Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)
NGHIEN CUU & UNG DUNG THI NGHIEM T i ; L A M VE V A T LV HO TRQ DAY HOC CAC KIEN THUTC VE AP SUAT (VAT LY 8) TS Nguyen Thj Nh|, HVCH D^ng Th| Hong Vdn Khoa V^t U Trudng Dgi hpc Vinh SUMMARY The articl[.]
NGHIEN CUU & UNG DUNG THI NGHIEM T i ; L A M VE V A T LV HO TRQ DAY HOC CAC KIEN THUTC VE AP SUAT (VAT LY 8) TS Nguyen Thj Nh|, HVCH D^ng Th| Hong Vdn Khoa V^t U- Trudng Dgi hpc Vinh SUMMARY The article presentsfindings of the author's self-experiments and their impacts on teaching and learning Physics Initial findings are illustrated in the design and implementation of self-experiments and their application in teaching lessons ofpresure at grade of lower secondary education Keyworks: Self-experiments; teaching lessons ofpresure at grade Ngdy nh^n bdi: 4/8/2014; Ngdy duyft ddng: 9/8/2014 Thi nghifm ty lam (TNTL) l.L Khdi nifm vi TNTL TNTL la nhftng thi nghifm dupe tgo tft nhftng dyng cy thi nghifm vd vgt lifu thdng thudng de kilm khdng tin kem; vifc chuin bi, tiln hdnh thi nghifm khdng mit nhilu thdi gian cdng sftc ma vin ddm bdo dupe yeu clu cfta mft thi nghifm ndi chung, gdp phdn dgt dupe myc tieu dgy hpc TNTL Id nhftng thi nghifm ngdn gpn, mit it thdi gian nen cd thg sft dvmg rit thufn tifn tit cd cdc giai dogn qud trinh dgy hpc, dde bift la giai dogn md bdi hay eftng co bdi, sft dyng dk tgo tinh hulng hpc tgp rit cd hifu qud Dvmg cy cln cho TNTL thudng Id nhung dyng cy don gidn, de kilm ddi sdng hdng ngdy, cd thi kilm d mpi noi nhu: nhung Ion bia Ion nude ngpt hode ehai nude khoang dd dung; nhiing dd choi ciia tre nhu xe nhya, qua bdng bay TNTL khdng ddi hdi khdt khe cac dilu kifn co sd vft chit nhu phdng bf mdn, tiiilt bi nen d ddu ciing cd thi tiln hdnh thi nghifm dupe 1.2 Vai trd eAa TNTL - TNTL giup HS ren luyfn cdc kl ndng ca ban, cdc thdi quen cua vifc hpc tfp vgt ly mpi luc mpi noi - TNTL se tgo cho HS nhilu co hpi phdi suy ngM nhftng vin dk cln gidi quylt, kich thich hftng thu hpc tfp cua HS Cdc kiln thftc vgt ly cd duoc thudng xuit phdt tft co sd tri gidc, quan sdt tryc tilp sy vgt, Wfn tupng, cd thi tdi tgo mpt cdch don gidn cdc hifn tupng thien nWen, cung d p cdc thdng tin vl cdc sy vgt vd Mfn tupng Do vgy, TNTL HS ty tiln hdnh sg tgo cho HS nMlu co hpi phdi suy nghi nhftng vin dl cln gidi quylt So vdi cdc tiii nghifm thilt kl sdn,ti-ongqudti-inhtiln hanh TNTL, nhftng ylu t l tilm In bim sinh cfta HS nhu tinh td md hiiu ki, hiiu dpng cfta HS bi kich thich, tdng mftc df hftng thft ciia HS gid hpc khiln HS say mg khao khdt tim hiiu nhftng hifn tupng thien nhign ngn sg chft y tgp trung vdo hogt dfng hpc tfp hon TNTL giup cho HS cd dilu kifn thu thgp thdng tin, xft ly thdng tin