NGHIEN cDuUJ PHAT TRIEN NANG LUC PHAT HIEN VA GIAI QUYET VAN DE CHD HOC SINH THONG QUA VIEC XAY DUNG CAC BAI TAP HOA HDC Mdl TUT BAI TAP GOC BAN DAU I Odtv^ndl Trong qui trinh gil l bai t ip , giio vi[.]
NGHIEN cDuUJ PHAT TRIEN NANG LUC PHAT HIEN VA GIAI QUYET VAN DE CHD HOC SINH THONG QUA VIEC XAY DUNG CAC BAI TAP HOA HDC Mdl TUT BAI TAP GOC BAN DAU TS.NBUYiN THj BiCH H|£N Tnrimg Dal hoc Vinh I.Odtv^ndl Trong q u i trinh gill bai t i p , giio vifn (GV) hfldng dan hpc sinh (HS) phin tich, tdm t i t thfing qua eae dfl kien, dau hifu dac trUng di nhan dang b l i va t i l n hanh glli theo mdt algorit sin ed Myc dich eua vifc day hpc khdng chi II vifc tim k i t q u i cho ki thi hay dinh g i i nang Iflc (NL) HS ma chflng ta phii hinh thinh va phit trien dflpc NL gill quyet v i n de (GQVO) eho HS di eung cap nhflng kt nang (KN) quan trpng budc vao cudc song Viee giao due v i phit trien tu cho HS, die bift l i tu khii quit hda, NL lifn k i t v i xiu chudi cle dfl kifn, NL p h i t hien van d l l i h i t sflc quan trpng Vi vly, thay vi vife t i p trung hudng d i n cho HS gill bat tip, GV n§n yfu d u HS biln ddi bai t i p thinh cle bai tap mdi cd mflc dp khie vi^ bit tap ban dau Difu niy khfing chi rfn cho HS NL p h i t hifn van d l , phat trien tfl sang tao, chfl dfing hon vlfc tim hfldng GQVD ma edn giflp HS vflpt qua dflpc chudng ngai cfla sy nhan thfle hay lo ling, thieu tfl tin gap phai mdt bii t i p - tinh huong mdi Trong b i i b i o nay, ehung tfii dua cich thflc phit triin NL GQVO d giai doan thfl nhat eho HS la: Kham pha van d l v l to chfle ngudn lue eiia chinh mlnh (tim hiiu van di hudng di, thfl phip, tien trinh de tifn tcfi mdt gill phip) thdng qua viec nhin dang, nhin thflc mdi lien he gifla d e dfl kien v i yfu d u , gifl:a nhflng dilu da biet v i nhflng dilu ehua biet cd bai t i p Hda hpc thdng qua hoat ddng ehuyin dfii v l xly dung bai tap mdi tfl bai t i p gde ban diu Phit trien nang lUc phit hiin va giii quylt vin d l cho hoc sinh thong qua viec xay difng bai tap Hda hoc m6i Xit bli t i p gfic ban d^u 2.1 Khdi niim vindng luc gidi quyit vdn di 2.1.1 Ndng tuc Cic t i c g i i cd quan dilm ehung v l NL nhfl sau: "NL la td hop cle thufic tinh dfic dio efla c i nhan, phu hpp vdi yeu d u efla mdt hoat ddng nhat dinh, d i m bio hoat ddng dd cd hieu qui" NL him ehfla nd tinh san sing hlnh ddng, ddng co, y chi, trich nhiem xa hdi de sfldtjng thinh cdng v i cd trich nhiem vdi cac gill phip Vf b i n chat NL la nang ehu t h i k i t hpp linh hoat va cd to ehflc hpp li cic kiln thflc KN vdi thai dp, gia trj, ddng co nhlm dap flng yeu d u cfla mdt hoat dpng, dim bio cho boat ddng cd chat Iflpng bfii d n h (tinh hudng) nhit dinh V l bleu hifn, NL the hifn bing vifc biet sfl dung cac kiln thfle, KN, thai dp va gia tri, ddng CO mdt tinh hudng cd thuc Vl phin d u tao, NL dupe clu thinh bdi kiln thfle, KN, thai dp va gii trj, tinh d m v i ddng co d nhin, tfl chit Nhfl vay, ndi d i n NL 11 ndt den ning thye hifn, phii bift l i m ehfl khdng ehi biet va hiiu NL 11 nhflng kifn thflc KN, eic g i i trj dfldc phin anh thdi quen suy nghT va hanh ddng cua mdi d nhin 2.1.2 Gidi quyit vdn di Dau the ki XXI, cpng dfing giao due qufic t l chap nhin djnh nghTa: GQVO l i nang suy nghT v i hanh dfing nhung tinh hudng khdng cd quy trinh, thu tyc, giai phip