so 8 2014 DeajvoHpc ^mo\ diTGfng loi xay diitig chiTofng trinh giao due phd thong mcfi sau nam 2015 TS LE VINH QUOC Nguyen Giang vien chinh TrUdng Bgi hgc Su pham TP Ho Chf IVlinh ThS N H O THI PHUONG[.]
so 8-2014 DeajvoHpc ^mo\ diTGfng loi xay diitig chiTofng trinh giao due phd thong mcfi sau nam 2015 TS LE VINH QUOC Nguyen Giang vien chinh TrUdng Bgi hgc Su pham TP Ho Chf IVlinh ThS N H O T H I P H U O N G LAN TrUdng Dai hgc Sd phgm TP Hd Chi Minh TOIVI TAT j Bai v i l t trinh bay mdt dudng Idi de xay dyng chUdng trinh gido due phd thdng mdi d Viet Nam sau nam 2015^ Theo dudng ldi ndy, trudc h i t can giai quylt nhQng van de chung, bao gom triet If gido dyc^ tach bach chdc nang cOa chUdng trinh hpc vdi sdch gido khoa, ddi mdi tu v l gido dye phd thdng Tiep dd la xdc dinh yeu td cd ban de xdy dyng chUdng trinh gido dye phd thdng mdi eho bgc t i l u hgc vd hai cap trung hpc, xdy dyng ehUdng trinh trung hpc phd thdng phdn ban vd xdy dyng chUdng trinh tCfng mdn hgc chUdng trinh trung hpc phd thdng phan ban 66 Tit khda' giaa di^c phd thong, tnSt iigiao dijc, chuang trinh phin ban, chUdng trinh tU chon, ddt mdi tU ABSTRACT A way for new eurneulum development of common education in Vietnam after 2015 This article presents a way for new curriculum development of elementary and secondary schools in Vietnam after 2015, In accordance with this way, some general matters, such as the philosophy of education, separating the functions of curriculum and text books, and innovating the opinion about common education must be solved first Then, the lour basic elements for new curriculum development of elementary, middle and high schools need to be defined The curriculum for divisional high schools and subject curneula for divisional high schools need to be constructed at the same time Keyword: common education, curriculum development, philosophy of education, divisional curriculum, elective curriculum, innovative thinking I OAT VAN OE Trong cdng cudc ddi mdi can ban va toan dien nen giao dye nude nha, viec xay dyng ChUdng trinh gido dye phd thdng mdi (dy kiln dp dyng sau nam 2015) Id mdt nhidm vy het sUc quan trpng Cudc Cai cdeh giao dge lan thCr (tU nam hpc 19801981) da tgo mdt chUOng trinh giao dye nang ne, qud tdi md rdt kem hieu lyc [9, tf.121-150] Cupc Ddi mdi giao dye cudi the kl XX (tir nam 1991) ch? thay ddi he thdng td chu'c nhd trudng ma van giij nguyen chUdng trinh hpc cu [9, 1r,125-132] Cupc Doi mdi chUdng trinh giao due thdng ddu t h i kl XXI (2001-2009) da dua mdt chUdng trinh hpc ve thyc cha't khdng may khac biet so vdi chUdng trinh cu vdi nhOng nhUpe diem nhu xua, nen rat kem hieu lye dang dugc dp dyng eho den Thanh qua nhdt ma cde cudc ddi mdi cudi t h i kl XX va dau t h i ki XXI dgt dugc Id hd thdng nhd trudng phd thdng 12 nam chia thdnh hai cdp Id Tieu hgc (5 ndm) va Trung hpc vdi hai bac Id Trung hgc cd sd (4 nam) vd Trung hpc phd thdng (3 nam) [9 lr.150-175] Dya tren he thdng nha trUdng nhU vdy, chudng trinh gido due phd thdng mdi sau nam 2015 phai dugc xdy dyng theo mdt dudng Idi nhat quan dua tren ed sd li ludn cOa khoa hpc