhan hien vat de dua ve trudng phue vu cho eac tiet day thifc dupe sau sic LS dan tpc Thdng qua tai lieu, bd mdn Viee tang cudng su'dung cae tu lieu hien vat hien vat ciia bao tang, HS khdng ehi dupe true tie'p chup d bao tang vao day hpe d eac trudng dem lai tie'p thu ndi dung bai hpc mdt each true quan, sinh ddng macdn dupe bd'sung vao suhieu biet ve LS eua hieu qua ra'tldn dd'i vdi DHLS Tai Bao tang Ddng Thap, GV cd theehup anh eac dja phuong, que hupng minh Ddng thdi, vdi nhung hien vat gian tmng bay ve eae giai doan khang hinh thue va bien phap ndi tren se gdp phan giao due chien ehd'ng MTnhu: sung GaRant-Colt45-carbine truyen thd'ng LS eua dan tdc, giao due tinh yeu que va sung trung lien (3): chien Ipi pha'm ta thu duac \u huong, dat nude eho the he tre ndi chung va HS ndi djch tran danh Gidng ThiDam-GdQuan Cung rieng Ngudn sir lieu bao tang dja phuong nhu (26/09/1959) Anh duqc sudung day Muc III- la "giao an" sinh ddng gdp phan nang cao hieu qua "Mien Nam di'u tranh chdng chedd Mi- Diim, giii cho viee day va hpe eae bai hpc npi khda, bai gin va phit triin luc lugng cich mang, tien tdi "Bdng hpc tai thue dja bao tang, ngoai khda cua tifng dja Khdi" (1954-1960)" bk 21 (LS 12, cP ban), nhim phuang ndi rieng • minh hpa cho HS ve cupc chien dau cua nhan dan Dong Thap phong trao "Dong khdi" va lien he y (1) Theo H6 sa lich sir hien vat tai Bao tang D6ng nghTa ciia chien thing Giong Thj Dam - Gd Quan Thap, ma hien vat so 815 Cung dd'i vdi each mang mien Nam giai doan (2) Theo H6 so lich su hiSn vat tai Bao tang D6ng Hoac, GV chup anh Cay xa beng (4) dung de Thap, ma hien vjt sO' 1184 pha ap chien lupc, pha tinh Id - lien tinh Sa Dee - (3) Theo H6 so lich sir hien vat tai Bao t^ng D6ng VTnh Long Anh hien vat de su'dung day hpc Thap, ma hien vat so 1775, 815 Muc V "Mien Nam chii'n di'u chdng chii'n luge "chii'n(4) Theo H6 sa hien vat tai Bao tang D6ng Thap, ma tranh dac biit" cua dequdc MJ(1961 - 1965)"Qa\ 21 hien vat s6' 177 (LS 12, CO ban): minh hpa giiip HS hinh dung cude (Xem tiep trang 60) (kil-2/2014) T^p chi Gido due so 327 47 nghien eiiii dd'i tupng thii' hai, ngudi ta phan tieh tifng bd phan rdi dd'i chieu vdi tifng bp phan ciia dd'i tupng thu nhat Vidu:Trong qua trinh day kie'n thifc mdi ve he tuan hoan, sau tim hie'u he tuan hoan hd, GV cho lap bang so sanh he tuan hoan kin va he tuan hoan hdde'HSti/tim nhifng dac diem ciia he tuan hoan kin 4) Triiu tugmg hda va khai quit hda: Triiu tugng hda: La qua trinh ngudi dung tri de gatbd nhifng md'i lien he, quan he thif yeu eiia su vat, hien tupng va ehi giif lai nhifng yeu tdcan thiet choTD Khiiquithda: La hoatddng TD tach nhifng thude tinh chung va eac md'i lien he chung, ban chat eua suvat, hien tupng tao nen nhan thifc mdi dudi hinh thifc khai niem, djnh luat, quy tie Khai quat hda dupe thuc hien nhd khai niem trifu tupng hda, nghTa la kha nang tach eac dau hieu, eae md'i lien he ehung va ban chat khdi cac suvat hien tupng rieng le cung nhu phan biet nhifng caigi la khdng ban chat cua su vat, hien tupng Tnfu tupng hda ehi la phan cua hoat ddng TD khai quat hda nhung la phan khdng the tach rdi cda qua trinh Nhd TD khai quat hda, ta nhan su vat theo hinh thifc vd'n cd ciia chung ma khdng phu thude vao dp Idn, mau sic, vat lieu ehe'tao hay vj tri eiia nd khdng gian Hoat ddng TD khai quat hda eiia HS phd'thdng edba muc: khai quat hda cam tinh, khai quat hda hinh tupng khai niem, khai quat hda khai niem TD khai quat