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ul I UAW giAo PW • syt H^< HOAT DONG GIAO OOC PHAT THIEN NANG LOC HOP TAC NHOM CHO TRE 5 6 TUOI d TRlTdNG MAM NON ThS TRAN TH! KIM Y^N* Abstract Educational activities in general capacity development,[.]
ul I.UAW giAo PW • syt H^< HOAT DONG GIAO OOC PHAT THIEN NANG LOC HOP TAC NHOM CHO TRE 5-6 TUOI d TRlTdNG MAM ThS NON TRAN TH! KIM Y^N* Abstract: Educational activities in general capacity development, team collaboration capabilities in particular haue a very important role, it is Ihe foundation, the basis preparation for 5-6 year old children entering preschool class The author provided depth analysis of activities to develop Ihe capacity to play cooperative group for children 5-6 years old m preschool Keywords: educational activities; capacity; Cooperation group; fun activities Hoatddng giao due (HDGD) phattrien nang luc ndichung, nang luc hpp tac nhdm (HTN) ndi rieng edvaltrd ratquan trpng, nd la nen tang, cosd chuan bj hanh trang cho tre 5-6 tuoi dm/dng mam non budc vao IdpmpLTrongtnldng mam non,cdnhieu HDGD nhu: - Hosit dgng c/Jo/ilHDC) la hoat ddng (HD) chO dgo cua tre em Ida fejoim^u glao.Tre cdthe choi vdi cac loai trd choi nhu: ddng vai theo chu de; ghep hinh, lap rap,xaydung;ddng kich; hpe tap; van ddng; dan gian; chPi vdi phuPng tien cdng nghe hien dai; - HD hgc dupc to chdc cd chu djnh theo ke hoach dudi suhudng d i n tn/e tiep cua giao vien, HD hpe d m l u glao dupc to chdc chu yeu dudi hinh thdc ehoi; -ff0/aorfo/7^ doi vdi lua tuoi mau glao khdng nhim tao san pham vatchatma dupc sudung nhu mdt phuong tien glao dye (GD) HD lao dpng dd'i vdi ti'e m l u glao gom: lao ddng tu phuc vu, lao ddng tn;c nhat, lao ddng tap the; - HB an, ngu, ve sinh ca nhan Day la cac HD nham hinh mot so nen nep, thoi quen sinh hoat, dap dng nhu cau sinh 11 cua tre, tao chotre trang thai thoaimai, vui ve De phat trien nang luc cho tre dat hieu qua cao, cac HDGD dupc thuc hien thong qua nhieu nhdm phucfng phap nhu: 1} Nhom phuang phap thuc hanh, trainghiem:- PhUPng phap thuc hanh thao tac vdi vat, chpl: Tre sudung va phdi hc^D eae giac quan, lam theo such'i dan cua giao vien, hanh dpng doi vdl cae vat, Choi (cam, n^m,sd, ddng md, xep chong, xep eanh nhau, xau vao nhau,, ) de phat trien giac quan va ren luyen thao tac tu duy; - Phuong phap dung trd chdi: sd dyng cac loai trd ehpi vdi cac yeu to chai phu hpp de kleh thich tre tu 20 Tap chi Gido dye so 379 nguyen, hdng thu HD tich cue giai quyet nhiem vg nhan thdc, nhiem vu GD dat ra; - PhUPng phap neu tinti hud'ng cd vain de: Dua cac tinh hud'ng cutiie n h i m kich thich tre tim tdi, suy nghT dua tren von kinh nghiem degiai quyet van de datra;-Phupng phap luyen tap: Tre tiiuc hanh lap di lap 1^1 cac dpng tac, Idl ndi, cuch i, dieu bp theo yeu cau cua glao vien nham cung cd' kie'n thuc va kT nang da dupc Siu nhan; 2) Nhom phuang phap tmc quan-minh hi}a (quan sat, lam mau, minh hoa): cho tre quan sat, tiep xue, glao tiep vdl eac dd'i tutsig, phuong tien (vat that, ehoi, tranh anh); hanh ddng mau; hinh anh tunhien, md