gido dye hien dai ve nghien cUu chUdng trinh hgc (curriculum study) va phat trien chUdng trinh hpc (curriculum development) Cd sd li ludn da dupc trinh bdy W cudn "Ddi mdi dgy hpc theo khoa hpe gido dye hlfn dgi (If thuylt va Ung dyng)" cua Le Vinh Qudc, Nhd xudt ban Dgi hpc Su phgm Thdnh phd Hd Ch( Mmh xudt bSn ndm 2011 (9] !l GIAI QUYET VAN DE May van d l chung cho vigc xay di^ng chddng trinh giao dye thdng mdi 1.1 Can xac dfnh triet If giio due mdi Mpi chUdng trinh gido dye phai duge khdi dau tif viec xdc dinh triSt tl chung cho nen giao dye dd Nude ta tiln hdnh cupc ddi mdi td nam 1986 bang viec thay t h i cd chi quan lieu bao cap bang cd che thj trudng theo djnh hi/dng xa hdi ehu nghTa Nen gido dye da khdng theo kjp sy 6S\ DgtfMHpci mdi cua ddt nude, vl ehua xdc dtnh duge triet ir gido dye mdi ddp Ung mgi nhu cau cua dat nude thdi ki mdi D6 Id nguydn nhan sau xa d i n tdi sy that bgi ciia cac cupc cai edch va ddi mdi vda qua Gid day, de xdy dyng chUdng trinh giao dye phd thdng mdi, viec dau lien Id phai xac dinh triSt iigiao dye mdi cho nd Trilt If ndy can xuat phat tu quan dilm ndi tilng cCia John Dewey: 'Giao due chinh IA bin thin cupc sdng" [8]; phai ddp Ung dugc tidu chi phdt trien cda d i t nUdc hien Id "dan giau, nUdc manh, xa hoi cdng bing, din chii van minh'; ddng thdi chilu theo try cdt cCia sd menh giao due qudc t l cho t h i kf XXI la "Hoc dibiSt (learning to l> nghTa then chdt nam d cd chd qudn li dieu hdnh n^ng tinh chat quan lieu bao cap chira dugc thdo gd Ddi vdi chUdng trinh hpc, cd c h i dugc thd hign qua sy d$c quyln hgc van bang nguydn t i e "mdt chUdng trinh, mdt bd sdch gido khoa thdng nhdt" ddn tdi sy l l n Ipn v l i^S-Ji chQc ndng ciia ehuong trinh hpc vdi chUc nang cua SGK, vd duye van hanh bang quan diem ehl dgo "SGK Id phap lenh" Chfnh eai cd c h i ddn d i n nguyen tae vd quan diem dd da trdt budc hogt ddng dgy hpc nha trudng vao bg SGK, bien chUdng trinh hpc de cUdng bien soan sach, biln gido vien cdng cu thuyet minh cdc cudn sdch, ddn d i n Idi day hpe "dgc-chdp" nhd trudng, lam cho hpc sinh phdi hge thudc Idng nhQng vd kien thUc rdng Ben egnh dd, Igi them chiJ trUdng "hge gi thi nay' ci!ia Bd GD vd Ddo tao khiln cho kien thde eua hgc sinh chi khudn hep vao kien thde GSK Khoa hpc giao due hien dai phan biet rat ro rang chUc nang cCiaehUdng trinh hge vdi chdc nang cua SGK ChUdng trinh hgc la van ban phdp li (md ta vdn ggi la "phap lenh") budc gido vidn phdi tudn thO; cdn SGK, mgc diJ dugc bien sogn dya tr§n ehuong trinh, ch? Id cdng cy de giao vien va hgc sinh sis dyng qud trinh dgy hgc VI vay, d cac nude tien tiln, cd quan qudn li gido dye ch? nghien cQu va bien sogn ehUdng trinh hgc d l cap eho gido vien thyc hien; cdn viec bien soan SGK thi danh cho tat ea nhQng ed nang lyc, trudc h i t la nhQng ngudi thay Khi thilt k l bdi hgc (tUc la soan giao an), giao vien ed quyln lya chgn SGK thich hdp vdi minh, hoae viet va dCing sdch cua chfnh minh, TQ cd mang internet, tren the gidi dd xuat hien khuynh hudng day hgc khdng can SGK Thyc trang giao due Viet Nam da eh? rang; phai tdeh bgch chQc nang cua chUdng