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T9P chi KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM HSSyAnh TIM HIEU VE KIEM TRA, DANH GIA HQC SINH VA DOI MOfI KIEM TRA, DANH GIA HQC SINH THEO HirdNG TIEP CAN NANG L V C H 6 SY ANN'''' TOM TAT Kiem tra, ddnh gid (KTBG) hoe si[.]
T9P chi KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM HSSyAnh TIM HIEU VE KIEM TRA, DANH GIA HQC SINH VA DOI MOfI KIEM TRA, DANH GIA HQC SINH THEO HirdNG TIEP CAN NANG L V C H SY ANN' TOM TAT Kiem tra, ddnh gid (KTBG) hoe sinh (HS) la nhiing khdu rdt quan Irong qud trinh dgy hge vd gido due (GB) Bg Gido due vd Bdo Igo (GB&BT) dd ed nhiiu gidiphdp nlidm edi tien viec KTBG HS Su cdi lien ndy luy bu&c ddu da ed chuyin biin lieh cue, nhung kil qud dgi duge vdn cdn hgn ehi, ehua huang din BG ndng lue HS Trong bdi viit ndy, chiing tdi de cgp mgt sd vdn de li lugn vd thuc tiin vi KTBG HS eiia mot sd nude tren Ihi gidi vd Viet Nam, ding thai di xudl mdt sd gidi phdp nhdm ddi mdi kiim tra, ddnh gid theo hudng tiep can ndng igc HS Tir khda: kiem tta, ddnh gid, ndng luc hpc sinh ABSTRACT Investigating student assessment and Innovating testing and assessment in the student competence approach The act of testing and assessing students is one of the very important stages in the process of teaching-learning and education The Ministry of Education and Trainning has proposed many solutions lo improve testing and assessment Although initially this improvement has got some positive changes, Ihe achieved results are slill limited because Ihe assessment has not focused on students' competence In this paper, we present some theoretical issues together with Ihepraclice in terms of testing and assessing students in some countries in Ihe world and Vietnam, and suggest some solutions for Ihe innovation o testing and assessemeni in the students' competence approach Keywords: testing, assessment, student competence D^t van de Xdy dyng ehuong ttinh GDPT sau ndm 2015 theo djnh hudng tilp can ndng lue HS Id mdt chu truang Idn cua Viet Nam, nhdm thyc hien "ddi mdi can bdn vd todn dien GD" theo tinh thdn cila Nghi quylt Dai hpi ldn thd XI cua Ddng, trdn CO sd nghien cim vl li ludn eilng nhu thye tien KTDG HS cua GD thi gidi va Viet Nam; tit dd, so sdnh KTDG HS theo _^ ' ThS, Trudng Oai hpc Supham TPHCIVI cdch truyen thdng (hudng npi dung) vdi KTDG HS theo hudng tilp can ndng lye; tim nhttag ban chl KTDG HS d GDPT hien nay, ddng thdi dl xudt mdt sd gidi phdp ndng cao hieu qud edng tde ndy Vdn dl khdng ehi ddt ddi vdi moi gido vien (GV), mdi ttardng hpc md cdn vdi cd he thdng GDPT Kiim tra, danh gia hpc sinh giao dijc thdng tren thi gidi Trdn thi gidi, tir giira thdp nien 80 eiia thi ki XX da cd mdt eupe each mang vl KTDG HS vdi nhitag thay doi cdn bdn 131 Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM ve triet ll, quan diem, phuang phap va ede boat ddng cu the Nhitag thay ddi tren the hien quan diem mdi: coi ngudi hpc [learner) vd qud trinh hpc tap {learning) Id trung tdm ciia loan bd hoat ddng GD 2.1 Ngh ien eti-u ve li lugn Cimg vdi sy phdt tridn eua khoa hpc GD, khoa hpc ve KTDG cung dupe nghien ciru, phdt ttien va xuat hien mdt sd khdi niem mdi Ba ddc trung quan ttpng eua xu hudng mdi vl KTDG la: DG phat trien, DG thue tien va DG sang tao [2] 2.1.1 BG phdt trien (Fomative Assessment) Ddy la thuat ngG dupe de cap nhilu cdc cdng trinh nghien cuu vl xu hudng KTDG mdi, diing vdi nghTa DG qua trinh trudc ddy dl ehi ede hoat dpng KTDG dupe thyc hien qua trinh day hpc, phdn biet vdi KT GD tai nhiing thdi dilm khde nhu DG chdt lupng ddu vdo (PreTest) bode DG kit thue mdt qud trinh day - hpe, DO tdng kit (Summative Assessment) DG qua trinh Id mdt loat edc quy trinh DG chinh thiie va khdng chinh thirc dupe thue hien bdi nhilu GV qud ttinh hpc tap, ren luyen eua ngucri hpc, dl thay ddi boat dpng day - hpc nhdm cdi thien tbdnh tich dat dupe ciia hp Nd lidn quan din thdng tin phan hdi vl chdt lupng hpc tap, ren luyen ciia HS cho ed GV vd HS Mdi quan tdm eua DG qud ttinh la hieu qud eiia boat ddng gidng day qua trinh phat triln nang lire ciia ngirdi hoc, ehii khdng chirng minh HS dat dupe mdt mirc thdnh tich ndo 132 SS 50 ndm 2013 DG qud trinh cd gid tri phan hoi (Feedback) rat cao Bdy nguydn tdc phdn hdi tdt eiia DG qua trinh, la: (i) Ldm rS nhttag gi cd hieu qua tdt (muc tidu, tieu ehuan hien tai va dy kien); (ii) Tao dilu kien cho phat trien ty DG hpe tap; (iii) Cung