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TAP CHi KHOA HOC CONG NGHE GIAO T H 6 N G VAN TAI, S 6 15 5/2015 43 CONG Vdc LAO DONG HANG HAI 2006, CO HOI NGHE NGHIEP TOT CHO SINH VIEN NGANH DI BIEN MARITIME LABOUR CONVENTION 2006, GOOD CAREER OPP[.]
43 TAP CHi KHOA HOC CONG NGHE GIAO T H N G VAN TAI, S 15-5/2015 CONG Vdc LAO DONG HANG HAI 2006, CO HOI NGHE NGHIEP TOT CHO SINH VIEN NGANH DI BIEN MARITIME LABOUR CONVENTION 2006, GOOD CAREER OPPORTUNITIES FOR SEAFARING STUDENTS ThS Pham Ngoc Hd Khoa Hdng Hdi, Trudng Bai hoc Giao thdng van tdi Thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh Tdm tdt Cdng uac Lao ddng Hdng hdi 2006 dd cd hieu luc duac han mdt ndm doi vdi 30 qudc gia thdnh vien ban ddu, vd cd hieu lire tgi Viet Nam dc ngdy 08/05/2014 Bdi viet ndy nham ddnh gid hi$u qud cua viec thuc hien Cong udc Lao ddng Hdng hdi 2006 ddi vdi diiu kien sdng vd ldm viec cua Thuyin viin Viet Nam vd ca hdi nghi nghiip tot ddi vdi sinh viin ngdnh di biin Tir khda: Bdn tuyin ngdn nhdn quyin cua Thuyin vien bdn tru cdt, ca hoi nghi nghiep, cdng udc MLC ngdy Thuyin viin, ngdnh di biin Abstract: Maritime Labour Convention, 2006 entered into force more than one year for first 30 ratifying countries, and the Convention entered into force for Viet Nam on 08 May 2014 The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of the implementation of the Maritime Labour Convention 2006 for the living and working conditions of Vietnamese seafarers and good career opportunities for seafaring students Keywords: Career opportunity, day of seafarer, four pillars Maritime Labour Convention, seafaring, Seafarers' Bill of Rights Gidi thieu Cfing udc Lao ddng Hang hai 2006 Cdng udc Lao dgng Hang (Cdng udc MLC) dugc Td chirc Qudc te (ILO) xay dung, thdng 23/2/2006, da chinh thiic cd hieu 20/8/2013 ddi vdi 30 qudc vign ban dau hai Lao qua lyc gia 2006 ddng k i td Cdng udc MLC dugc vi nhu "Ban tuyen ngdn nhan quyen cua Thuyen vien", cimg vdi ba cdng udc cda Td chirc Hang hai qudc te (IMO), cdng udc SOLAS, cdng udc STCW, va cdng udc MARPOL dugc md ta la bdn tru cot cua dinh che hang hai qudc te vi muc tieu an todn, hieu qua vd phat trien ben viing Cdng udc MLC la cdng udc cd phara vi dp dung rgng va cd co che rang budc thdng qua kiim tra nha nudc cdng bien (PSC) Viec lam va quyen cua Thuyen vien dugc Cdng udc quy dinh nhu sau: Mgi Thuyen vien cd quyen dugc ldm vice mdi trudng ddm bao an toan va an ninh thoa mdn cac tigu chudn an toan Mpi Thuyen vien cd quygn hudng cac dieu khodn lao ddng cdng bang Mpi Thuygn vien co quyen dugc hudng cdc digu kien sdng va lam viec phii hgp tren tau Mgi Thuyen vien c6 quyin dugc bao ve siic khoe, chara sdc y te, hudng phuc Igi va cdc hinh thiic bao trg xa hgi khac Tinh hinh trien khai cdng irdc Lao dpng Hang hai 2006 tren the gidi Tinh dgn thang nam 2015, da co 65 qudc gia chiem han 80% dung tich dgi tau thg gidi da phe chuan Cdng udc MLC Cdng udc MLC nhan dugc sy ddng thuan cao tu Lien doan Lao dpng Van tai The gidi (ITF) la td chiic dai dien cho Thuyen vien, va Lien dodn Van tdi Bien The gidi (ISF) la Hiep hgi Chu tau Qudc te Trong do, Td chiic cac nudc tham gia thda thuan kiem tra nha nudc