hinh, scr va phuong tien nghe nhin (phim vd tuyen, dai, may ghi am, dien thoai, vi tinti) thdng qua sudung cac giac quan ket hop vdi Idi noi nhim tang cudng vdn hieu biet, phat trien tu va ngdn ngd cua tre; 3) Nhom phuang phap dung la noi Sudung cae phuong tien ngdn ngiJ(dam thoai, trd ehuyen, ke chuyen, giai thich) nham truydn dat va giup tre thu nhan tliong tin, kich thich tre suy nghi, chlaseytijdng,bpc Id nhdng cam xuc, gdnhdnhiJng hinh anh va sukipn bang ldi ndi Ldi ndi, cau hoi cua giao vien can n g i n gpn, cu the, gan vdi kinh nghiem song eua tre; 4) Nhom phuang phap GD bing tinh cam va khich le Phuong phap dung cdchi dieu b^ ket hpp vdl ldi ndi tiiich hpp de khuyen khich vaijng hp treHD nham khoi gpi niem vui, tao niem tin, covQ su CO g i n g cua tre qua trinh hoat dpng; 5) Nhom phuang phap neu guang - danh gia: Neu guang: su dung cac hinh thuc khen, chS phu hcfp * Si Giao due va Dao tao Oak Lad (kil-4/2016) dung luc, dung cho Bieu duong tre la chinh nhung khdng lam dung: Danh gia: the hien thai dp dong tinh hoac chua dong tinh cua ngudi Ic^, cua ban be trudc viec lam hanh vi, cd chi cua tre Td dd dua nhan xet, tu nhan xet tdng tinh hud'ng hoac hoan canh cuthe Khdngsddyng cae hinh phat lam anh hudng de'n su phat trien tam - sinh li cua tre Cac nhdm phUPng phap tren cd vj tri, vaitrd het sdc quan trpng HDGD phat trien nang luc HTN cho tre, dupc tochdc thong qua cac mdi trudng HD cho tre nhu: 1) Moi trudng vat chat - Moi tn/dng cho treHD phong top + f r a n g tri phdng ldp dam bao tham mT, ttian thien va phu hpp vdl ehu de GD; + Cd cac dung, chPi, npuyen vat lieu da dang, phong phu, hap d i n tre; + Sap xep va bdtri dd dung, choi hc^ li, dam bao an toan va dap dng muc dich GD; + Cd khu vuc de bdtri chd an, chd ngu cho tre dam bao yeu cau quy djnh; + Cac khu vuc HD bdtri phu hop, linh hoat (cdthe bo tri CO dinh hoac cd thedi chuyen), mang tinh md, tao dieu kien dd dang cho tre tu lua ehpn va sudung vat, ChPi, tham gia HD va thuan Ipi eho suquan sat eua glao vien; + Cac khu vuc HD eua tre nhu: Khu vue cholddngvai;taohinh;thu vien (saeh, tranh truyen); khu vuc ghep hinh, lap rap/xay dung; khu vuc danh cho HD kham pha thien nhien va khoa hpc; HD am nhac va cd khu vue yen tinh cho tre nghi ngoi Khu vuc can yen tinh bo tri xa cac khu vuc on ao Ten cae khu vue HD don gian, phu hpp vcri chu deva tao mdi trudng lam quen vdi chd viet; - A^d/ tn/dng cho tre HD ngoaitr&, gom c6:+San chdivasap xep \h\e\b\ choi ngoai tr(M; + Khu choi vdi cat, da't, sdi, nudc; + Bon hoa, cay canh, nPi cay va khu vuc nudi cac vat; 2) Moi trudng xa hgi: -Moi trudng cham soc GD trudng mam non can phai dam bao an toan ve mat tam li, tao thuan Ipi GD cac kT nang xa hdi cho tre; - Tre thudng xuyen duac giao tiep, the hien md'i quan he than thien gida tre vdi tre va gida tre vdl nhdng ngudi xung quanh; - Hanh vl, cu chi, Idi ndi, thai dp cuaglao vien dd'i vdi tre va nhdng ngudi khac ludn m l u muc de tre noi theo Trong pham vi bai viet, chung tdi tap tnjng dlsau phan tich HDC nham phattriS'n nang luc HTN cho tre 5-6 tuoi