cdp thdng tin chdt lupng eao cho HS ve hpe tap vd ren luyen cua hp; (iv) Khuyin khich GV vd HS ddi thoai binh dang xung quanh viee hpc tap; (v) Khuyen khich tieh cue thuc ddy niem tin vd Idng ty ttpng cua HS; (vi) Cung cdp CO hdi de thu hep khoang cdch giua hieu qud hien tai vd mong mudn; va (vii) Cung cdp thdng tin hinh mdu GD mdi dl GV su dung DG tdng kit Id thyc hien chire nang DG de phuc vu edng tdc qudn li Mue tieu ciia DG tdng kit la mile dp thdnh tich dat dupe cua HS va thdng qua do, DG thdnh tich ciia GV, ciia nha trudng, sau mdt qua trinh day - hpc DG khdng quan tam din HS dat dupe thdnh tich dd nhu thi nao, md chi quan tdm den dilm sd cua timg HS, hoae dilm trung binh ciia HS mpt Idp, mdt trudng, mdt viing; trdn CP sd dd so sdnh HS vdi HS khde, trudng vdi ttnidng khde, suy rdng viing ndy vdi viing khae 2.1.2 BG Ihuc lien (Authentic Assessment) Bao gdm mpi hinh thirc va phuong phdp KTDG dupe thyc hien vdi myc dich KT cac ndng lye cdn cd trpng cupc song hang va dupe thyc hien bdi cdnh thyc tl Cach DG nhdn m?nh mdi lidn he chdt ehe giiia yeu cdu cua DG vdi thyc tl cude sdng DG khac vdi DG truyin thdng, ehi dua vao DG tten Tap chl KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM giay thdng qua bai vilt tu luan hoac trie nghiem khach quan [2] 2.1.3 DG sdng tgo (Alternative Assessment) DG sang tao hay DG thay thi, nd trai ngupe vdi each DG truyen thdng, va gan vdi cac khai niem DG thyc tien, DG tich hgp, DG toan dien DG sang tao nhan manh sy mdi me, da dang va sang tao eiia nhihig each thiic KTDG Trong mo hinh nay, HS, GV va cd ca phu huynh, ehpn mpt sd mang hoat dpng, nhiing tich hay diem KT mdn hpc, kT nang viet, ndi eiia HS qua cac nam, de chimg minh rang viec hpc eiia hp dupe cai thien qua trinh nhieu nam lien tuc Mpt so dSe dilm ciia DG sang tao la nhin manh chihig cii- qud trinh hpc t^p nhu 1^ mpt minh chiing tich cyc ciia kiln thirc v^ kT nSng DG sang tao khuyin khich sy tham gia ciia HS DG t h ^ tich va kha nang dat duac, cd sy tuang tdc ciia HS vdi HS khac, giGa GV vdi HS va cd ca cha me va cpng ddng Vi du, DG vl dy an, DG cdng trinh nghien ciiu khoa hpc ciia HS cd sy tham gia cua nhieu ngudi 2.2 KTDG dp dftng thuc tiin cua gido due the gi&i Ve KTDG HS, cae nudc khdng chi d^t dupe nhOng tyu mdi vl li luan md da cdng viee trien khai thyc tien d cac trudng hpc 2.2.1 DG ndng lyre vd DG mon hpc Xu hudng DG mdi ciia thi gidi la DG dya theo nSng lye {Competence base assessment), turc la "DG kha ndng tiem an cua HS dya tren kit qua diu cudi mpt giai do^n hpc tap, la qud trinh tim kiem HdSyAnh minh chiing ve viec HS da thye hien cdng cac san pham dd"' Viec KTDG ket qua hpe tap hoan toan giao eho GV va HS chii ddng, phuong phap DG dupe Sli dung da dang, sang tao va linh boat DG nang luc nham giiip GV cd thdng tin ket qua hpc tap cua HS de dieu chinh boat ddng giang day; giiip HS dieu chinh hoat dpng hpc tap; giup GV va nha trudng xac nhan, xep hang ket qua hpc tap Nhieu qudc gia da day manh DG qua trinh bang cac hinh thiic, phuong phap DG khdng truyen thdng nhu quan sat, phdng van, hd sa, dy an, trinh dien thyc, nhieu ngudi cimg tham gia, HS tu DG DG kit qua hpc t$p thdng qua du an hoac nghien ciiu nhdm dupe chii trpng Chang han, d Hoa Ki, de KTDG miie tiep nhan va cam thu van hpc eiia HS ve mdt tae pham nao do, GV yeu eau HS lap nhdm dl phan tieh npi dung, nghe thuat ciia tac pham dd va cd thi lap dy an tham quan bao tang ciia nha van Qua phan tieh eiia nhdm va qua ehuyin tham quan, HS phai viet thu hoach, trinh bay nhdm trude Idp Vdi each nay, HS cd quyen tu lam bai theo hilu bidt ciia minh, trao ddi, tuang tac vdi nhau, tim hilu tir thyc tl, van dung nhilu kiln thiic ciia nhilu mdn hpc khac nhau, hop tac nghien eiiu cd thi dua nhilu nhan dinh sdng tao Day la hinh thiic hpe tap mang tinh tich hop cao, GV va HS cimg tham gia DG kit qua ciia timg nhdm 2.2.2 DG ve dgo ddc vd su tien bp eua hpc sinh Viec DG vl dao diie va ren luy?n 133 Tap chi KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM am HS cung dupe coi trpng, nhd trudng dua tieu chi ro rang vd GV nhdn xet tren nhimg tieu ehi dd Dilu khdng chi cd tdc dung hd ttp giup HS tiln bd ma sy phdi hpp giiia GV va gia dinh viec GD HS tdt hon Vi du, edeh nhdn xet, DG vd HS eua mdt trudng a Canada nhu sau: Sau mdi hpc ki, cha me hpe sinh ddu nhdn dupe mpt bdn nhdn xet vdi ndi dung chu yeu sau: (i) KT ndng ldm viec ddc lap; (ii) Nang lue sdng tao; (iii) Muc dp hoan thdnh cdc