trinh hpe vdi chQc nang ciia SGK, dUt khoat tQ bd nguyen tac "mgt chUdng trinh - mdi bd SGK thdng nhat" d l ehuyen sang dp dyng nguyen tac "mdt chUdng trinh - nhilu bg SGK", thay quan diem "sach giao khoa la phap Ignh" bang quan dilm "chUdng trinh hgc Id phdp lenh" Mgi hogt ddng dgy hpc, thi cQ, tra giao dye deu dya tren chUdng trinh hgc chQ khdng chieu theo SGK Ddi vdi viee quan K dieu hdnh giao dye ndi chung, cd chd quan lieu bao cdp v i n dang ton tgi chlnh Id nguydn nhan tgo nen sy gia ddi giao due, kim ham sy chu ddng va sdng tao nha trUdng vd tudc mat quyen lam chu cua nha giao cae hogt ddng chuyen mdn nghiep vy Vi vay, cd che can dUpc xda bd de thay the bang cd che quan li dan chu - khoa hpc Theo dd, can bai bd nhQng menh lenh hanh chinh vdi nhQng chf tieu ehu quan dp dat tU tren xudng, dUa thi dua vao dOng thyc chat cua viee dgy tdt hpe tdt vdi chat lupng thyc sy, tra Igi vai trd chu the giao dye cho cdc trUdng d cd sd, ma nhan vat quan trpng nhat la cdcnhd gido 1.3 Can doi mdi tii vi giio due thong Cho d i n nay, edc cd quan hUu trach ve giao due d nUdc ta van quan mem rang giao dye phd thdng chi cd chQe nang giang dgy ve van hda va khoa hpe cd ban cho hpe smh, TQ quan niem ndy, ngUdi ta sQc nhdi nhdt kiln thUe "han lam" vdo tat ca cdc mdn hpe idled cdc cap trudng phd thdng, vdi chu dfch la de hpc smh hpe len dgi hpe vd trd thdnh cde nhd chuyen mdn hpc thuat Do dd, t i l n hdnh phan ban d bac THPT, nhQng ngudi xdy dyng chUdng trinh eung cht b i l l phdn bigt ban Iheo logi hinh khoa hpe CO ban: khoa hpc ly nhidn (Todn, Ll, Hda, Sinh) vd khoa hgc xa hot - nhan van (Van, Sif, D]a, Ngogi ngQ) Sy phan ban nhu t h i dT nhien da thdt bgi vd phal $68-2014 quay trd Igi vdi chudng trinh ddng nhat, kflu chUdng trinh hpc md the gidi da loai bd tQ lau ddi vdi'bac THPT cde nude tien tiln da tQ Idu giao dye phd thdng khdng ch? la gidng dgy vdn hda va khoa hgc cd ban, md cdn cd chQc nang dgy nghe va dinh hUdng nghe nghidp cho hgc sinh VI vdy, hdu h i t kiln thQc dugc day d nhd trudng deu g i n vdi gid trj dng dung vdo ddi sdng, dd bdc THPT thye hien eae ehUdng trinh phdn ban theo nghi nghidp (nhu d Phdp) hode ty chgn (nhu d Ml), ed ndi phan ban tQ bae THCS {nhu Dure) Nhd dd, sau tdt nghiep THPT, hgc sinh cd the ddi kiem sdng bdng nghi nghidp dd dugc ddo tgo d nha trUdng trung hpc, hogc hpe len dgi hpe theo hoan canh vd dieu ki@n cQa minh Bdn canh dd, mpt quan niem sai lam v l vj tri ciia viec dgy nghi da lam cho cac trudng nghe cua Viet Nam trd thdnh m$t bd phdn choi vdi, khdng gan vdi gido dye dgi hgc - cao ding ma cung khdng thudc ve giao dye phd thdng VI the, vdo hge edc trudng ndy, hge sinh bj ddng chdt vao sd phan "sudt ddi lam thg" ma khdng nhin thay dudng vQon l§n cdc trinh dd hge vdn eao hdn Trong dd d nUdc ngodi, du hgc nghi trudng trung hgc hay dgi hpc, du ddi kiem song hay tilp tuc hgc Idn, dudng phfa trudc ludn rdng md cho ngudi hgc Thyc trgng trdn cho thay: mudn xdy dyng cdng chUdng trinh giao dye phd thdng mdi sau 2015, edc chuyen gia Idm gido dye phdi ddi mdi tu duy: giao dye thdng khdng ch? cd chQc nang dgy chQ - dgy ngudi