Dilu khde bift so vdi cdc thdng tin GV eung d p cdc thdng tin ndy Id kit qud ciia qud trinh lao dfng, tu sdng tgo ciia HS, vl vgy cdc thdng tin ndy khdng giing cho todn bf ldp hpc ma phy thupc vdo tftng thi nghifm cy thi Cung mpt hifn tupng vgt ly nhung cdc nhdm khde sg thu nhgn thdng tin mpt cdch khde Vi vgy, GV cd dilu kifn ren luyfn cho HS cdch chpn lpe, thu thgp, xft ly thdng tin - TNTL khiln HS chft dpng neu Ifn cdc thdc mdc, cau hdi cdc suy ngM cfta minh: Thdc mdc qua trinh gia cdng, tim kilm dyng cy thi nghifm (dyng cy tim d dau, tgi diing dyng cy, thilt bi ndy ma khdng dftng logi khde? cd thi thay cdc thilt bi ndy bdng cdc thilt bi khde dupe khdng?); Thdc mdc qua trinh tiln hanh thi nghifm Do d\iqc tryc tilp tiln hanh thi nghifm nen sg cd nhilu tinh huong ndy smh hen so vdi HS quan sdt GV lam thi nghifm Ngodi ra, cdc dyng cy HS ty lam vd ty thilt kl nen HS sg gdp nhilu khd khdn dua nhilu cau hdi hon so vdi vifc tiln hdnh thi nghifm vdi cdc dyng ey tieu chuin cua phdng thi nghifm Thgm chi sg cd nhilu tinh hulng ngodi dy doan cua GV vd HS Vi vgy, TNTL tgo cac vin dl dl HS nghi ngd, bdc bd, kilm tra khdng dinh y kiln ho$c gid thuylt cua minh khiln HS bdt ryt re vd mgnh dgn ty tin hon hpc tgp vgt ly vd kich tiiich hogt dfng sdng tgo cua HS TNTL kich thich hogt dfng ty hpc ngodi gid TAP CHf THifTBIGlAO DMC-sd 108-8/2014 • 3? II NGHIEN CUU & UNG DUNG - So ldp rap de thyc Mfn thdo ldp nhp nhdng nhanh chdng - Vifc bo tri tiln hdnh tM ngMfm d ldp don gidn, khdng ton nMlu thdi gian khdng gay nguy hilm cho cd nhdn ngudi thyc hifn vd nhung ngudi xung quanh, dd thi nghifm khdng cd nhftng hda chit gdy nl, de chdy gdy bdng Tgn dvmg toi da uu thi cua cdc vgt bdng nhya, cao su, go hgn ehl tdi da vifc sft dyng cdc vgt eftng, nhpn dl gay sdt thuang Ngodi tinh don gidn rd tiln de tim kilm cln phdi chft y din cdc nguyen vft lifu Id sdn phim cdng ngMfp rg tiln hifn dang thdm nhfp cufc song dk HS khdng bi tdeh rdi khdi cupc song hifn tgi, dong thdi HS thiy dupe mil lien hf gifta vft ly vd sdn xdt - De vfn chuyin an todn liic ehl tgo vd thao tac dupe kM khdng cd mdt GV hode ngudi ldn Tmdc kM t l chftc tiiilt kl, ehl tgo TNTL cln phdi xdc dinh rd logic cfta tiln trinh dgy hpc, vifc lam TNTL nhdm gidi quylt nhifm vy cy thi tiln trinh nhgn thftc Phdi ddm bdo cho HS y thftc dupe sy d n tiiilt cua thi nghifm vd myc dich tM nghifm Xdc dinh rd cdc dvmg cy, thilt bi cln sft dyng, bl tri so dl qua trinh ldm vifc, vd khdng xem nhp cdc dyng cy don gidn Bdo ddm cho HS y thftc dupe rd rang vd tham gia tich cyc tii da vao mpi giai dogn lam thi nghifm bdng cdch giao nhifm vy cy thi cho HS - TM nghifm bdo ddm thdnh cdng, vifc sft dyng vd tiln hdnh tM ngMfm phdi ddm bdo tren