bdi tap; (iv) Ndng lye su dung cdng nghp thdng tin; (v) Khd ndng hpp tde vdi nhung ngudi xung quanh; (vi) Kha ndng gidi quylt nhitag xung dot eua cd nhdn; (vii) Mirc dp tham gia cdc hoat dpng tdp thi ciia Idp; (viil) Khd ndng gidi quylt vdn de; vd (ix) Khd ndng biit djt mue tidu dl hodn thien tuong lai Tdt ca cdc myc tten, GV chil nbiera diu nhdn xet dilm manh, dilm tdt cua HS da dat dupe qud trinh hpc tap, ren luyfn d trudng, vd tung npi dung, nlu HS ed hjn chl, GV cd nhdn xet di kdm dl HS rut kinh nghiem 2.2.3 Phdi hgp giira phu huynh vd nhd tru&ng BG HS Su phdi hpp giiia nhd trudng vd phy huynh viec DG HS dupe edc trudng coi trpng Chdng ban, mdt sd trudng tiiu hpc d Hoa Ki, cupc hpp phu huynh ddu nam thuc sy cd y nghia Trong cupc hpp ndy, GV chu nhiem gidi thieu rdt kT chucmg trinh hpe tap nam, myc tidu eudi ndm, cdeh trao ddi giaa bd me va GV, edeh chdm dilm bdng nhdn xet OOutstanding, G-Good, S-Satisfied, NNeed Improvement (xudt sdc, khd, dat vd So SO nam 2013 cdn ed gdng) Tir Idp ttd di, O.vd G rat ban che, vi sp HS vd bd me dua "chay theo didm" Nha tnidng khuyin khieh HS phai biit ty Ijp tit nhd Tren tudng phdng hpc la npi quy cua Idp, ehinh HS vilt ra, ehung ty nghT ludt le, each phat vd ky ten d dudi Ndi quy la Ldi the danh dy ciia Idp, dupe treo din cudi nam hpc vd ldi the mdi Idp, mdi khde [10] 2.2.4 BG HS thdng qua cdc ki Ihi Ngoai DG trdn Idp, hdu het eac qudc gia diu DG HS thdng qua cdc ki thi nhu: tuyen sinh dau cdp hpc, thi tdt nghiep cde edp vd tuyen sinh dai hpc Tuyen sinh d^u cap: Cd hai xu hudng tuyen sinh ddu cdp: (i) Xet tuyen dya vao kdt qud hpc tap hpac ket qud thi tdt nghiep ciia cap hoc trudc (vi dii d Singapore, xet tuyen vdo tnidng trung hpc ca sd (THCS) dya vao dilm thi tdt nghiep PSLE, xet tuyin vdo trucmg THPT dya vao ket qud hpe tdp ndm culi THCS); vd (ii) Thi tuyen vdo idp ddu cdp ket hop vdi kit qud hpe tap cdp hpc dudi (Han Qudc) Thi tot nghiep cac cap hpc: Phdn ldn cdc qude gia diu khdng td chitc thi tdt nghiep d bde GD bdt bupe nhu Anh, Hdn Qude, Hoa Ki, NewZealand, Australia Rit it qudc gia vin tti ki thi tdt nghiep tieu hpe Hdu hit cac qudc gia diu to chirc ki thi tdt nghiep THPT qudc gia, ngoai trir Hdn Qudc Xu hudng chung la da dang hda cac hinh thilc DG vd cac loai bdng cap khac dl thuc hien phdn hda theo ndng luc HS Tuyen sinh d^i hpc: Hdu hit cdc qudc gia ddu sir dyng mpt sd tieu chi Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM HdSyAnh tuyen sinh nhu diem 3-ki thi (thi tdt PIRLS), cupc thi va DG qudc tl ddi vdi nghiep THPT, thi tuyin sinh va thi trudng hpe (International Competitions chuan hda ndng lye), kit qua hpc tap d and Assessments for Schools ICAS), cip THPT, hd so dy tuyen (bai ty luan chuang trinh DG HS qudc tl (Program theo chii de, thu gidi thieu ) va ylu td for International Student Assessment nhan than nhu dan tdc, vimg khd khan PISA), chuang trinh ehuan so sanh dien 2.2.5 Ddnh gid quoc gia vd quoc te tli giao due {Electronic Danh gid quoc gia: Cac qudc gia Benchmarking in Education -EBIE) a deu tang eudng DG cap qudc gia d GD Australia, da trien khai DG cac trudng bat budc (nhu SATl d Singapore, SAT^ phd thdng qudete va SCAT^ d Han Qudc, SAT, AIMS d ICAS dupe triln khai bdi UNSW Hoa Ki ) va chu yeu vao cac nang lye Global Pty Limited UNSW Global la CO ban la dpe, viet, lam toan mdt td chiic phi lpi nhuan, cung cap dieh Ddnh gid quoc te: Cac nude tao vu GD, dao tao va tu van thupe Trudng mpt so edng cu KTDG rat hiiu hieu nhu: Dai hpc New South Wales (Australia) Nghien ciiu ve xu the Toan hpc va ICAS dupe sir dung tren 60 qudc gia, Khoa hpc qudc te {Trends in cung cap cac bai KTDG hang nam ve cac International Mathematics and Scientics mdn Todn, Khoa hpc, Tieng Anh, viet va TIMSS), nghien euru ve sy tien bd ve kT nang may tinh, eung cap thdng tin chi nang luc dpe hieu qude te {Program in tiet ve mdi HS, lop va trudng tham gia International Reading Listeracy Study - Vi du: (Xem bang 1) Bdng I So sdnh kit qud cdc mon Todn cua Jenny Black vdi trudng vd Bang [15] Phan mon Toan hoc Cao nhat TB Bang TB Trwdng TBtat caHS ong diem so (Total Score) va Sd hpc (Number & Arithmetic) )?i s6 & Mo hinh (Algebra & Patterns) >o ludng & Don vi (Measuresft Units) linh hpc khdng gian (Space& Geometry) ;ac sudt & DO: lieu (Chance & Data) 40 10 23,8 6,2 6,2 3,6 2,8 24,9 6,8 5,1 6,7 3,5 2,7 24,9 6,8 5,1 6,7 3,5 2,7 PISA la mdt he thdng DG qude te tap trung vao khd nang dpe, kT ndng todn va