thdng thudng ed san Ngfldi GQVD cd the xic djnh dflpc muc tieu hanh dpng nhflng khdng phii l i p tflc bilt d c h dat dflpc nd Sfl am hieu tinh hudng van de If giii din viec dat muc tieu tren co sd viee lap kf hoaeh v i suy luan tao thinh qua trinh GQVO Co the thay, GQVO la qua trinh tU phfle tap, bao gdm sfl hiiu b i l t dfla luln dilm, suy luln, dinh gii, giao tifp d l dfla mdt hoac nhilu giii phip khie phye khd khan, thieh thfle cfla van de Trong qua trinh GQVO, chfl t h i t r i i qua hai giai doan ed bin: Khim pha van df v i td ehflc ngufin Ifle eua chinh minh; Thflc tiifn glli phap va danh g i i giii phip vfla thflc hifn hoae tim kilm giii phap khic 2.1.3 Ndng li/c phdt hiin vdn de vd gidi quyit vdn di NL phdt hien vdn de la NL hoat ddng tri tuf dflng trudc nhflng van d l , nhflng bai toan eu the ed mye tifu va tinh hudng dich eao, ddi hdi phii huy dpng kha nang tflduytich eye, sang tao nham tim Idi giii cho van d l NL GQVb: Theo each truyln thdng, NL GQVO dupe t i l p can ttieo tifn trinh GQVO va sfl chuyin ddi nhan thflc cua chti t h i sau GQVD Theo hfldng hifn dai, NL GQVO dflpe t i l p can theo qua trinh xfl If thdng tin, nhan manh tdi suy nghi eiia ngfldi GQVO hay "he thdng xfl li thfing tin" vin de v l khfing gian van df Khdng gian v i n df l i nhung dien bien t i m li ben ctia ngUdi GQVO: Trang thii ban dau; trang thii trung gian; trang t h i i mong mu6n (muc tieu) v i each thflc, chien Iflpc hanh ddng de ehuyen tfl trang thai niy sang trang thii khic Trong qua trinh GQVD, ngUdi cd thf sfl dung each thflc, ehiln lUpc v i ed nhung kit q u i d i u khie PISA 2012 hudng den viee GQVO mang tinh tuong tac (interactive problem solving - IPS): "GQVD 11 NL cfla mdt c i nhin tham gia vio qui trinh nhan thfle d l hieu va gill quyet cac tinh hudng cd van d l m l phuong phip cOa giai phip dd khdng phii lap tflc nhin thay ro ring Nd bao gdm sy sin sing tham gia vio d c tinh huong tflOng tfl d l dat dflpc tilm nang cfla minh nhfl mdt edng dan cd tfnh xay dflng va bift suy nghT" NL GQVO the hien nang cfla c i nhin de tfl duy, suy nghT v l tinh huong van d l v l tim kifm, thyc hifn giii phip cho van df dd Vi vay, NL GQVO l i nang el nhan sfl dting hifu q u i d c q u i trinh nhan thfle, hinh ddng v i t h i i dd, ddng co, xue d m d l gill quyet nhflng tinh hudng van de ma d dd khdng ed sin quy trinh, thu tuc giai phip thdng thudng Nhfl viy, q u i trinh phan tich v i tim ldi gili bai tap hay phat hien van di de tim phUOng phip giii bli t i p la mdt qua trinh tU phfle tap, khfing cd san phfldng I n Slfl28-THiUHi5/201fi2NaCI + H,t Iflpc bd eic d i u hifu thfl ylu giy nhifu cho hoat don^ 0,1 0,1 -> 0.05 moi H tim ldi giai HS se ehfl ddng quan sit d c dfl kifn, cic chat Bflde2: Xic dinh dilm mlu chdt di gili bai toin: Tfl d l phit hifn mfii lifn he gifla d e dflkien hay gifla cic sfi moi HCl de tfnh sd moi H^ dfl kifn, yfu d u ctia b i i t i p Ifle niy vdi cic bai tip di Budc 3: GV hfldng dan HS bien doi b l i toin bing gap Qua trinh niy dfldc rfn luyfn thfldng xuyen se gip cich bifn dfii cic dfl kifn khdng nim dilm mau phin hinh thinh NL GQVO cho HS hpc tip cung chfit cfla bai toan trfn eo sd xae djnh dupe dilm mau nhu eude sfing Dly chinh l i tie dung siu sic ciia vife sii chdt ciia bii Cy t h i : Van d l khac di nlu chflng ta phan dung bai tap