nguyen tdc an toan IVlft sl TNTL ho trgr dgy hpc cdc kiln thftc ve dp suit Vft ly ldp Thi nghifm 1: Thi nghifm vi sy truyin dp sudt theo mgi hudng chdt long - Myc dich thi nghifm: Chung minh tmh chit tmyIn dp s d t tdc dyng tft ben ngodi theo mpi hudng 1.3 Nguyin tdc chung vi ki thugt vd phuang cua chit ldng phdp dgy hgc cua TNTL vgt ly: Dyng cy cdn Cdc TNTL phdi till Mfn rd hifn tupng vft ly thiit: Mft ehai nhvia cln quan sdt, vi vgy cM nen bao gom cdc cM tilt lien 1,5 lit, Kim khau nhd quan din Mfn tupng cln ngMen eftu Do dd, cdc cM dudng kinh 0,5-1 tilt ndy don gidn din mftc tii da,ti-anhmpi ehl mdm mm Diing kim khau rd, khd quan sdt Nhilu tiii ngMfm chi cln mpt dyng dui 10 lo nhu cy hode mft logi nguyen vgt lifu phan bl diu quanh CO hpc HS ty ldm cac dftng vgt ly, suu tlrn tranh dnh, tu lifu, thdng tin vl cdc kiln thftc vgt ly md HS yeu thich Nhu vgy, TNTL gdp phin biln doi qud trinh hpc tfp thy dfng qud trinh hpc tgp tich cyc - TNTL rgn luyfn cho HS tiidi quen vfn dyng kiln tiiftc dl gidi quylt nhCbig vin dl ndy smh cufc song hdng ngdy Do cdc tiiilt bi vgt dvmg de thn, HS de ddng tim thay moi lign hf gifta cdc kiln thftc da hpc vd thyc tl cufc song, tft dd kich tMch nhu clu cdi tiln, ehl tgo cdc vgt dyng phyc vy cho cupc sing hdng ngdy de tilt kifm ndng lupng, gidm nhp sftc lao dpng TNTL phyc vy cdc nhu clu vl tinh thin cfta cufc sing Mft sd TNTL don gidn cd thi phyc vy cdc nhu clu gidi tri, vui choi, hpe tgp TNTL ren luyfn kl ndng vupt khd Trong qud trinh gidi quylt vin dl ndy sinh qud trmh ldm thi ngMfm, nlu dupe t l chftc tot, TNTL giup HS rdn luyfn tinh thin vupt khd, vupt qua thft thdch dl thi nghifm thdnh cdng nhdm dgt dupe myc dich dl TNTL ren luyfn cho HS y thftc tilt kifm bdo vf mdi tmdng Trong Iftc tim kilm tgn dvmg cdc phi lifu dl tMit kl tM ngMfm, HS dd ty ren luyfn cho minh y thftc tilt kifm, bdo vf mdi tmdng - TNTL giftp GV cd dd dftng dgy hpc dk xdy dyng cdc md Mnh dgy vd hpc tich cyc Nhd cdc TNTL md cdc khd khdn vl co sd vgt chit dupe gidi quylt phin ndo - TNTL giup GV t l chftc cdc hogt dfng hpc tgp tgp thi, ren luyfn cho HS ldm vifc cpng ding Doi vdi mft sl thi nghifm phftc tgp, ddi hdi nhilu cdng dogn, phdi cd sy phdn cdng hpp ly gifta cdc thdnh vign, tl chftc lam vifc khoa hpc, khdng cM d ldp md edn ngodi gid hpe Trong qud trinh ndy, HS giftp vupt khd tuong trp lln dl dgt dupe kit qud culi eftng Do mii HS hode moi nhdm HS ed cac TNTL khae nhau, dua nhung lugn dilm dl tranh cdi ding y hay phdn bdc Qfta trmh Iftc diu chi Id qud trinh ty phdt nhung Idu din sg tgo cho HS thdi quen khdng de dang chip nhfn nhftng tri thftc dp d^t md phai qua mft sy kilm nghifm bdng tM nghifm thyc hay cufc sing thyc tl 31 • TAP CHf THI^BIGlAO