cang bien khu vuc Tdy Au - Bac Dai Tdy Duong (Paris-MOU) va Td chiic cac nudc tham gia thda thuan kiem tra nha nudc cang bien khu vuc chau A - Thai Binh Duong (Tokyo-MOU) ciing phe duyet cac nguyen tac dugc dua Cong udc MLC, nham tang cudng kiem tra va giam sat ciia cdc chinh quyen tai ben cang Ngay 20/8/2014 la trdn mdt ndm Cdng udc MLC CO hieu lyc, da co 113 tau (17,4%) bj cdc chinh quygn cang vien ParisMOU luu giii CO cac khiim khuyit lign 44 Journal of transportation science and technology Vol 15, May 2015 quan den viec thyc hien Cdng udc MLC Trong sd cdc qudc gia vien TokyoMOU, cac nudc sau day da tien hanh kigm tra PSC lign quan din viec thyc thi Cdng udc MLC: Australia, Canada, Lien bang Nga, Marshall Islands, Malaysia, Nhat Ban, Philipine, Singapore vd Viet Nam Gdn 1,5 trieu Thuyen vien trgn thg gidi dang van chuyen hon 90% lugng hdng hda todn cdu Vugt qua nhiing thii thach vd nii ro, sy ddng gdp fliam lang cua Thuyen vien dang mang lai cudc sdng tdt dep cho cd hdnh tinh Nhdn thiic dugc vai trd cua Thuygn vien, nam 2010, cudc hpp tai Manila Philipine, IMO da ddng y chgn ngdy 25/6 hang nam la "Ngay Thuyen vign - Day of the Seafarer" Hanh dgng nhdm vinh danh, bieu duong, cdm thdng, tri dn vd danh tinh cam tdt dep cho cdc thg he Thuygn vign tren todn cdu Tdng thu ky Lign hgp qudc Ban Kimoon da ndi Ngdy Thuygn vign 2014: "Kinh te bien la budng mdy cua nen kinh te the giai Trdi qua nhieu ndm Lien Hap Quoc, thdng qua To chuc Hdng hdi quoc te vd cdc ca quan khac, da no luc de ldm cho di bien Id mpt nghe an todn han vd van tdi bien Id mot ngdnh cong nghiep xanh hem vd sach han Nhan "Ngdy Thuyen vien ", tdi yeu cdu moi ngudi d khdp mpi nai nhan su cdng hien thdm lang cua Thuyen vien, nhimg ngudi dang giic cho bdnh xe the gidi chuyen dpng." Tinh hinh trien khai cong udc M L C 2006 d V i | t Nam 3.1 Cff quan cd th^m quyln Gia nhdp va thuc hien Cdng udc MLC 2006 gdp phan quan trpng viec thuc hien Chien lupc bien Viet Nam din ndm 2020 Cdng udc da nhan dugc sy quan tdm ciia cac co quan cd tham quygn, cdc van ban lign quan den trien khai cdng udc gdm: Van ban phe chudn Cdng udc MLC dugc trinh len ILO 8/5/2013, cdng udc chinh thiic cd higu luc vdi Viet Nam tir 8/5/2014 Quyit dinh s i 1221/QD-TTg ngdy 25/7/2013 phe duyet Ke hoach thyc hien Cdng udc MLC Quyit dinh s6 2382/QD-BGTyT ngdy 12/8/2013 ^he duyet K i hoach triin khai Quyit dinh sd 1221/QD-TTg Thdng tu sd 45/2013/TT-BGTVT ngdy 19/11/2013 quy dinh thu tyc cap, phg duyet, thu hdi Ban cdng bd phu hgp Lao ddng hang hdi vd Giay chung nhan Lao ddng hang hdi - Ngdy 26/11/2014, Qudc hdi dd thdng qua Ludt sua ddi bd sung mgt so digu ve Luat thue Theo sira ddi, Thuygn vign Viet Nam lam viec tren tau nudc ngoai hoac tau Viet Nam van tai qudc te dugc mign thue thu nhdp tu luong, tign cdng Nghi dinh sd 121/2014/ND-CP 24/12/2014 quy dinh chi tiit mdt sd diiu cua Cdng udc Lao dgng hang hai nam 2006 va chg dp lao ddng cua Thuygn vign lam vigc trgn tau bign Qua dd cd thg khang dinh, cac co quan cd tham quyen da tich cyc trien khai higu qud va thyc hien day du cdc quy dinh ciia Cdng udc MLC t^i Viet Nam Tir dd tao diiu kien thuan Igi cho hoat ddng cua dpi tdu biin; cac CO