NGHIEN COU LI LUAN I VAI TRO CUA TRI THUfC NEN VOfl NGIfOfl GIAO VIEN Mil l D 6 NGpC THONG Vien Klioa hpc Gido duo V\tl Nam Email thongdongoc@yahoo cDm Tom tat Bdi viet de cdp den vai tro cua tn thdc[.]
NGHIEN COU LI LUAN I VAI TRO CUA TRI THUfC NEN VOfl NGIfOfl GIAO VIEN Mill D NGpC THONG Vien Klioa hpc Gido duo V\tl Nam Email: thongdongoc@yahoo.cDm Tom tat: Bdi viet de cdp den vai tro cua tn thdc nen doi vdi ngUdi gido vien mdi Theo tdc gid bai viet, de day hoe ed chat luang vd hieu qud, moi mon hoc ngUdi gido vien edn duac chuan bi thdt tot khong chi tn thCtc chuyen sau md ca nhdng tn thdc nen - nhdng tn thde duac coi Id chung nhat, cO bdn va nen tdng doi vdi mdi ngUdi Tri thdc nen duac hieu Id nhdng kien thdc (knowledge), hieu biet (understanding) chung, tong qudt, caban va thiet yeu ve mgi phuon dien ddi song md mot ngUdi can eo deton tai, song vd Idm viec binh thudng Tri thdc nen duaccoi Id phong nen van hoa, tao ca sd cho nhdn thdc vd hanh dong, ehi phoi cdch suy nghi, cdch song, each dng xd hang ngdy cua moi eon ngudi Neu ngUdI gido vien khong duac trang bi tn thde nen thi se rat han che viec tiep cdn vd hoat dong d nhdng linh vUc chuyen nganh Tif khoa Tn thdc nen; tri thdc chuyen sdu; gido vien (Nhan bdi ngdy 12/9/2016; Nhan ket qud phan bien va chinh sila 17/10/2016, Duyet dang ngdy 27/12/2016) Dat van de De day hoc cd chat luang va hieu qua, moi mdn hoe ngadi giao vien (GV) can duoc chuan bi that tot khdng chi tri thQc chuyen sau ma edn ca nhQng tn thQc nen - nhQng tn thdc duoc coi la chung nhat, eo b^n va nen tang doi vdi moi eon ngUdi, Hon nda, day hoc tich hap lai la mdt yeu eau quan cua viec ddi mdi chuang trinh (CT) giao dye (GD) thdng, dd, ngUdi GV khdng ehi biet huy ddng tn thQc tdng hop cua mdt mdn hoc ma eon d nhieu mon hpe khac; khong chi tri thQc nha trUdng ma edn nhQng tn thQc tQ ddi song - xa hdi; khdng chi tieh hpp npi dung day hpe ma edn biet tieh hap ea phuong phap va hinh thQc GD„,Tinh trang GV thieu hut cae tri thdc nen da va dang la can trd Idn doi vdi chat laong va hieu qua day hoc, nhat la day hoc theo yeu eau tich hop Tri thQc nen va tri thQc chuyen sau Cd nhieu each goi khac nhau, d day tri thdc nen duac hieu la nhQng kien thQc (knowledge] va nhQng hieu biet (understanding) chung, tdng quat, cO ban va thiet yeu ve moi phuong dien ddi sdng ma mot ngudi can cd de tdn tai, sdng va lam viec binh thudng Cd the goi la nhQng tn thQc phd thdng, tdi thieu (literacy) ve cae ddi tUong ma ngUdi phai tiep xue, ddi mat, quan he, sir dyng, thudng thde, kham pha va sang tao Theo quan mem nay, de sdng binh thadng, moi ngUdi can duoc trang bi va tu trang bi (tu hoc) rat nhieu tn thdc nen ve nhieu phuong dien: nghe thuat (van hoe, am nhac, hdi hoa, kien true, dien anh, vu dao, san khau, ); toan va khoa hoe tQ nhien; khoa hoc xa hdi, kinh te-chinh tn, dao dQc - phap luat, gidi tQ nhien, tn thac xa hdi, kinh nghiem va ki nang song , mdt mdt linh vQc hep, it ngUdi biet, chuyen biet, khdng quat,., Co the ndi, phan Idn tn thQc eua cae mdn hoc nha tradng phd thdng, nhat la cap Tieu hoc va Trung hoe co sd (THCS) (giai doan GD cO ban) la nhQng tn thdc ca ban, phd thdng, nen tang (tn thdc nen) cap Trung hoc thdng (THPT), mdt so tri thdc chuyen sau b^t dau daac cung cap theo yeu eau phan hda ddi tUdng, phyc vu hadng nghiep, phan luong Den bac dai hoc, cao dang, mdi thac sudi vao trang bitrithdc chuyen sau Tuy nhien, ben canh nhQng tri thQc chuyen sau, d bac hoc cao van phai tiep tue trang bi nhQng tri thQc nen ve mdt so ITnh vac eo ban nhu ngdn ngd va van hoc; van hda va nghe thuat; lich sifvatriet hoc, chinh trj va kinh te, ngudi va xa hdi; tu nhien va