DMC-sd - / NGHIEN cuu & UNG DUNG II ehai Dl nude vdo ehai cao din gin cdc iS Vdn nftt TM nghifm 3: Thi nghifm ve dp sudt phy thuge ehai lgi vdo trgng lucmg rieng chdt long * - •rillMMlSl II Tiin hdnh thi nghiim vd kit qud thi nghifm: Lfn ngupc ehai, dftng tay ep mgnh vao thdnh ehai, sg thay: nude phun thdnh cdc tia qua lo theo phuang vudng gde vdi mdt phdng iS, mdc du tay cM In vudng gde vdi ehai - Gidi thich kit qua thi nghifm: Do dp s d t tdc dyng tft tay dupe chat ldng tmyIn di theo mpi hudng ngn cdc tia phun qua cdc lo theo cdc hudng khde Khd ndng sir dyng thi nghifm dgy hgc vgt^ ly: TM ngMfm dupe khdo sdt sy tmyIn dp sudt ldng chit ldng, rftt nguyen ly paxcan ldp - Myc dich tM ngMfm: Dvmg dk kilm chftng dp s d t phy thupc vdo trpng lupng rieng chit ldng Vft lifu cln tiiilt: Hai ong nhya PPC dudng kinh 40 em, cao 60 cm; Hai qud bdng bay bit kin ddy; Hai chai nhya ldn logi 1,5 lit; Mpt ehai dvmg diy nude muoi, mpt chai dvmg diy nude; Tiln hanh tM ngMfm vd kit qud: D I hai chai dd vao hai Ing nhya PPC dd dupe bit kin ddy bdng qud bdng bay Ong chfta nude muli cd ddy phdng hon Chftng td dp suit chit ldng phy thufc vdo trpng lupng rieng chat ldng Thi nghifm 4: Thi nghifm vi dp dyng nguyen tae binh thong - Myc dich tM ngMfm: HS dp dyng ngiyfn tdc Thi nghifm 2: Thi nghifm vi dp sudt phy thuge bmh thdng (^ gidi qi^lt bdi todn frong tiiyc tl vdo dg sdu ciia khdi chdt long tiidngnhau Id mft dyng cy dftng ^ kilm tra mdt - Myc dich thi nghifm: Dftng dl kilm chftng lgi Bmh kit lugn dp suit phy thufc vdo df sau cua khii chit phdng ndm ngang, cd nMluftngdyngfrongxdy dvmg ldng Vgt lifu cdn thiit: Hai ehai nhya ldn 1,5 lit; Mpt thau nhvra chfta nude; Mft kim khau Chi tgo dyng ey: Chai thft nhit, dung kim khdu dye lo tren thdn chai nhya hai lo A, B cd df sdu nhu Chai thft hai, dftng kim dye ll C, D cd dp sau khde Jien hdnh thi nghifm vd kit qud: Dd diy nude vdo hai chai nhvra vd ddt vdo chfu dvmg nude Quan sdt thiy nude phun d hai lo A, B Id nhu Nude phun d hai lo C, D Id khde Cdng gin d ddy thi tia nude phun cang mgnh Cd ngMa la cdc dilm d gin ddy chai thi cd dp suit cao han cdc dilm d tren Dilu dd chftng td dp s d t phvi thupc vdo dp sau ciia eft chit ldng, vd mft mdt phdng dftng yfn, - Vgt lifu cln tiiilt: Ba vd chai nhvra ldn nhu dp s d t tgi nhftng dilm ciing tren mpt mdt phdng ndm nhau; 6ng din nude bdng nhya frong suit dudng ngang diu bdng kmh mm dai 2m; Nude cd pha mau; Thudc nhvia TAP CHf THI^BI GIAO DMC-sd 108-8/2014 • 39 II NGHIEN CUU & UNG DUNG - Chi tgo dyng cy: Dftng thudc cd dp chia den cm, vgch cdc vgeh chia len thdnh binh (hai binh cd eftng mft df cMa) Dfti mft lo d gin phia ddy cua binh; Luon hai diu cfta Ing dan nude vdo hai lo cfta binh dl