dtrudng mam non HDC va dac diem cua HDC phattrien nang li/c HTN chotre 5-6 tuoi d t r u d n g mam non 2.1.Chdi la HD rat tunhien cupc song cua mpingudl,nddacbletquan trpng ddi vdl suphattrien cua tre Thuatngd''ehor cdrat nhieu djnh nghTa khae nhau, dudi gdc dp li thuyet hoat dpng, t a c d ^ e hieu: ChPi la mpt HD ma dpng cp cua nd n i m qua trinh choi chd khong n i m ket qua hoat dpng, choi, tre khdng chu tam vao mdt Ipl ieh thiet thuc nao ca, trdchoi, cac mdi quan hegluacon ngucfi vcfi tu nhien va xa hpi dupc md phdng lai, choi mang lai ctio tre trang thai tinh than vui ve phan cha'n, d l chiu.ChPllaHD chudao cua tremlu glao 5-6 tud'i, nd la IHD GD toan dien chotre, Vi vay, neu biet khaitiiac Ipi the cua HD mot each cd djnh hudng va ke hoach q^uatrinh GD phattrien nang lue HTN eho tre 5-6 tudi tiii hieu qua GD se dupc nang len Hien nay, chupng trinh GD mau glao d Viet Nam trd choi dupc chia lam nhdm: - Tro chal sang tao (tro chai khong cd luat): + Trd choi ddng vai theo chu de (phan vai theo chu de); + Trd choi ddng kich; + Trd ehoi lip ghep - xay dung; - Nhom chai vai ngi dung va luat chai co san: + Trd choi hpc tap (trd chPl day hpe); + Trd ehoi van dpng; - Nhom tro chai dan gian 2.2 Bac diem HDC cua tre mau giao 5-6 tuoi Choi la HO tu lap eua tre, choi khdng nhirn tao san pham (ketqua vat chat) machuyeu nhim thda man nhu cau dupc chPl eua tre (ket qua tinh than), dupe b i t chude lam ngudi Idn cua tre Choi eua tre khdng phai that ma la gia vd, nhung suglavd ay eua tre lai mang tinh chat ehan thue Ddng cP chPi cua tre khdng n i m ket qua ehoi ma n i m cac hanh dpng choi cua tre va chinh eae hanh dpng choi cua tre kich thich chung chpi va tri hdng thu choi cua tre, Nhuvay.choikhacvditatcacacHDkhacladcho nd mang tinh ki hieu tupng trung, ddng eo khdng nam d ket qua ma nam ban than hanh dpng ehPi HDC mang tinh tudo va tunguyen, la HD dpc lap cua tre (ti'e tulua chon trdchoi, ban cholvatim kie'm cac phuong tien de ttiuc hien du dinh ehPi cua minh ChPi cua tre mang mdt sdnet dac thu sau: 2.2.1 Chai la nhu cau rat tu nhien vdi tre Tte can Choi nhu can com an, can nudc udng, can khdrig khidetiie, Trong thucte cupcsdng hang ngay, nhieu tre da quen ea an ca ngu de choi, Ngudi Idn khong to chuc tao dieu kien cho tre ehoi, tre cung tu minh tim each chPi, Rd rang tre cd nhu cau ehcfi dua de tim hieu va lam quen vdi moi viec diln bien xay cupc song sinh hoat h i n g ngay, de thda man nhu cau van dpng phattrien co the cdthe ndi, cac trd choi dem de'n cho tre nguon hdng thu vd tan Ngudi ta da vi trd choi nhu chiec cua rdng mo de Tap chi Gido dye so 379 (kil-4/2016) 21 ddn nhdng hieu bietva khai niem vecude song xung quanh, nhu lan gid mattran vao dau dc tre tho Hoac ndi mptcach khac, trd choi nhutia lua nhd lam chay bung ien dtre tinh td md, tinh hieu bietva dd cung chinh l a n h i ^ g pham chathetsuc can thiet cua ngudi mdi thdi dai khoa hpc, kTthuat dang phattrien 2.2.2 Chd mang tinh tudo, tunguyen va tinh dgc lap Trong trd choi HD cua tre khdng bi phu thupc vao nhu cau thue tiin,ch ung chPi xuat phattdnhungnhu