khoa hpc cua HS d liia ttidi 15 PISA dupe thyc hipn bdi Td chirc Hop tdc Kinh te vd Phdt ttiln (OECD), thyc hien DG ndm mpt ldn Mdi dpt bao gdm cdc DG Diem ciia Jenny Black 28 cua cd phdn, nhung chi cd mdt phdn duac DG sdu Trong ehuong trinh DG nay, dl thi chu trpng din cdc tinh hudng phdt sinh thyc tiln, lien quan din kiln thire d phd thdng dd hpc PISA giilp eho edc qudc gia tham gia ed ea hpi nhin 135 Tap chi KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM nhdn mdt cdeh kha todn dien ve nhitag '"kj nang cff ban", '"nang lire ca nhdn'' ma HS qudc gia hp dat dupe, de lir dua chinh saeh mdi nham phdt trien GD mdt each ben vung Viet Nam tham gia DG PISA nam 2012 Tdm lai ban thap ki qua, KTDG ddi vdi GDPT qude tl da ed nhitag budc tiln rat Idn cd ve li ludn va thuc tiln The hien rd xu hudng KTDG eiia the gidi la hudng den DG nang lue HS, phuang phap, edeh thilc DG rdt da dang, sdng tao va linh boat Kiem tra, danh gid hoc sinh giao due phd thong d Viet Nam Trong nhitag ndm vira qua, khoa hpc vl KTDG cua Viet Nam dd cd nhimg ehuyin biln tich cue, nhtmg nhin chung vdn edn chdm vd ehua bit kip vdi thi gidi 3.1 Mdt sd khdi niem Kilm tra: Trong Dai tit diln tiing Viet cua Nguyin Nhu Y gidi thich KT la xem xet thue chdt, thyc tl Theo Bun Kl, KT Id tra xet, xem xet Id sodt xet lai cdng viec; KT la xem xet tinh hinh thyc tl dl DG va nhdn xet; KT la cung cap nhitag dil kien, thdng tin ldm co sd cho viee DG Mpt sd nha khoa hpe GD cho rdng: KT vdi nghTa la nhdm thu thdp sd lieu, ehiing cu, xem xet, sodt xet l£ii cdng viec thuc tl dl DO vd nhdn xet Danh gia: Ld qud trinh hinh nhitag nhdn dinh, phdn doan vl kit qud cdng viee dya vdo su phdn tieh nhimg thdng tin thu dupe, ddi chilu vdi nhitag muc tieu, tieu chudn dl ra, nhdm dl xudt nhitag quylt djnh thieh hpp dl cai thien thuc trang, dilu chinh ndng cao chdt 136 SS SO ndm 2013 luong vd hieu qud cdng vipe Theo Dai tir didn tiing Vi$t eda Nguyin Nhu Y, DG Id nhdn xet, binh phdm ve gid tri DG GD, theo Ducmg Thieu Tdng, la qua trinh thu thdp va xir li kjp thdi, ed he thdng thdng tin vl hien trjing va hieu qua GD, can cir vdo mue tieu djy hpc, lam co sd cho nhung chii truang, bien phap vd hdnh dpng GD tilp theo Cd the ndi rang, DG Id qud trinh thu thdp, phdn tieh va gidi thich thdng tin mpt each he thdng nhdm xae dinh mirc dp dat din cila cac muc tieu GD DG cd the thyc bidn bdng phuang phap dinh lupng hay djnh tinh [13] Quy djnh eua Ludt GD, Khodn 1, Dilu Ludt GD ndm 2005 neu ro: "Chuang trinh GD the hien myc tieu GD; quy dinh chudn kien thirc, kT nang, p h ^ vi vd cdu triie ndi dung GD, phuang phdp vd hinh thiic td chirc hoat ddng GD, cich thuc BG kit qud GD doi v&i cdc mon hge & mdi Idp, mdi cdp hge hogc trinh dg ddo tgo." 3.2 Trien khai Irong thg-c tiin Thyc hien Ludt GD, qud trinh xay dung khung chuong trinh vd chuong trinh phd thdng, Bd GD&DT dd chu trpng din KTDG, ban hdnh nhilu vdn bdn vl DG, xip Ipai HS, va khdng dinh KTDG la mdt khdu rdt quan trpng ttong qud trinh day va hpc 3.2.1 Chi dgo ve kiem tra, ddnh gid Cdng tdc chi dao KTDG cua Bo GD&DT thdng qua he thdng vdn bdn sau: Cap tieu hpc: Quylt djnh so 30/2005/QD Bd GD&DT 30-092005 ban hdnh Quy dinh DG xip loai hpc lye, hanh kilm HS tiiu hpc; Thdng tu so Tap chi KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM 32/2009/TT-BGDDT (Thdng tu 32) 27-10-2009 ban hanh Quy djnh DG, xip loai HS tiiu hpc Thdng tu 32: Khdng djnh viec ddi mdi DG khd hodn thien, the hien triet li, quan diem rat rieng ve cap hpe Nguyen tdc DG xip Ip^i dupe neu Thdng tu la cdng khai, cdng bang, khach quan, chinh xdc va tpan dien Viec DG vdi HS tieu hpc ehu yeu Id ddng vidn, khuyen khieh cho sy tien bd eua cde em, khdng gay dp lye cho cd GV vd HS Su kit hpp DG djnh lupng (dilm sd) va DG dinh tinh (nhdn xet), kit hop DG eua GV vdi ty DG cua HS, kit hpp DG thudng xuyen vdi DG djnh kl nhdm mang lai ket qud DG ddy du, toan dien, the hien tinh nhdn vdn ciia GD tieu hpc Diem mdi ciia Thdng tu 32 la coi trpng DG cudi nam hpc, vi d$c didm kien thire vd kT nang d tieu hpc cdu tnic thep dudng thdng ndn bdi KT cudi ndm Id dilu kien edn vd du de DG khd ndng ndm vitag kiln thde, kT ndng ciia HS d mdi idp Cap THCS, THPT: Quylt djnh 40/2006/QD-BGD&DT (Quylt djnh 40) 05-10-2006 ban hdnh Quy chl DG, xip losii HS THCS, THPT; Thdng tu sd 51/2008/TT-BGD&DT ngdy 15-9-2008 ve vi?c sira ddi, bd sung mdt sd didu tai Quylt djnh 40; Thdng tu sd 58/2011/TTBGD&DT (Thdng tu 58) ngdy 12-122011 ban