tgo mft binhtiidngnhau; Dung keo ting hpp ddn lgi cdc chd ndi dl trdnh rd ri - Tiln hdnh thi ngMfm vd kit qud: Md cac nut chai dl nude vdo Sau kM mye nude da can bdng dung binh thdng dk kilm fra: Mdt ban cd ndm ngang khdng? Hai mgp ciing mft dp cao khdng? Luu y: Khdng ngn md hit ndp chai cfta binh thdng md nen xoay mft it dk ndp chai ludn gdn vdi mifng binh dl nlu chai bi nghigng nude khdng dl ngodi D I pha nude mdu lly nude sgeh pha vdi myc HS Khdng diing cdc chit tgo mau khde vi tgo bpt d tren mdt nude, khd dpc dupe vgch chia, df cMnh xdc khdng cao Cdc thi ngMfm ndy dupe ehiing tdi hudng dan cho HS ehl tgo vd dua vdo dgy hpc thyc nghifm d bdi "Ap s d t chit ldng Binhtiidngnhau" vgt ly ldp tgi tmdng THCS Xudn Difu tM trin Nghgn huyfn Can Lf c tinh Hd Tinh Phan tich kit qud cfta dpt thyc nghifm su phgm, chung tdi nhgn thiy cac tM nghifm HS diu ehl tgo dupe vd chftng dupe thilt kl tft cdc thilt bi, dyng cy gin gui vdi ddi sing nen gdy dupe sy chft y doi vdi tit ed cdc HS, tgo dupe sy hftng thft, ldi euln cdc em tham gia chi tgo ciing nhu xdy dvmg bdi Trong qud trinh hpc tgp eac em ty tin hon, mgnh dgn hon thu nhfn kiln thuc mdi Ket lufn TNTL cd thi sft dyng Mf u qud doi vdi mpi dii tupng HS Khi TNTL gin gfti vdi thyc tien ddi sing cdc em diu rit hftng thft, khdng chi dii tupng HS khd gidi ma cdc doi tupng HS khde eiing hodn toan ed the tham gia sdi noi vao vife neu phuang dn thi nghifm, ehl tgo tiiilt bi, tiln hdnh ede TNTL dl linh hfi kiln thftc mft cdch cd hifu qud Dudi sy t l chftc cfta GV cdc em cd thi dua cdc lgp lufn trinh bdy cdc y tudng thi ngMfm ciia minh, qua dd idin thftc vl thyc tien cfta cdc em du(yc nang len Vifc t l chftc gid hpc vgt ly ed tdng cudng sft dyng TNTL dgy hpc dd gdp phan tich eye hda hogt dpng nhgn thftc cfta HS vd tft dd ndng cao chit lupng dgy hpc d THCS Tai lifu tham khdo Le Vdn Gido (2005) Thi nghifm vd phuang tifn tryc quan dgy hge vgt ly a trudng thdng NXB gido dye Nguyen Thanh Hdi (2012) Bdi tgp vgt ly NXB giao dye Hd Vdn Hftng, Le Cao Phan (2004) Td chuc hogt dgng thi nghifm vgt ly ty ldm d trudng THCS NXB Gido dye Ha Hung, Trin Todn (1997) Thi nghifm vgtli a trudng phd thdng Dgi hpc su phgm Vinh Nguyen Ngpc Hung (2009) 77K' nghifm Vgt ly vdi dyng cy ty ldm tir chai nhya vd vd Ion (tgp 2) NXB Dgi hpe su phgm Dao Vdn Phftc (2008) Bdi dudng vgt ly NXB Gido dye VO Quang, Bfti Gia Thinh (2013) Sdch gido khoa vgt li NXB Gido dye iiMiiiiinnMnininnniinHiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiHiiiiMiiMiinMnMMinuiiiiiiiMiiinniiinMiiHiHiiiiinMiiHUHiiiMiiMiMiMinMMnHiiiiinHMiiMiMMiiitiiinuiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii m LV PHDI HDP ODD IQO S i H i HOI W HIED Dllli DDDIfljOL«iip'>-