cau va hdng thu true tiep cua ban than, Tinh tudo, tu nguyen va tinh ddc lap cua tre dupc bleu hien dviec lua ehpn trdchoi hoac npi dung chPl, tulua ehpn ban ehoi, ti; tham gia va tu rut lui khdi trd choi Trd Choi hap d i n ddi vert tre, bdi viti'ehieu nd, tre tu tao nd Trong cude sd'ng thue, tre hoan toan la tre nhungPtrongtrdchPichung lanhung ngudi trudng dang tiidsuc lue cua minh vatutochdc susang tao cua minh Neu trd choi ma bi ep bupe thi luc ay khdng cdn la trd ehpl nda Tinh tudo, tinh dpc lap cua tre cac loai trd choi khac dupc bleu hidn cung khae 2.2.3 Chai mang tinh tudieu khien Choi la mpt HD mang tinhtudleu khien cao.Trong trdchPi chda dung cac quy tac choi, chinh quy tie yeu eau tre phai chap hanh Cdn ne'u pha vd ehung thi trd choi cung bj pha vdtheo,cho nen ngudlchPi deu tiinguyen chap hanh, thue hien chung Tre to rat kien tri, tap tnjng chu y thuc hien cae quy tie choi ay hon ea nhdnp yeu cau cua cupc song thuc Cd the ndi, cac quy tac choi da tao nen co che tu dieu khien hanh vl cua tre 2.2.4 Chai mang tinh sang tao cua tre Trong trd choi cd su hien dien eua mam mdng sang tao Mpt so nha tam li hpc cho ring, khdng nen coi trd Choi cua tre la mdt HD sang tao, bdi le trd choi tre em khdng tao cai gi mdi ca That sudung nhu vay, neu chung ta coi trd choi cua tre em gid'ng nhu HD sang tao cua ngudi Idn thi thuat ngd "sang tao" dung dday la khdng tiiich hc^ Song ne'u nhuchung ta xem xetdudl gdc dp phat trien cua tre em tiiithuat ngdddcdthechap nhan dupc L.X.Vygotsky da ciil ring, khitrong dau dua tre xua't hien mot dudjnh hay mdt kehoach nao ddva Chung cdy mudn ttiuc hien ndthi ed nghTa la tre ehuyen sang HD sang tao Ngay tiJ Ida tudi m l u glao, tre da cd kha nang dl td suy nghlsang hanh dpng, bien nhdng suy nghlcua minh hanh dpng thuc tiin, thuc hien nhdng dudjnh cua minh Nang luc cua tre dupe bleu 22 Tap chi Gido dye so 379 hien cac hinh thuc hoat dpng, trudc het lad trd choi Su xua't hien d u djnh g i n lien vdi su phattrl&'n eua dc tudng tupng sang tao Mot trd choi bao gid cung lien quan vdl nhilmg sang kien, sang che.pfiat minh Khi chPi, tu va dc tudng tupng cuajre lam viec rat tich cue Tinh sang tao dupc khing dinh bang viec trd choi tre khdng copy cuoc song ma chi b i t c h u d c nhung gichung nhin thay, td'ng hpp lai nhung bleu tupng cua minh vathe hien thai do, suy nghTcung nhutinh cam cuaminh doi vdi nhdng gi chung thd'hien trd Choi Chinh dieu lam chung gan gui vdi nghe thuat, nhung tre em khdng phai la nghe sT Tre chPl la de cho minh chdkhdng phai de cho khan gia xem,chiing khdng hpe trudc vai ehoi cua minh ma chung chi sang tao nd qua trinh choi Cd rat nhieu nha nghe thuat da ban den tinh sang tao cOa tre trd chPi K.L.Xtanhixlapxki da khuyen cac nghe sT nen hpc each ehoi cua tre em, hpc each phan biet "niem tin va suthaf Dao dien phim noi tieng G.L.Rdsanh da viet Tat ca cac ioai tro chai tre em deu la the gidi huyen ao, the git^ huyen ao dda tre khong bao gid danh mat "cai tor tfiuc cua minh, tre gidng nhu mgt ngudi nghe sL Nhu vay, trochaitreem cdtheggiia tro chai nghe thuat, su