hdnh Quy djnh DG vd xdp loai HS THCS, THPT; Cdng vdn sd 8773/BGDDT-GDTrH 30-12-2010 ciia Bd GD&DT vl viee hudng ddn soan dl KT vd mpt sd quylt djnh, thdng tu lidn quan din tuyin sinh THCS, THPT, thi tdt nghiep THPT HSSyAnh Quyet djnh 40: Theo quyet djnh nay, DG, xep loai HS cd ITnh vyc: (1) DG hanh kiem cua HS phai cdn cir vdo bieu hien cu the ve thdi dp vd hdnh vi dao due; img xu mdi quan he vdi thay gido, cd gido, vdi ban be vd quan he xd hdi; y thuc phdn ddu vuon ldn hpc tap; ket qua tham gia lao ddng, boat ddng tap the cua Idp, cua trudng vd boat ddng xa hpi; ren luyen thdn the, giir gin ve sinh vd bdo ve mdi trucmg; vd (ii) DG, xep loai hpc lye: Cdn cir DG hpc luc ciia HS la hodn chucmg trinh cdc mdn hpc Ke hoach GD ciia cdp THCS, THPT, ket qud dat dupe d cdc bdi KT Hpc lye dupe xdp thdnh loai: Gidi, Khd, Trung binh, Ydu vd Kem Hinh thuc KT, bao gdm KT thudng xuyen (mieng, 15 phut), KT djnh ki (1 tilt, hpc ki) Viec DG hpc tap dupe thuc hien bang cdch KT vd cho diem cdc bdi KT, tinh diem trung binh mdn hpe, diem trung binh edc mdn hpc cudi hpc ki va cudi ndm hpc Thdng tu 58: Ke thira Quylt djnh 40 vd Thdng tu 51, tbeo do, cdc mdn The due Am nhae, MT thudt thyc hien nhdn xet vdi bde: Dat va Chua dat, ddng thdi xda bd he sd tinh diem trung binh cde mdn eudi hpc ki, cudi ndm Quan diem cua Bp GD&DT cho rdng vai trd cac mdn hpe dnh hucmg din sy trudng thdnh ciia HS sau ndy la nhu nhau, dd khdng phdn biet mdn chinh, mdn phu Mdt sd mdn hpc quan trpng nhu Toan, Vdn, Ngoai ngu thi HS dupe hpc vdi thdi lupng nhilu hem vd thudng xuyen la mdn thi tdt nghiep THPT Cdng van sd 8773/BGDDT-GDTrH cua Bd GD&DT vl viec hudng din soan 137 Tap chi KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM dl KT, mdt sd yeu edu dupe ddt nhu: KT, DG dua trdn chudn kiln thilc, kT ndng chuang trinh THCS, THPT da dupe Bd ban hanh; tdng eudng cdu hdi mirc dp thdng bidu, sdng tao; de bdng ma tran kiln thuc, kl ndng; khuyin khieh DG bdng nhilu phuong phap vd mdt sd kT thuat mdi nhu kT thudt Rubric, DG mdn Gido due cdng dan vira eho diem vira nhdn xet Gdn ddy, da xudt hien mdt xu hudng cdc dd KT "md" dd tao ca hpi cho HS the hien nhiing suy nghT, nhitag y tudng sdng tao cua minh Didn hinh id de vdn nghj ludn "A^ew quan diem cita anh (chi) ve vai trd cua ddng tien cugc sdng" cua cd gido Ddng Nguyet Anh, qua bdi ldm eua cdu hpe trd Nguydn Trung Hieu, Idp 11 chuydn Li Trudng THPT ehuyen Ha Npi Amsterdam lai tran ngap yeu thucmg vd tinh ngudi Vdi nhttag nd lye, ed gdng cua mlnh hpc tap, cude sdng vd vdi bai vdn nay, Nguyin Trung Hilu da dupe binh chpn la 10 guong mat tidu bieu cua tudi tte Thu dd nam 2011, ddng thdi nhdn dupe hpc bdng nam THPT cua Trudng Besant Hill (Califomia, Mt) Ro rdng KTDG d ddy thyc su la mdt ca hpi cho HS 3.2.2 Cdc ki thi, BG qudc gia Trong he thdng GD Viet Nam, ngodi KTDG d cdp trudng cdn ed cac ki thi d cdp tinh va cdp qudc gia nhu: Thi HS gidi edp tinh vd cdp qude gia, thi tuyin sinh THPT, thi tdt nghiep THPT vd tuyen sinh dai hpc (DH), cao ddng (CD) Ket qud cde ki thi tren dd phdn dnh khd chinh xde chdt lupng GD cua mdt trudng, mdt dja phuong Mdt sd cai tiln quan 138 SS SO nam 2013 ttpng nhu bd thi tdt nghiep tidu hpc (2004), bd thi tdt nghiep THCS (2006) va cdi tiln thi tdt nghiep THPT (giao cho Sd GD&DT chpn mdt hinh thilc: xet tuydn, thi tuyen hoae ket hpp thi tuyen vdi xet tuyin), thi tuydn sinh DH da mang lai nhieu chuyen bien tich cue Tuy nhien, mot nhitag ban che ddi vdi thi cir d Viet Nam Id hien tuong "tieu cue thi cir va benh thdnh tich GD" Nganh GD da cd nhidu gidi phap dl ngan chdn hien tupng nay, song ket qua ehua dupe nhu ki vpng DG quoe gia: Ngodi cdc ki thi, ngdnh GD&DT ciing da tien hdnh nhiing ki DG qudc gia Tir ndm 1998 din 2000, Vien Khoa hpc GD Viet Nam (NIES) da thye hien mdt nghidn cilu ve ket qud hpc tap eiia HS Idp 3, Idp ciia 14 trudng phd thdng ca ed (phd thdng cdp 1-2) thupe tinh, thdnh phd Tir dd den nay, Bd GD&DT da tiln hanh nhilu nghien ciru vl chdt lupng GD, hieu qua GD va cac ylu to tdc dpng den ket qud hpe tap d cdp tieu hpc vd THCS, nhdm de xudt cdc chinh sdch GD d edp qudc gia va tinh DG qudc tl: Bd GD&DT da cd van bdn dl nghj OECD chdp nhdn Viet Nam tham gia PISA 2012 va OECD dd ehinh thirc chdp nhdn dieu ndy Tdm lai, cimg vdi ddi mdi chuong trinh, sdch giao khoa, phuong phdp gidng day, viec ddi mdi KTDG dupe khdng djnh la mdt khau quan trpng trpng qua trinh day - hpc Nhilu edi tiln theo xu huong khoa