cdng nghe; cupc sdng va mdi tradng,., Moi mot mdn hoe hay linh vUe deu gom tn thQc nen va tri thQc chuyen sau, deu gdp phan tao nen hai !oai tri thQcay Nhuthe, tn thdc nen va tri thac chuyen sau ed nhieu mac dd khac nhau, ed mdi quan he vdi nhau, Vdi tdc phat tnen nhanh chdng va khong he ngang nghi cua xa hpi hien dai, dae biet la khoa hoc, ki thuat, edng nghe, khdi luong tn thac toi thieu can biet tang len khdng ngOng, Khai mem literacy mdi xuat hien chi la de ndi tdi yeu eau "biet doe, biet viet" dQOc md rdng nhieu linh vQc khae nhau- music literacy: computer literacy, economic literacy, history literacy, ICT literacy, math literacy, science literacy, earth literacy, Chua bao gid de dap dng nhQng yeu eau eua eude song va hdi nhap dQpc vdi xa hdi hien dai, ngadi ta phai gang sde, vuan len den nhuthe, cho du dd mdi ehi la dap Qng nhdng yeu eau tdi thieu Dd chinh la cosd cua chu truong "hoc suot ddi" Tn thdc nen dung de phan biet vdi tn thdc chuyen TCf xua den nay, ngudi GV duac eoi la nhQng tn thue sdu Tn thdc chuyen sau d day duoc hieu la nhQng kien xa hdi, nhung ngudi cd hieu biet sau rdng Khi da thQc va hieu biet dac thu ve mdt doi taong eu the, hoac la thay thi phai biet mudi mdi day mdt, Doi taong ngudi D13S-THANG12/2016 •? U NGHIEN Cljru LJ LUAN hoe lai ed Uu the han han, ho xuat phat tQ mdt mat bSng van hda - nghe thuat- khoa hpc- kl thuat rat cao; hon hin cae the he cha anh di trudc, ke ca nhQng ngadi dang lam thay ciia hp Ho ed the biet rat nhieu nhQng dieu ma thay ciia ho khdng biet, chQa biet, Tdm lai, yeu eau cua euoc sdng ddi hoi cua nghe nghiep va doi taong ngUdi hoe xa hdi hien dai bude ngudi GV phai biet rat rdng, rat nhieu; phai cd tri thQc nen lan tri thQc chuyen sau mdi ed the dap Qng daac nhQng yeu eau mdi ThQc trang va yeu eau mOi 3.7 Vai net khdi qudt ve thUc trang Trong suot mdt thdi gian dai tQ nhQng nam bay, tam maai cua the ki trade, nhieu nguyen nhan khae nhau, ngUdi GV Viet Nam chUa duae trang bi hai loai tri thQc mdt each day dii, dung nghia Dat nade hoan canh chien tranh, kinh te kem phat tnen, dieu kien day hoc thieu thdn, CT va sach giao khoa (SGK] c6 nhieu bat cap, lac hau; nganh Sa pham khdng phai la nganh hoe hap dan Van cdn eau ngan ngij" goi lai mdt thdi xUa cu ma cho den van dung' "Chudt chay cung mdi vao sUpham"., Tat ca dan den chat luang dao tao chua chuan cave myc tieu, ndi dung, phuong phap day hpc va kiem tra, danh gia, Hau het cae the heGVthe ki trade deu "mu"ve nhieu linh vQc am nhae, hdi hoa, kien true, dieu khac Rat it GV nghe, xem va hieu duac nhac giao hudng, vu dieu ba-le.„ Hoat ddng hoc chu yeu chi dien 04 bQc tudng va 02 trang SGK, myc dich chu yeu la nhd va thuoc cho duoc nhQng ndi dung ma thay cd da giSng, Khdng nhQng the, tinh trang hoc lech, hoc tii chay theo cae ki thi cudi cap, nhat la thi vao dai hoc, cao dang da lam hang loat HS, eo nhieu ngUdi trd GV sau thieu rat nhieu nhQng tn thQc thong eo ban GV day toan thudng thieu tn thQc ciia khoa hoc xa hdi va ngaoe lai da sd GV day van va cae mdn xa hdi thi thieu tn thQc ca ban, nen tang ve toan va khoa hoe tu nhJen„,Ngay mdt bo mon, cung khdng it hien tuong hoc lech, ehang han nhieu smh vien khoa NgQvan it ehu y mdn ngdn ngu hoc dai cuang hoacViet ngd hoc, mdn Han nom chi hoc cho cd hoac cd ngudi lai khdng ehu y li luan van hoe ,NhQng thd hdi mudn day tot NgQ van (tQdoc hieu eho den tao lap van ban) lam ed the chi biet moi van hoc Viet Nam' De hieu tac pham van hoe va nhat la mudn hudng dan cho ngudi khae each doe hieu tac pham ay, ngUdi GV phai biet rat nhieu tn thdc lien quan trade het la ngdn ngd, li luan van hoc, lich sa van hoc va edn phai huy ddng