huyen ao cua tro chai tre em co theggilat/6 chai nghethuat Tac gia Kayra lai khang djnh ring, tritij'dng tUpng cua tre em giau hon tri tudng tupng cua ngudi 1^', Ong da ddi lap tri tuong tupng vdl subitchudcTheo quan diem cua dng, cac loai trd choi tre em dua tren "sutuong tupng tiiuan tuy", chung hoan toan tach r^ khdi cupc sd'ng thue Nhung nghien cdu cua cacnha tam li hpc va GD hpe Xd viet da khing djnh ring, trdchoi, s u b i t chudc gan lien vdl tri tudng tuong sang tao eua tre Nhung dc sang tao khdng nglu nh^n xuathien mand phai dupc suGD.nddUpc phat t ^ lanhdketquacuasutaedpng li&n tticcdhdthSfig eua cac nha GD c sang tao, sang kien cac trd chpl thupc nhieu the loai khac dupe bleu hien cung kliac Loai trd ehoi ed lien quan vdl cau tnic cd't truyen, v.di viee lua ehpn npi dung, lua chon cac vai, vdi susang kie'n xay dung hoan canh ehoi (trd choi ddng vai) Cf eae the loai trd chdi khae, tinh.sang tao bieu hien cac phupngthih: hanh ddng, cae tinh hudng choi (trd ehPidanjj cd, chPl ddmlnd, trd ehoi xep hinh, xep tranh.,.), loai thdba, nd the hien viec van dung mptcach (kil-4/2016} thong minh nhi?ng hieu biet, liTnang, kTxao cua minh Choi, cung trai nghiem nhiing HD cua de phan doan truiic duoc tinh huong co the xay ngudi Idn xa hpi Thdng qua chai, giao vien nham thay doi chiS'n Ihuat Choi cua minh Nhuvay, thuc hien nhiem vu GO chung cho tre va dac biet mam mong sang tao cua tre mau giao diroc hinh hon ca HOC hinh nen 'xahqitreem' Bay ia mpt nhdm tre tap hop lai, ru tro choi cung choi va moi vien nhdm phai phgc 2.2.5 Choi mang dam nhQng cam xuc tinh cam cua tre Mot net dac thu d l nhan thay cua tro choi latung va thuc hien cac nguyen t^c yeu cau va nen no chiJa dung nhiing xuc cam tinh cam lanh manh nep nhat djnh cua nhdm da de Trong 'xahoitre cua ngi/cfi chcfi Nhieu nha nghien ciiu ve tro choi em', tre tu thiet iap cac mdi c^uan he va bieu hien cua tre mau giao da ghi nhan si)c manh vatinh chan tinh cam than ai, cam thong lan Trong HDC that cua cac xuc cam duoc the hien tro choi tre duac tu thii siic minh, chung luon ia mpt chu Nhi/ng xuc cam ratphong phu va da dang, niem the ticli cue va nang dpng, d day tre tim thay vj tri vui tro choi ia niem vui cua su chien thang, cija minh va kh^ng djnh vj tri cua minh nhdm niem vui cua susang tao Trong trochcfi khong nhuingban be; cung dday tre cam thay minh dupc ti/ tre the hien nhung xuc cam tich cue ma bj dSn thoai mai,tutin vao ban than minh hon Cdthe ndi vat, dau buon ve suthatbai khong thoa man vol ket HDGD phattrien nang iuc HTN cho tre HDC qua choi, buon gian cac ban choi Nhung mpttrong se giiip tre d l dang hinh nen "xahoitre errf nhiJng dieu "ngugc ddi cua tro choi la du co su hien Day ia mpt hinh thiic dau tien giup tre duoc sdng dien cua nhiJng xuc cam tieu cue ay mpt so va lam viec cung Theo A.P.Uxova, pham trucfng hpp thi trp choi bao gio cung van mang den chat xa hpi vdi tu each ia ban tinh nhan each tre cho tre niem vui sucfng vo bd, su thoa man vi da dupc bpc Id va hinh tdt nhat dudi anh dupcchoihetminh the gicridieukicua chiing hudng