hpe KTDG cua thi gidi da dupe trien khai vd mang lai kit qud budc ddu Song, theo nhdn dinh eiia cac nha khoa hoc GD: "Danh gid kit qud GD vdn Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM la mdt ITnh vyc cdn nhilu -ylu kem, lac hau vdi xu the chung cua the gidi tir nhan thiie eho den quy trinh, kT thuat, phuong phap." [8] , ^ , ^ Mot so van de ton tai kiem tra, ddnh gid hoc sinh cua giao dye Viet Nam Mae dil da cd nhirng cai tien, nhung cdng tac KTDG van bpc Ip nhieu ySu kem ve phuong phdp, cdch thirc cflng nhu quan li, chi dao 4.1 Phuong phdp KTDG HS ngheo ndn, thiiu tinh ihuc tien vd sdng tao Thyc te d cde tnrdng hpc nudc ta cho thiy, phuong phap KTDG HS chu ylu la lam bai KT tren giiy, vdi hinh thure trae nghi?m ty luan va trac nghidm khach quan Ca hinh thiic chu ylu la chiing minh HS ndm viing kiln thiic de giai mpt sd bai tap hoac giai thich mpt sd hien tupng lien quan den nhihig kien thiic da hpc Nang lye ma HS dupe DG vdi phuang phdp chu ylu la nang lye U-inh bay, dien dat, lap luan, kT ndng gidi bai tap Mdt sd nang lye nhu trinh bay mpt vin dl trudc dam ddng, xir li tinh hudng, lam viec hop tdc, ddc lap sang tao rit cin cupc sdng nhung khd xdc dinh dupe vdi each KTDG nhu tren Cdc phuang phap nhu HS ty DG, DG theo dy an, phdng van, giai todn tap the, l9p trinh tap thi chi dp dyng d mot vai ki thi DG nang lye ngudi hpc van cdn la mpt khau ylu ciia GD Viet Nam: "Tir may chuc ndm nay, quan niem, hieu biet, cdch lam DG eda cdn bd qudn H GD cflng nhu cua cdc GV it thay ddi, cdn thien ve kinh nghiem" [8] 4.2 KTDG HS chu trpng muc tieu HdSyAnh deiy chit Viee KTDG hien d cdc nha trudng phd thdng dya vao muc tieu, ma muc tieu chii ylu la ket qua cdc ki thi nhu thi tdt nghiep, tuyen sinh, HS gidl Viec ludng ndng luc HS chu yeu dya vao diem sd edc bai thi, nhimg tieu ehi rat quan trpng nhu siie khde, kT ndng sdng, U tudng ciia HS lai bj bd qua Vi quan niem nhu tren, nen mpi hoat ddng cua nhd trudng ddt trpng tam vao eac ki thi, nhiing hoat ddng khde nham ren luyen dao diic, nang cao sire khde, nang cao kT nang sdng bi xem nhe Viec DG chu trpng vao kien thiie dd dan den nhieu he luy nhu: d?y them hpe them tran lan, HS chi chu trpng hpc mdt sd mdn de thi, coi thudng cdc mdn xa hdi KTDG hien chua ehu trpng den kT ndng, thdi dp, chua hudng den myc tieu lam ngudi 4.3 KTDG HS mang tinh dp dat, lihong linh ho^t, giam kha nang sdng tao cua HS Vdi each thiic KT nay, HS thudng hi dp ddt HS khdng dupe lya chpn vd chu ddng bdi KT, tra ldi phai dung ddp dn mdi dat diem, khde dap dn (ed la sdng tao) vdn khdng d^t diem Nhung hinh thirc KT mang tinh dpe lap, sdng tao cao eua HS nhu: tim hilu thyc tl rdi lam bdo cao, thuylt trinh tdc phim van hpc theo nhdm hien rit it thyc hi?n, vi quy chl ciia Bp chua cho phep va GV chua thuc sy am hilu phuang phdp 4.4 Gido viin vd hpc sinh chua thijcc su chu dpng KTDG KTDG d Viet Nam ehii ylu theo sy chi dao ciia ca quan quan li cip tren Bd chi dao Sd, Sd chi dao trudng va phdi 139 Sd SO nam 2013 Tap chi KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM tuan thu cdc quy dinh Gdn day, nhidu dja phuang td chiic KT dinh ki theo dl ehuiig cua Phdng, cua Sd Dilu ndy ddn den viec GV cdc trudng khdng dupe de thi djnh ki (gidm nang Iyc dd thi) Mat khde, ndi dung dl thi phdi ehu y den cac trudng viing sdu, viing khd khan ndn ddi vdi cdc trucmg chdt lupng eao lai khdng phil hpp So sanh kiem tra danh gia hpc sinh theo hirdng tilp can npi dung va hirdng tiep can nang lure Theo Vu Dinh Chudn, chuong trinh GDPT hien hdnh quan tdm chu ylu tdi viec HS se hpc dupe nhitag gi Viec xdy dyng chuong trinh nhu vay dupe gpi Id theo hudng tilp can npi dung Chuang ttinh mdi se dupe xay dung theo hudng tilp can ndng Iyc HS, tire la xudt phdt tit cdc ndng lye md mdi HS can ed ttong cupc sdng va kit qud cudi ciing phdi dat cde ndng lye dy Theo do, ndi dung, phuong phdp day hpc, phuong phap KTDG diu phai hudng tdi ndng lye HS [6] Nghien ciru vl li ludn cung nhu thuc tiln ttiln khai KTDG ciia thi gidi va Viet Nam, chiing tdi dua mdt sd diem so sanh giiia each thire KTDG neu tren nhu d bdng sau day: Bdng Mgi sd diem so sdnh giira cdch thiie KTBG KTDG theo hu-ong tiep can npi dung Cdc bai thi tren gidy dupe thue hien vao cudi mpt chii de, mdt chuang, mdt hpc ki Viee luc chpn cau hdi va tieu chi DG khdng dupe neu trudc (cd tinh ehat ddnh do, yeu cau HS no lye toi da de vupt qua ki KT, ki thi) Nhan manh su canh tranh Quan tdm den muc tieu