day hpc ehfl khfing don thuin ehi li tich v i thay doi dfl kifn "m gam kim loai Na" bing "m tim Idi gili hay hpc mpt phflong phip gili mdi gam hdn hpp kim loai kiem" Cae dfl kif li edn lai v l yeu clu cCia bai toin tuong tu vdi bai toin gde ban diu GV l A l Ligu THAM K H A O yfu d u HS giiL Bai toin phit bleu lal nhfl sau: Cho m (g) [1] Dinh Thj Kim Thoa (Chti bi^n), Tdm llhgcH^ hon hgp kim logi kiem tde dung vda du vdl dung dich cd cuang, 2009, NXB Oai hpc Qudc gia HI NpL chda 36,5g axit Clohidric Hdy tinh sd moi khf Hidro duac [2] Le Xuin Trpng - Nguyen Cflong - Ngd Ngpc An gidi phdng vd sd moi kim loai kiem dd tham gia phdn - Od Tit Hiln, (2006), Bdi tdp Hda hoc 8, NXB Giio due ifng? Hi Ndi 24>KH0AH0C6UOOl|C .NGHISNCOUIQ [3] Nguyfn Thi Bich Hiln, (2016), Bdi tpp Hda hoc vdl viic phdt triin tu cho hoc sinh, Giao trinh gilrig day cho hpc vifn cao hoc NXB Oai hoc Vinh [4] Nguyen Thj Bich Hiln, (2012), Rin ki ndng sd dung bdi tap hda hgc dgy hoc eho sinh vien edc tnidng sUphgm Luln i n tifn sT giio due hoc HI Ndi [51 Bd Gilo due v i Gio tao, (2014), Tii'lif u Hdi thio, Xdy dung ehuang trinh gido due trung hgc phS thdng theo dinh hudng phdt trien ndng luc hgc sinh into the new ones with different levels, helped them develop competence of problem solving and creative thinking; be more proactive in finding solutions At the same time, students overcame the barriers of perception, anxiety, and lack of confidence when encountering Maths exercise -a new situation If this process is regularly exercised, students' problem-solving competence will be developed In learning and real life Keywords: Competence; problem solving and SUMMARY Teachers asked students to transform Maths exerciseexploration; Chemistry exercise; creative thinking iiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiMiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiigiiiiiiiiiiitiiNiiiiiiiiiiiini iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii REN LUYEN CHD NGUdi HOC (Tiep theo trang 13) d c bilu thfle cd ehfla nhflng dai difn cho cic dai Ifldng Trfn Cd sd dd, chuyen bai toan thyc t l ve dang ngon ngfl thieh hc^ vdi li thuyet Toin hpc Vifc gilt d e b i i toin cd ndi dung thyc t l thfldng duac t i l n hanh qua d c budc sau: Bflde 1: Chuyin bii toan thflc t l v l dang ngdn ngfl thich hpp vdi li thuylt Toin hoe d l gili (lip md hinh toin hpc efla b l i toan); Bflde 2: Gili b i i t o i n khudn khd cfla li thuylt Toin hpe; Bflde 3: Chuyen k i t q u i Idi gili toan hpe ve ngfln ngfl efla linh vflc thyc te [2] VI du 3: Tfl mdt milng tdn hinti vudng, ngudi ta mudn l i m mfit chile phlu mat ndn Hdi phii d t t h i nio di chile pheu cd t h i tieh Idn nhat? Ngfldi gili xae djnh cic dai Iflpng va mdl lifn quan giiia d c dai Iflpng: Chile pheu mat ndn dupe lim tfl hinh trdn ndi tiep hinh vudng sau elt bd mdt hinh quat cOa hlnh trdn dd, b i n kinh hlnh trdn bing mdt phan hai canh hlnh vudng Chuyen b l i t o i n thyc t l v l dang ngdn ngfl t o i n b i i t o i n sau: "Cho hinh trdn t i m (0; R) Hdi phii elt di mdt hinh quat (tfltim 0) n h f l t h i nio di phin cdn lai tao thinh mpt hinh ndn cdthe tich ldn nhit" Goi (a) (Rad) l i gdc d t i m ciia hinh quat AOB d n cltdi(Hinh2) Gap eung AnB dfloc diy cfla hlnh ndn cd ban kfnh r (Hinh 3) Oat X la dfldng cao cfla hinh ndn (0