cua 'xahoitre em" Theo tac gia, bit dau tii Tro choi ma khong co niem vui thi no khong ia Idp mlu giao nhd 'xa hoi tre em" 6isqc hinh vdi day du cac dac diem cua nd, dac bietia sudanh tro choi nQa gia ciia ban be trd nen dac biet quan trpng ddi vdi 2.3 Choi la HBGD phattrien nang luc HTN co tre, mdi du'a tre trpng nhdm deu cd gjng tu kiem hieuquaddholtreS-Btuoiatruongmam non che nhifng viec lam khdng dupc cac ban tan 2.3.1 Choi la HD chu dao cua tre mau giao, va tre cd gIng iam nhiing viec tdt de duac cac ban "hpc ma choi, choi ma hpc" Trong choi, dac biet nhdm yeu men, tin nhiem la tro choi dong vai theo chu de, tre duac thu siic minh hanh dpng nhu ngu6i I6n, tu minh thiet iap cac mpi quan he viii ban be nhom va cung Vivay, cdthe ndi,chpi ia HDGD phat trien nang onhombanbenaytretimihayvitricuaminh.khang luc HTN cd hieu qua cac ddi vdi tre 5-6 tud'i nh jm djnh vj Iri giifa cac b?n chai Npi dung choi lanh tliuchien muctieu cua GD mam non ia giuptreem manh hinhthanh cho tre thai dp tich cue doi voi hien phat trien ve the chat, tinh cam, tri tue, tham mT, thuc, CO trach nhiem, biet chia se kinh nghiem vdi hinh nhifng yeu tddau tien cua nhan each, nqudi khac Khi tham gia dong vai, tre duac trau chuan bi cho tre em vao idp mdt; hinh va doinhiing pham chat quan trpng cua mpt cpn ngucii phat trien d tre em nhiing chiic nang tam sinh ii, mdi, dap ling nhiing doi hoi cua cupc song xa hpi nang luc vapham chatmang tinh nen tang, nhifng kT nang sdng can thiet phu hdp vdi iiia tud'i, khai Vi du: Trong tro choi dong vai theo chu de, tre tai day va phat trien td'i da nhiing kha nang tiem an, hien iai nhiing cong viec, moi quan he, nhiing HD dat nen tang cho viec hpc d cac cap hpc tiep thep oua ngiidi idn xa hpi De cothe dat dupc muc va cho viec hpc tap sudt ddi • dich chai, tre phai co su iien he, hpp tac vcfi cac ban cung chai, cung ban bac, thao iuan ve npi dungTai lieu tham khao chai, each choi, tim kiem chai tliay the Chinh Chirong Irlnh Gi^o due mam non (Ban iuinh kim nhiing yeu cau cija tro choi da gSn ket tre lai vdi Iheo Thdng tusd'17/2009/rT-BGDBTngay 2S/7/2009 cda Bp mang Bd GD-BT) nhau, day la co sd cua viec GD phat trien nang liic Nguyen Thj Hoa GiAo trinh gi^o due hoc MSm HTN cho tre non NXB Bai hoc Supham, H 2009 NguySn Thanh Binh Gi^o trinh gido due Itl nang 2.3.2 HOC tmng HTN segiup tre gdn ttet, hop sffng NXB Dai hpc Sit pham, H 2007 tac vdi mot each thoaimai vui ve Tti cung Tap chi Giae due so 379 (kil-412016) 23 ... tich HDC nham phattriS''n nang luc HTN cho tre 5- 6 tuoi dtrudng mam non HDC va dac diem cua HDC phattrien nang li/c HTN chotre 5- 6 tuoi d t r u d n g mam non 2.1.Chdi la HD rat tunhien cupc song... de duac cac ban "hpc ma choi, choi ma hpc" Trong choi, dac biet nhdm yeu men, tin nhiem la tro choi dong vai theo chu de, tre duac thu siic minh hanh dpng nhu ngu6i I6n, tu minh thiet iap cac... luat chai co san: + Trd choi hpc tap (trd chPl day hpe); + Trd ehoi van dpng; - Nhom tro chai dan gian 2.2 Bac diem HDC cua tre mau giao 5- 6 tuoi Choi la HO tu lap eua tre, choi khdng nhirn tao