eudi ciing eiia viec giang d^y STT • KTDG theo hu-^g tilp c^n nang Iyc Nhilu bai KT da dang sudt qua trinh hoc tap Lya chpn cau hdi va tieu chi DG dupe neu ro tir trudc '(cdng khai, rd rdng, ddi hdi HS phai hieu sdu van de, sdng tao, biet van dung) Nhan manh sy hop tdc Quan tam den den phuang phdp hpc tap, phirong phdp ren luyen ciia HS Chii trpng vao qua trinh t^o sdn phdm, chii y Chii trpng vao sdn pham den y tudng sdng tao, den eac ehi tiet ciia san phdm de khen, che Tap trung vao kien thiic ban lam Tap trung vdo ndng luc thuc tl va sdng tao Ddnh gia cdc cap qudn U va GV GV va HS chu dpng KTDG, khuyin khich cdn tu DG cua HS rit it ty DG cua HS Ddnh gid d?o diic HS chu trpng den viec chap hanh ndi quy nha trudng, tham gia Ddnh gid dao diic eiia HS mdt cdch toan dien phong trao thi dua han che sy thi hien chii trpng din ndng lye ca nhan, khuyin khich HS the hien cd tinh va ndng lye bdn than cd tinh cua HS Nhieu ngudi tham gia KTDG, khdng chi GVbO KTDG HS chil yeu GV bd mdn va mdn, GV chii nhiem, GV tu vin ma ca phu GV chil nhiem huynh va cdng ddng, d^c biet la ty DG lan cuaHS 140 Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM HdSyAnh Danh gid toan dien, cdc tieu chi dat lien quan Ddnh gid chu trpng din kiln thiic, den kien thirc, kT ndng vd thdi dp KTDG phdi kT ndng va thdi dp bi xem nhe gan vdi muc tieu da cdng bd tir trudc, trdnh tinh trang "muc tieu mpt dudng KT mdt neo" Mot so giai phap de xuat nham ddi moi kiem tra danh gia hpc sinh theo hu'dng ti€p can nang lu-c Theo ehung tdi, de nang cao hieu qua va ddi mdi KTDG HS theo hudng tilp can ndng Iyc HS can van dung nhihig giai phap sau: Cdn cd nhimg nghien ciru sau ve li luan vd thye tien KTDG, nghien eiiu va van dung mdt cdch sang tao cdc tuu KTDG mdi nhdt cua the gidi vao Viet Nam Hien nay, Bd GD&DT phdi hpp vdi doanh nghiep cdng nghe thdng tin xay dung cae he thdng td chiic cupc thi tren ph^m vi toan qudc, dd la: thi giai Toan qua m^ng (Violympic) va thi tiing Anh qua mang (ICE) Day la kinh nghiem tdt de tien tdi xay dyng cdc cdng cu DG qudc gia nhu SCAT, SAT Cac tnrdng su pham cdn ddi mdi, nang cao chat luong giang day ve KTDG cho sinh vien > - Viee ddi mdi cdeh KTDG HS phd thdng hipn la mdt viee lam cd tinh cip bach Bp GD&DT can phai nghien Cliu, triln khai thi dilm, sau dd, dp dung cho ca nudc, trdnh tinh trang ban hdnh 'quy chl rdi thay ddi, dilu chinh Ddng thdi, phd biln edeh DG, xep loai HS eho phu huynh de cd sy phdi hpp tdt vi?cGDHS Viec DG, xip loai dao diic ciia HS khdng nen qud eiing nhic Trong DG h^nh kilm, cin xem xet din hpc lye, nhung quan trpng la y thirc, ddng co, thai dp hpe tap chii khdng phai xep loai hpe lue Nganh GD can xay dyng tieu ehuan ve dao dire mdt each cu the, chii trpng den phat trien ndng lye ed nhan va tdn trpng nhan each ciia HS; quy dinh ldi nhan xet cua GV chu nhiem ddi vdi HS phdi day du, toan dien chii khdng chi la nhiJng cum tir chung chung nhu "Cd ed gang", '"Cham ngoan, hpc gidi" Danh gid miic dp tien bd ve nhan each ciia HS gan lien vdi viec xdy dyng tieu chi va phuong phdp DG phii hpp vdi timg cap hpc, timg dp tudi; nhu vay, can xdc dtnh chuan ciia ngudi Viet Nam d the ki XXI - Trong KTDG d nha trudng, cin sir dung nhieu phuong phdp DG khac {thi viet, van dap, trac nghiem, quan sat, ldm thi nghiem, trinh bdy dy dn ) Ddc biet la chuyen tir DG ehii trpng den kien thiic HS nam dupe sang DG qua trinh, each thiic HS nam dupe kien thiic dd nhu thi nao, chii trpng den kT ndng co ban, nang lye ca nhdn KTDG cin quan tam din ylu td: (i) Phat trien todn dipn HS: KTDG phai thi hien d cac mat dire, tri, thi, mT, tinh cam va xd hdi; (ii) Ca biet hda GD: KTDG chu trpng din su phan hda HS, din viec phdt hien ndng lye cua timg ca nhan; (iii) Dan ehii hda GD: KTDG phai ddm bdo cdng khai, cdng bdng, dua vao muc tieu ddt tir dau, tdn trpng sy ty DG cua HS; va (iv) iTng dung hda GD: KTDG nhdm hudng din nang Iyc thyc tiln ciia HS, dl KT khdng chu trpng din kien thirc li thuylt, han lam ma 141 Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM chu trpng den viec van dung cdc kien thirc dd hpe vdo ddi sdng, nhimg kiln thuc hiru ich chp eudc sdng vd viec hpc tap cua cde em Nhd truimg chiu trdch nhiem chinh edng tdc KTDG nhung khdng phai Id Ban gidm hieu ma chinh la GV vd HS Do xdc dinh GV cd trdch nhiem cao cdng tac KTDG, nen cdn thudng xuyen bdi dudng ndng cao trinh dp Ii ludn vd phuang phdp KTDG eho dpi ngu GV vd can bd quan li GD Ket lu?n KTDG HS