sd cung ling, tuyin dyng Thuyin vign Dac biet la bao dam cac quygn, Igi ich hgp phap, chinh dang; tao mdi trudng sdng vd lam viec an toan, an ninh, tiin bg cho Thuyin vign Viet Nam 3.2 Cac cdng ty van tai biln, cff sd cung ung Mac du kinh doanh van tdi biin nhigu khd khan nhung cac chu tau da nhdn thiic dugc tdm quan trpng, y nghia cua vi$c thuc hi?n cong udc MLC 2006 d i i vdi sy phat trign ben viing ciia minh Rdt nhiiu c6 gang vigc triin khai da dupc thyc hien nhu; bd sung cdc quy trinh, biiu mdu, b i sung cac dieu khoan theo ygu cau cdng udc vao hgp ddng lao ddng, lap lai thang bang luong rd rang hon, chi tra luong diing ban, tien hanh sira chiia cac hang myc lign qua den diiu kien mi d sinh boat cua Thuyin vien, trang bi bd sung cdc thiit bi phuc vy sinh boat, giai tri cho Thuyin vien Cac cac co sd cung img, tuyin dyng Thuyen vien cd uy tin, chdt lugng, da dugc 45 TAP CHi KHOA HOC C O N G NGH? GIAO T H O N G VAN T A I , S O 15-5/2015 sang loc va danh gia cdp Giay chiing nhan •Cd: 122 • Khdng: 12 •Chira r6 rdng: •Khdng b l ^ D i n nay, theo Cue Dang kiim Viet Nam, gdn 400 tau bidn Viet Nam thudc ddi tugng dp dyng da dugc danh gia va cdp Giiy chiing nhan Lao ddng hang hdi, chua cd tdu Vigt Nam ndo bi PSC luu giii khiim khuyit v i lao dgng hang hai Dieu thi hien sy tuan thu day du cac quy dinh cua Cdng udc MLC 3.3 Thuyen viSn Tac gia bai viet da tien hanh khdo sat Thuyen vign Viet Nam dang lam viec tren cac tau bien (qudc tich Viet Nam vd nudc ngoai) hoat dgng tuyin qudc t i vao thang 12 nam 2014, kgt qua nhu sau - Lan 1: Tien hanh khao sat 139 Thuyin vign trudc ngdy cdng udc MLC 2006 cd hieu lyc: Kgt qua khao sdt vdi can hdi d^t Id: Cdng udc MLC 2006 se mang lai dieu kien song va ldm viec tot han cho Thuyin viin hay khdng? Cd 84 ngudi tra ldi cd, 40 ngudi trd ldi khdng, ngudi trd ldi cd thi cd va ngudi chua bigt v i cdng udc MLC 2006 •C6: 84 •Khdng: 40 •C6th§: •Kbdng btgt S Hlnh Kit qud khdo sdt mot nam sau Cong udc MLC CO hiiu luc Mpt sd thay ddi cy thi dugc Thuyen vien ghi nhdn sau mdt nam thyc hien cdng udc: Hpp dong lao dpng cua Thuyen vien Hpp ddng cd nhiing digm bd sung sau: + Viec hdi huong: Chii tdu cd trach nhiem bd tri vd toan cac khoan chi phi lign quan den vice hdi huong cua Thuygn vign Chli tau cd trach nhiem bdo dam tai chinh de chi tra cho viec hdi huong, hien cac hdi bdo hiim tuang hd P&l dd md rdng ph^im vi bdo higm cho cac chi phi hdi huong cho Thuygn vign Trudng hgp chu tau khdng thyc hien hoac khdng tra cac chi phi hdi huong cho Thuyen vien, co quan cd thdm quyen cua qudc gia se thu xgp cho Thuyin vien hdi huong vd yeu cdu chu tau hoan trd cac chi phi dd Quy dinh mdi giup tranh viec chii tdu gap khd khan ve tai chinh dd bd tau va Thuyen vien d nudc ngodi nhu da timg xdy Hinh Kit qud khdo sdt tnrdc Cong udc MLC co hieu luc - Ldn 2: Tien hdnh khao sat 144 Thuyen vign sau cdng udc MLC 2006 cd hieu lyc dugc mgt nam: Ket qua khao sat vdi cdu hdi dat la: Cong u&c MLC 2006 cd mang lai dieu kien sdng vd ldm viec tot han cho Thuyen vien hay khong? Cd 122 ngudi tra ldi cd, 12 ngudi tra Idi khdng, ngudi trd ldi lpi ich mang lai chua rd rang vd ngudi tra ldi khdng biet + Bdo higra tai nan: Thuyen