md bao gdm cd hudng nghigp vd dgy nghe cho hge sinh Bdn y l u td ed bdn cCia chUdng trlnh gido dye phd thdng mdi Khoa hpe gido dye hidn dgi da ehl ring: mgi chUdng trinh hpc vd qud trinh dgy hge d i u bao gdm y l u td ed bdn Id myc tidu (objective), ndi dung chuyen men (subject matter), phUdng phdp - td ehUe (method and organization) vd ddnh gid (evaluation) Cdc yeu td cd b i n cd quan hd tUdng tdc vdi d l hpp mdt h | thing, ndn mpi sy ddi mdi chUdng trinh hpc hay vi^c dgy hgc deu phdi duyc liln hdnh ddng bd vdi cd y l u td [9, tr.84-119] Trong chuong trinh gido dye phd thdng mdi, eac yeu td cd bdn ndy phdi dupc xem xet kT ludng va trinh bay mdt cdeh chinh xdc theo nhOng nguyen tdc khoa hpc 2.1 Mpc tieu giio due - chuan can d^t Mgc tieu giao dye la sy tuyen bd ve nhQng k i t qua dy kiln se dgt ddi vdi ngudi hpc theo ITnh vyc hpc v i n ig nhdn thQc, kT ndng vd thai dd-llnh cam de cd dugc mpt ndng lyc hanh dyng VI vay, mijc tieu dupe ggi la chuin can d?t ve kien thQc, kT nang vd thdi dp-tinh cdm Myc tidu gido dye thudng dugc trinh bay theo cdp dd tQ eao (khdi qudt) xudng thap (ey the) la: 1) tdn ehl (aim) la logi myc tieu dinh hudng, 2) myc di'ch (goal) la logi mye lieu sQ mdnh vd 3) myc tieu (objective ) la logi myc tieu Qng XLf (hdnh vi) V l hinh thQc, chUdng trlnh giao dye phd thdng hign hdnh (dupe Bg Giao dye vd Ddo tgo cdng bd ndm 2006) da phat bilu d l y dCi elp dp eua myc tieu gido dye trdn cd ITnh vQc (nhdn thUc, kT ndng, thai dd tinh cdm) Tuy nhidn, cac myc tidu dd chua dugc dinh hudng bdng mdt trilt If gido dye ro rdng, mdi lidn hd giQa cap dd vdi ehUa chat che va thieu nhat quan; rieng myc tidu d cdp dd vidt chua dQng theo quy t i c khoa hgc ve Dgtjy^Hpc logi "myc tidu Qng xd" VI vdy, cdc myc tidu dd chda phdt huy dugc hidu lye eua chdng d l djnh hudng cho y l u td cd bdn'khac chUdng trinh Thidu sdt Idn nhlt la khdng cd myc tieu ridng cho tdng ban chddng trinh phdn ban THPT Mdt chuong trinh phdn ban dung chung myc tidu vdi chUdng trinh ddng nhdt se dugc thilt k l bit h((p If vddTnhidnphdsdn B l xdy dyng chUdng trlnh gido dye phd thdng mdi sau ndm 2015, cdc chuydn gia hdu trdch se phdi chidu theo triet li gido dye md minh dd d l xuat d l xem xet kT ludng cdc myc tieu (tdc chudn cdn dgt) cOa ehUdng trlnh hi|n hdnh, ChT nhOng sy thilu sdt vd bdt c|p c i a ehung, de tQ dd vilt mye tieu mdi cho chUdng trlnh gido dye phd Oiong mdi 2.2, Npi dung chuydn mdn Ndi dung chuyen mdn Id nhOng kiln thQc, kT ndng vd thai dp - tlnh cdm dupc lya chpn kho tang hgc vdn cua nhdn logi de dUa vao chUdng trinh giao dye, nhSm ddp Qng nhQng myc tieu da d l ciia chUdng trinh dd Lya chpn ndi dung chuydn mdn theo myc tidu gido dye Id cdng vide r l t ldn vd r l t phQe tgp, ddi hdi sy uydn bdc vd chuydn sdu eiia ngUdi xdy dyng chQdng trinh hgc Cd t h i hinh dung vide ndy dupc thyc hidn theo mdt Id trinh nhu sau: - BQdc 1: Nhln tdng qudt todn bd qud trlnh gido dye 12 nam (nlu he thdng gido dye phd thdng v i n giQ 12 ndm) dd xdc djnh cdc mdn hpc dUdc dUa vdo chQdng trlnh gidng dgy theo tQng c i p bdc, tU Tilu hpc qua THCS d i n THPT Cde vdn d l v l s l