Id nhitag khdu rdt quan trpng qua trinh day va hpc Khoa bpc ve KTDG cua the gidi da cd bude phdt tridn manh me cd ve li ludn lan thyc tiln, d Viet Nam, ngdnh GD ehi mdi quan tdm din vdn dl SS 50 ndm 2013 nhiJng ndm gdn day KTDG khdng chi la edng eu cho qudn 11 chdt lupng GD cQa cac cdp quan 11 vd cua GV md cdn la quydn Ipi, niem vui vd co hdi eho ngudi hpc Ddi mdi KTDG theo hudng tilp can nang lye HS la mpt ydu edu cdp thiit de ndng cao chdt lupng GD ndi chung va dap img yeu cdu ddi mdi chuang ttinh GDPT sau nam 2015 ndi ridng Mpt s6 tieu chi so sdnh giira KTDG theo hudng tiep can ndi dung va tilp can nang luc HS dupe neu d trdn chua ddy du, nhung cd the gdp phdn giup GV va can bp quan li trudng hpc cdi tien khdu KTDG, tap tac dpng tich eye cho viee day vd hpc, ddng thdi thuc day viec ddi mdi npi dung chuang trinh va phuang phap day hpc Woft, A (2001), Compelence base essessment In J.Raven & J.Stephenson (Eds) Competence in the leaming cosiaty New York Peter Lang " Scliolastic Assessment Test (SAT) • Scholastic and College Ability Test (SCAT) TAi LIEU THAM KHAO 142 Ho Sy Anh (2011), "Dl xudt giai phap ddnh gid chdt lupng hpc sinh phd thdng Viel Nam", Ki ylu Hdi Ihdo khoa hoc Gido diie ciia Bd Giao due vd Dao tao, tap 1, Hai Phdng Vu Thi Phuong Anh (2006), "Kilm tra ddnh gia dl phuc vu hpc tdp: Xu hudng mei ciia the gidi vd bai hpc cho Viet Nam" Ki ylu Hgi Ihdo khoa hge "Kiim Ira ddnli gid de phdi huy linh lich cue ciia hge sinh bde Irung hge " TPHCM Bd Gido due vd Dao tao (2011), Sd lay PISA, Ha Ndi Bp Gido due vd Ddo tao (2009, 2011), Thdng lu s6 32/2009/TT-BGBBT ngdy 27-102009 eua Bg Gido due vd Bdo Igo vi ban hdnh Quy dinh ddnh gid vd xip loai hoc smh lieu hoc: Thdng lu sd 58/2011/TT-BGDBT ngdy 12-12-2011 cua Bd Gido due va Bao igo ve ban hdnh Quy dinh ddnh gid vd xip loai hoc sinh THCS THPT Quyil m so 40/2006/QB-BGBBT ngdy 5-10-2006 cua Bo Gido due vd Bdo lao vi ban hdnh quy che ddnh gid, xip logi hge sinh THCS THPT Bd Gido due vd Ddo tao (2010), Cdng vdn sd 8773/BGBBT-GBTrH ngdy 30-122010 cua Bd Gido due vd Bdo Igo vi viee hudng ddn sogn di kiim tra Tap chi KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM 10 11 12 13 14 15 Hd SyAnh Trinh VTnh Ha (2011), "Nhung ngudi soEin thao de an ndi gi?" Bdo Tuoi ire, nga\ 96-2011 Le Vdn Hdng (2011), '"Miic dp nghien cim cdng nghe gido due theo quan diem Thay thiet ke - Trd thi cdng'", Ki yeu Hoi ihdo khoa hpe gido due Viet Nam, Hai Phdng Tran Kieu (2012), "Mdt sd nhdn xet ve qua trinh phdt trien chuang trinh gido due phd thdng Viet Nam tir ndm 1945 den nay", Ki yeu Hpi ihdo "Tdng kel nghien ciru gido due thong cua Viel Nam vd mpt sd nuoc tren the gidi de xudt hudng nghien cuu Hep theo ve ddi mdi gido due thdng sau ndm 2015 cua Viel Nam " Bp Gido due vd Dao tao, Ha Npi Dao Thai Lai (2012), "Tdng quan kinh nghiem qudc te ve phat trien chucmg trinh gido due phd thong", Ki yeu Hpi ihdo "Tdng ket nghien cim gido due phd ihong ciia Viet Nam vd mot sd nude tren thi gioi de xudl hudmg nghien euu Hep theo ve ddi mdi gido due thdng sau ndm 2015 cua Viel Nam " Bp Giao due vd Dao tao Ha Npi Hoa Lu (2008), "Hop phu huynh ben xii Mf", hltp://ww\v.nghean.edu.vn Nguyin Thi Lan Phuang, Dang Xudn Cuong (2011), "Danh gid kit qua giao due d trudng phd thdng - Thuc trang va nhihig van de dat ra", Ki yeu Hpi thdo khoa hpc gido due ciia Bd Gido due va Dao t^o, tap 2, Hai Phong Qudc hpi Viet Nam (2005), Ludt Gido due 2005 (sira ddi, bd sung) Duong Thieu Tdng (1995), Trdc nghiem vd lucmg ihuc hdnh thdnh qud hpc lap (phuang phdp thyc hanh), Trudng Dai hpc Tdng hpp Thanh Hd Chi Minh Nguyen Nhu Y (2011), Dgi lir diin liing Viet, Nxb Dai hpc Qudc gia, TPHCM htlp://www eaa imsw edu au Ngirai phdn bifn khoa hpc: TS Ngo Dinh Qua (Ngdy Tda so?n nh$n duoc bai 20-3-2013: ngdyph^n ngdy chip nh$n dSng: 17-9-2013) bi$n danh gid 15-5-2013; ... gia diu DG HS thdng qua cdc ki thi nhu: tuyen sinh dau cdp hpc, thi tdt nghiep cde edp vd tuyen sinh dai hpc Tuyen sinh d^u cap: Cd hai xu hudng tuyen sinh ddu cdp: (i) Xet tuyen dya vao kdt qud... giai phap de xuat nham ddi moi kiem tra danh gia hpc sinh theo hu''dng ti€p can nang lu-c Theo ehung tdi, de nang cao hieu qua va ddi mdi KTDG HS theo hudng tilp can ndng Iyc HS can van dung nhihig... hpc theo nhdm hien rit it thyc hi?n, vi quy chl ciia Bp chua cho phep va GV chua thuc sy am hilu phuang phdp 4.4 Gido viin vd hpc sinh chua thijcc su chu dpng KTDG KTDG d Viet Nam ehii ylu theo