vien dugc mua bdo hiem tai nan lam viec tren tdu + Tien toan nghi hang nam: Vdi mdi thang ldm viec tren bign, Thuygn vien dugc nghi tdi thieu 2,5 ngdy d nha cd hudng luong Dich vu tuyen dung vd cung icng ttr nhdn Cac CO sd cung icng Thuyen vign ciing phdi dugc ddnh gid va cap Gidy chimg nh^n theo cdng udc MLC 2006 Gid ldm viic vd nghi ngai 46 Journal of transportation science and technology Vol 15, May 2015 Gidi han sd gid lam viec / nghi ngai nhu sau: So gid lam viec tdi da khdng dugc qua: (1)14 gid khoang thdi gian 24 gid bdt ky; va (2)72 gid khoang thdi gian bay ngdy bat ky; hoac Sd gid nghi ngoi tdi thigu khdng dugc it ban: (1)10 gid khodng thai gian 24 gid bat ky; va (2) 77 gid khoang thdi gian bay bat ky Khu vuc sinh hoat Cac tdu dugc ddng vdo hoac sau Cdng udc cd hieu lyc ddi vdi Qudc gia treo cd se phdi ddm bao cac ygu cdu v i kit cdu vd trang thigt bi, kich thudc budng d, he thdng sudi yd thdng gid, dp dn, chdn dpng va cac yeu td mdi trudng khac, cdc phuang tien ve sinh, chieu sdng va khu vyc y te Cdc tdu ddng trudc cdng udc c6 hieu lyc da dugc siia chiia, thay thi cdc trang thiit bi nhu ban dau Phuong tien gidi tri tren tdu Tau dugc trang bi bd sung tu sach, tap chi, bang dia, dung cu tap thi thao, djnh ky dugc gui bdo giay vd bao dien tir Thuyin vien lam viec cho cac hdng tau nudc ngodi da dugc gui thu dien tir, kit ndi mang xa hgi Thuc phdm vd chi bien Chu tau cung cdp mien phi thyc phdm va nudc udng bdo dam v i sd lugng, gid tri dinh dudng, chdt lugng, da dang v i chiing loai va bdo dam ve sinh an toan thyc phdm, phu hgp ve ton gido, tin ngudng va vdn hoa cho Thuygn vien Thyc don dugc tinh toan dam bao lupng calo, protein., cdn thiit cho lam viec Sice khoe, an todn vd phdng ngica tai nan Thuygn vien lam viec tren tdu dugc hudng cac bien phap chdm sdc y t i vd bdo vg siic khde nghg nghiep tuong duong din miic cd the dugc nhu cac lao dpng lam viec tren bd Cdc quy trinh khieu nai tren tdu Thuyen vien dugc phd biin va cd quyin khieu nai cd vi pham lien quan din quyin Igi Tien luong Chu tau cd trach nhiem lap vd cung cdp cho Thuygn vign ban kg thu nhap hang thang bao gdm tien luong, phy cdp vd cac khoan thu nhap khac Thuyen vien dugc toan tien luong nghi hdng ndm Qua cd thg thdy rang mac dii tinh hinh nganh hang hdi van cdn nhiiu kho khan, va trudc cd higu lyc cdn cd nhung ban khodn nghi ngd ve hieu qua cua cdng udc thi sau mpt nam dp dyng, lpi ich cita cdng udc mang lai la khd ro rang Viec dp dyng cong udc MLC da giiip cai thien dang ke dieu kign sdng va lam viec ciia Thuyen vien Tuy nhien dii dugc vi nhu "Bdn tuygn ngdn nhan quyen cua Thuyin vign" ca biet van cd nhiing Thuygn vien chua biit v i cdng udc MLC 2006 vd cd din han 90% Thuygn vien dugc hdi chua dpe Cdng udc Cff h0i nghe nghigp tif ddi vdi cac sinh vien ngdnh di biln Thi gidi cang nhan su ddng gdp quan trpng va thdm lang ciia Thuyin vign ddi vdi nhan loai va se thyc thi cdng udc MLC mdt each thuc chdt, hieu qua ban niia Chu dg cua Thuyin vign ndm 2015 dugc IMO chgn la "Dao tao hang hai" IMO mudn mpi ngudi luu tdm din nghi di biin Trong mpi ngudi Idm viec cdc van phdng, nha may , vdn phdng cua ngudi di biin cd the la nhUng tau hien dai