lugng, vj trf vd vai trd cCia cdc mdn hgckl cd vide thdm hode bdt bd mdn ndo dd, eQng thdi iQdng ddnh cho chQng, v l m i l tUdng quan giQa cde bd mdn, v l phdn ban gido dye eung vi^c tfch hpp cdc mdn hpc cdn dupc gidi qUylt thda ddng Vdn d l tich hpp kiln thQc cdc mdn hpe da dupc ndi nhilu d nUde ta, nhUng ehUa thyc hidn dupc bao nhieu ddi hidu chua dUng; ndn chudng trinh mdi phdi gill quylt v i n d l ndy vdi sy tham chilu kinh nghidm ciia nQdc ngodi ChUdng trinh trung hgc cCia Phdp thudng lich hpp cde mdn hgc tQng ddi mdt, nhQ "SQ-Dja" hode "Hda-Sinh"; cdn chUdng trinh MTthl tfch hgp Ljch sCf vdi Cdng ddn gido dye thdnh bd mdn "Tim hilu xa hdi" (social study), ba mdn Ll-Hda-Sinh thdnh bd mdn "Khoa hpc" (science) Mdt v i n d l trgng tdm phdi gidl quydt Id ChUdng trinh phdn ban d ble THPT (se trinh bdy kTd phdn dudi) - BQde 2: Dya trdn cdc j? tUdng vd dQ lidu da duyc hogeh djnh budc d l xdy dyng Ki ho^ch giio due tong quit B i n k l hogeh ndy phli t h i hidn ro rdng edc mdn hpc cQa tQng cap Idp, mdi quan hS (hay sy tich hyp) giQa cac mdn dd, thdi lugng eua tUng bd mdn; d$c bl^t luu y sy khae bidt giQa cde ban ehUdng trlnh THPT - Budc 3: Cdn cQ vdo Kd/iogch g/do dye fdVigqudfdd xdc lap, chuydn gia eiia edc mdn hpc l i l n hdnh thilt k l chuang trinh hpc cua b0 mdn (subject) ChQdng trinh ndy phdi t h i hidn d l y dCi y l u td ed b i n Id myc tidu, ndi dung, phUdng phdp vd ddnh gid 2.3 Phucmg phip - tSchUc Ddy Id y l u td thudc v l cdeh thQc, kilu mlu hay chiln lupc cCia qud trlnh dgy hpe d l phye vy eho ndi dung vd ddp Ung myc tieu cOa qua trinh dd Y l u t l ndy duyc t h i hi$n JmfvaHpCi ^ua cdc loai hinh dgy hgc (day hpc cd t h i hda, day hgc hqlp ac dgy hge theo trinh dp, phdt trien kha nang va kT nang tU iuy, dgy hpc vi tinh hda, dgy hge Idy hge sinh lam trung ldm-) Phye vy eho cac logi hinh tren cd Ioai phUdng phdp dgy hgc chinh (cdn ggi Id chiln lU^e day hge) dya tren cdeh tilp cdn cua gido viSn vdi hpe sinh: eac phUdng phap lilp cdn true tilp (gilng bai, phdt v i n , thye hanh va luyen tap), tiep can gian tilp (dgy hgc dya tren van de, phdt hien vd khdm pha, day hpe theo nhdm, dgy hge qua hdnh dgng ) vd tilp cgn dge Igp (ty hpc tgi trung tam hgc lieu, lam viec ddc ldp theo giao Ude, ty hgc bang mdy tfnh ) Cdc phUdng phdp thuQc ehiln lU^e tilp can gian tilp va tilp edn ddc ldp chlnh Id dac trung cho viec ddi mdi dgy hpc d nhd IrQdng Cdc logi hinh day hgc, chien luge tilp cdn va phUdng phap ey t h i dd can dUdc t h i hien ro chUdng trinh giao dye mdi d l djnh hUdng eho gido vien dp dyng vao vigc dgy hgc theo khoa hpe giao dye hien dai 2.4 Dinh gii Oanh gla la sy xdc djnh hay phdn xet nhQng gid trj dgt dupe theo eac mye tidu da de Danh gid bao gdm nhieu logi hinh khac nhau: chUdng trlnh danh gid loan dign, danh gid chUdng trinh hpc, ddnh gia hpc tgp cua hpc sinh (thanh qui hge tap, kha ndng thyc hien, x i p hang ) Danh gia qua hgc tgp cua hpc sinh bao gdm nhQng hoat ddng ma nha tnjdng Vidt Nam thudng tien hanh Id "thi" va "kiem tra" Trong ChQdng trlnh gido dye phd ihdng mdi sau 2015, y l u td ddnh gia can dUfle quy dinh ey t h i va ro