la hoat ddng TDcd chat lupng cao va sedupe huy ddng mdt each manh meviTDkhaiquat hda la TD li luan khoa hpc Trong DH, GV cd trach nhiem viee td'chife hudng din nhifng hoatddng TD eho HS Vi du: Sau hpc xong ve chuyen hda vat chat va nang lupng d ddng vat va thue vat, can cd nhifng CH de HS khai quat nhifng dac diem ehung cua hai nhdm de hinh khai niem ve chuyen hda vat chat va nang lupng d cap ca the Tai lieu tham khao Dinh Quang Bao - Nguygn Diic Thanh Li luSn day hpc Sinh hoc (Phan Dai cuwng) NXB Gido due, H 1996 Tr4n Ba Hoknh Ki thuat day hoc Sinh hoc NXB Gido due, H 1996 NguySn Quang Vinh (chO bien) Day hoc Sinh hoc a truOTig trung hoc co sof, tap I, tap NXB Gido due, H.2000 SUMMARY This paper presents a theoretical basis for thinking In teaching and learning, including the concept of thinking, the qualities of thinking, the thinking types, the basic forms of thinking and the Importance of thinking skills training for students From that understanding, the article focuses on training the basic operation of thinking for students through teaching Biology, Sir dung ngudn sir lieu bao tang (Tiep theo trang 47) (5) Theo H6 sa hien vat tai Bao tang Ddng Th4p, ma hien vat s6' 893 Tai liSu tham khao Bo GD-DT Lich sur 12 NXB Gido due, 2008 NguySn Thi Coi Cac duong bi6n phap nang cao hieu qua day hoc lich si a truio^g ph6 thdng NXB Dai hpc qudc gia, H 2008 NguySn Thj Coi Bao tang lich sur, each mang day hoc lich siir of truwng thdng trung hoc NXB Dgi hpc supham, H 1998 Phan Ngoc Lien (chii bi6n) Phuwng phap day hoc lich su-, tap NXB Dgi hpc suphgm, H 2009 NguySn Van Phong Bdo tang lich sii, each mgng dd'i v&i viSc dgy hpc lich sie (ddn tpc vd dia phuang) a truang phd thong trung hpc Luan van thae slTimnig Dai hoc su pham Ha Npi, 1996 SUMMARY Exploitation and use of historical sources in the local museum to teach history In high schools Is one of the forms and measures to contribute to improv5) He thd'ng hoar La bien phap sip xep he thd'ng ing the quality of teaching the subject Using docucac thdng tin theo mpt logic nha't dinh de ed nhifng ments, museum exhibits help students realize the hie'u biet mdi, sau sic han ve dd'i tupng Oe he thd'ng deep history of the nation, on the other hand has great significance to education in the revolutionary hda, viee quan trpng la phai xac djnh dupe tieu diem, traditions of native students Article raised the stacot Idi, xac djnh dupe mach logic de he thd'ng hda tus and proposed forms, exploitation measures, usSau hethd'ng, GV can giiip HS rut ket luan khai ing documents, artifacts against American period on display In the Museum ofDongThap province to teach quat Vi du: he thd'ng hda eac hinh thufc trao dd'i history in secondary schools In Improve provincial effective history lesson giifa cotheddng vat vdi mdi trudng • 60 Tap chi Gido due so 327 (kil-2/2014) ... hdi khai din Cud''ieilng, GV,HSvadaidien ciia Doan trudng quat: Nhimg hien vattronggiaidoan khing chien ehaig MJduge trung bay bao ting mi cic em quan eiing di tham quan mdt bud''i dupe xac djnh... chien dau eiia quan va dan Ddng Thap theo tifng giai trung vao nhiing hien vat, tai lieu ed lien quan true tie''p doan cu thedupc sip xep, trung bay bao tang de''n ndi dung chuang trinh da hpe... chien bay gid da ban chet ten Kie''n Phong) da phue kich, be gay chien thuat Trung uy Thp tieu doan 834 ciia y de''n md cupc Trong tran anh Nguyen Minh Tri sifdung sung can d a''p Binh MT A xa Binh