hdng tram nghin tdn hanh trinh din cac dai duong, din cac vimg ddt khac tren thi gidi Digu kien Iam viec, luong va cac chi dp Chli tau ddy manh cac chinh sach v i xa hpi cua Thuyin vign dang tdt len, Thuyin phong ngu'a tai nan, benh tdt va thuong tich vien da dugc miln thui thu nhap ca nhdn nghe ^ nghiep cho Thuyin vien trgn tdu Viec la vidn cdng udc MLC gdp Thuyen vign dupc trang bi ddy dii trang thiit phan nang cao uy tin qudc gia, uy tin dpi tdu bi bao hg lam viec bien Viet Nam vd la co sd bdo dam quyen, nghTa vu cua Thuyin vien Viet Nam Chdm sdcy ti trin tdu 47 TAP CHi KHOA HQC C N G NGHE GIAO T H N G VAN TAI, S 15-5/2015 Cdng udc MLC nham tao tieu chudn tdi thiiu chun^ v i diiu kien lam viec, sinh hoat cho thuyen vien tren t h i gidi khdng phan biet qudc tich Khi cac chii tau Viet Nam da tuan thu cong udc va tao diiu kien sdng, lam viec, chi dp dai ngd tdt hon cho thuyin vien la ciing da dap iing nhu cdu tdi thiiu chung cho thuyen vien khdng phdn biet qudc tich Ngu Thuyen vien Viet Nam khdng dap ling dugc cac yeu cau v i chuygn mdn, ngoai ngu, tdc phong cdng viec, cac chii tau Viet Nam hoan todn cd khd nang thue Thuyin vign nudc ngodi thay thi Thuyin vi6n Viet Nam Kien nghf Dg san sang ndm bdt ca hpi ldm chii va van hanh nhiing tau cang hien dai cd dieu kien sdng, lam viec vd chg dp dai ngd tdt, sinh vien nganh di bien phai khdng ngung phan dau nang cao ndng luc chuygn mdn, ngoai ngii va ren luyen tac phong cdng viec Cdc CO sd dao tao nhan lyc Hang hai can quan tdm, cap nhat day dii cdng udc MLC vao chuang trinh ddo tao, dg sinh vign va thuyen vign higu rd vd y thirc dugc quyin lpi va nghTa vu cua minh theo cdng udc Cdc cdng ty van tai bien cdn danh gid diing lpi ich va tinh cdp thiit cua cdng udc MLC, quan tam, cham lo quyin Igi chinh dang cua Thuyin vien, tao sy gan bd mat thiit giiia Thuyin vien voi tau, vdi cdng ty Cac CO quan quan \f nha nudc xem xet x i p thuygn vign la lao ddng dac thii cd nhiing uu dai ve miic luong tdi thieu va tao ca sd phap ly thdnh lap Hiep hdi Cdng dodn Thuy thu Viet Nam dg bao ve quyen lpi chfnh dang cho thuygn vign Viet Nam Co quan cd thdm quygn tang cudng cdng tdc kiem tra danh gid tau d i viec triin khai ap dyng cdng udc MLC thyc chdt ban • Tai lieu tham Ithao [1] Maritime Labour Convention, 2006 [2] http://www.ilo.org/global/standards/mari time-labour-convention/lang— en/index.htm [3] http://www.imo.org/About/Events/Pages /Home.aspx [4] http://www.vinamarine.gov.vn/Index.aspx [5] http://www.vr.org.vn r Ngdy nhan bai:^/3/2015 Ngdy chap nhdn dang: 28/4/2015 Phdn bifn: ThS Co Tin Anh Vu ^™ ... trach nhiem bdo dam tai chinh de chi tra cho viec hdi huong, hien cac hdi bdo hiim tuang hd P&l dd md rdng ph^im vi bdo higm cho cac chi phi hdi huong cho Thuygn vign Trudng hgp chu tau khdng... chiing loai va bdo dam ve sinh an toan thyc phdm, phu hgp ve ton gido, tin ngudng va vdn hoa cho Thuygn vien Thyc don dugc tinh toan dam bao lupng calo, protein., cdn thiit cho lam viec Sice khoe,... lam viec, sinh hoat cho thuyen vien tren t h i gidi khdng phan biet qudc tich Khi cac chii tau Viet Nam da tuan thu cong udc va tao diiu kien sdng, lam viec, chi dp dai ngd tdt hon cho thuyin