rdng d l gido vidn ehilu theo dd md thye hign qud trinh dgy hgc cCia minh; ddng thdi de cdc cap qudn li gido dye edn eQ vdo dd ma tra, kiem tra vide dgy hpe eiia gido vidn hay d l thi tdt nghigp hoae tuyln sinh Vd ddnh gia chinh phQdng thQc qudn 1;}' ciia minh Khi cdc cdng cy danh gid mdi duyc quy djnh chUdng trinh thi cac edch thi vd kilm tra cQ (kiem tra midng, viet 15 phOt, v i l t tilL.) se phai ddi mdi theo; dge biet Id nhQng de kiem tra "thudc bdi" se bi logi bd d l thay t h i bing cac cdng cy ludng - ddnh gid trinh dp nhan thQc, kl nang va thdi dd tinh d m cOa hpc sinh Xdy dyng mdt chUdng trlnh trung hpc phd thdng phdn ban mdi Trong chUdng trlnh giao due phd thdng, ehUdng trinh hgc eiia bde THPT bao gid cung cd mot vi tri dae bidt, vl dd Id sy k i t tlnh thdnh q u i cCia ea qua trinh gido dye 12 ndm, ddng thdi md mpt giai dogn phdt triln mdi vdi nhilu dQdng vdo ddi ciia hpc sinh, Vdy, chUdng trinh THPT mdi se dUdc xdy dyng nhU the ndo de khac phye nhOng nhuge dilm vd b i t cgp cda chUdng trinh hien hdnh, d l ddp Qng d l y du nhQng ydu cau cCia xa hdi ndi chung vd eDa ngdnh gido dye ndi ndng? 3.1 Ba I09I chuang trlnh hpc hl^n hinh Cho d i n nay, he thdng gido dye phd Ihdng qude te da vd dang tdn tgi logi ehUdng trinh hpe ehu yeu cho b|c eudi trung hgc Id ehUdng trinh ddng nhat ehUdng trinh phdn ban vd ehUdng trlnh ty chgn [9, tr.176-180] Chuang trinh ding nhil\h logi chUdng trinh hpc cd dien nhlt, theo dd t i t c l hgc sinh cQng hpc edc mdn hgc vdi nhQng ehii d l , dung lugng, thdi lugng vd t i l n dp thyc hign nhu de dgt myc lieu dao tgo nhdt Dd Id logi chuong trinh dp d$t, budc mpi hgc sinh phai thyc hi§n md khdng cd bat cQ mdt sy lUa chgn ndo Loai chUdng trinh hge ndy hinh d nUdc ta td eupe eai edeh gido dye lan thQ nhat (nam 1950) vdi he thdng nhd trudng nam d vung ty khang chien chdng Phap, dUpc hodn chlnh tQ cudc c i i each giao dye lan thd hai (nam 1956) vdi he thdng trudng phd thdng 10 ndm d miln Bac; vd tilp tyc dugc dp dyng cudc eai each gido dye lan thQ ba (td 1980trdvesau) vdi he thdng giao dye phd thdng 12 nam dp dyng tren todn qudc Chuang tr'inh hoc phin ban (divisional curriculum) dupe hinh thdnh tQ cudi t h i kJ XIX cdc nUdc edng nghiep tien t i l n chdu Au Dd Id logi chUdng trinh hge ed sU phdn bidt ve ChQ d l , dung lUpng, thdi lupng vd t i l n dp mdn hpe d l dat den mdt sd myc lieu khac ChUdng trlnh hpe ndy cho phep hpe sinh lya chpn nhQng ban hpe theo sd trUdng vd nguygn vpng nghe nghiep eua minh ChUdng Irinh phdn ban da du nhap vao nude ta dudi thdi Phdp thude vdi hai ban Id Tu tai Trilt va Tu tai Toan, ChUdng trinh hpe tt/chpn (elective curncuium) dUpc dp dyng d MT tQ dau t h i kl XX rdi phd bien tdi mdt sd nUde khac ChUdng trinh hpc khdng phan ban, ma toan bd hpc van eua cdc bd mdn dUpc eau tgo nhQng modul, de hpe sinh ty chgn cho nhQng tfn chi (credit) thich hgp vdi sd trUdng vd nguyen vpng ciia minh Vdi nhQng mdn hpc va chii d l h i t sQe da dgng san cd, hpc smh hodn todn chu ddng viee thill k l ehUdng trinh hgc eho chinh minh, dap Qng nguyen vgng hpe len dgi hpe hoae ddi hdnh nghi rdi se lgi hpc len