hieu biet tO cae bd mdn khac nhu lich sQ, dia li, dan tdc hoc, nghe thuat va ca nhung tn thdc ddi sdng ngoai van hoc nua Ngoai ra, nhung han che cua GD nha trudng ma Iciu bi phe phan nhu chua chii y phat tnen toan dien cho ngadi hoc ca the chat lan tmh than, ca li thuyet lan thuc hanh, ehaa gan nha trUdng vdi xa hdi cung la mdt nguyen nhan dan den thieu hut ve tn thQc nen Dd la tinh trang chung cCiii viec hoe nha trUdng phd iiM thdng mdt thdi, Khi da vao cae tradng sa pham, cung nhieu nguyen nhan ma chat lUong dao tao GV chQa chuan, chUa tiep tue cung cap, trang bi cho sinh vien cd mot tri thQc nen day dii, tQOng Qng vdi trinh dp eua bac hoc Chi neu mot nhan xet, hau het eac sinh vien sU pham nhat la nhQng sinh vien dao tao theo mdn hoc (day mdn hoc ddc lap) deu ehi tap trung ehu y tn thQc ciia mdn khoa hpe ma sau minh phai day, NhQng tn thQc chung ve khoa hoe GD, tam li hpe, GD hoc, triet hoe, phaong phap day hpe,,, nhln chung b| coi nhe, hpc eho xong, eho cd,., Smh vien khdng thay ro vai trd va y nghia cung nha tac dung cua chung qua trinh hoc de trd ngadi GV, Mat khac, ban than CT dao tao cung chua yeu eau cao ve loai tri thQc nen, chua ed cae npi dung day dii va toan dien ve nhQng linh vQc can phai trang bi nhu la tri thQc nen, Ket qua la chat luong GV da va dang c6 nhieu han che Mot nhQng han che ay la sU thieu hut tn thQc nen Thieu hut dan den nhieu he luy, han che chat laong va hieu qua khdng chi vdi CT hien hanh va dac biet doi chieu vdi nhQng yeu eau doi mdi, trong tam la yeu eau day hoe tieh hpp Khdng phai ngau nhien ma CT dao tao bac dai hoecaodang (2014) eua Dai hoe qudc gia Seoul (Han Qude)', yeu eau tat ca cae trUdng dai hoe, cao ding nhU, Nhan van, Khoa hoc Tu nhien, Khoa hoc Xa hdi, Dieu dudng, Quan tri kinh doanh, Kl thuat - edng nghe, Ndng nghiep va Khoa hpc sQ sdng, Nghe thuat, GD, Sinh thai hoe nhan van (College of human ecology), Thu y; Am nhac,Y khoa; Nghien cdu khoa hoe nhan van (College of liberal studies), Nha khoa, ,deu phai day tO 36-45 tin ehi veGD dai caong (general education- GE), bat budc ed mdt sd tin chi thudc cae linh vue tn thdc ddi s6ng-xa hdi (worlds of knowledge) gdm- 1/ Ngdn ngQva van hoc; 2/ Van hda va nghe thuat; 3/ Lich sir va triet hoc; 4/ Chinh tn va kinh te, 5/Con ngudi vaxa hpi;6/TQnhien va edng nghe; 7/ Cupc sdng va mdi tradng, Theo dd, mdt sinh vien mudn tot nghiep bat ki nganh nao cung phai cd nhQng hieu biet chung d cae ITnh vac neu tren Vi du, vdi tradng Khoa hoc Tu nhien phai ed it nhat 12 tin chi ve 4-5 linh vUc Ngon ngUvd van hoc Van hoa vd nghe thuat; Lich sd va triet hoe; Chinh tri va kinh te Con ngUdi va xa hoi; hoac smh vien tradng ki thuat (khoa co va hang khdng) phai ed it nhat tin chi ehon 2-5 linh vac vOa neu 06 thuc chat la eac yeu eau ve tn thQc nen 3.2 Nhan thitc vd yeu eau mdi Trudc het, can nhan thQc rd mot sd yeu eau va dmh huong quan trpng cua CTGD thdng mdi len quan den viec trang bi tn thdc nen cho GV D6la vieetangcudng sugan ket cae ndi dung kien thde han lam ciia cae mdn hoc voi yeu eau ciia thUc te ddi sdng, Iudn lien he vai eac tinh hudng cua cudc song The Seoul National University Curriculum (2014) • Expiation of NGHIEN CIJU Lf LUAN U Nha dia li Hoa K^i Donal Meinig viet: "Lich sQ va dia li la hai mdn hpc bo sung va ho trO eho nhau, rang budc vai nhd ed ehung ban chat ciia sa vat, Mdi quan he ham chQa cae thuat ngQ ehung nhU khong gian vd thdi gian (space and times), viing mien vd thdi dgl {area and eta), dia diem vdsukien (place and event) , nhQng khai niem cap ddi la khdng the tach rdi, Trong thQc te phan biet hai linh vQc nhd vao viec nhan manh tQOng xQng vao mdi ITnh vac thuat ngQ nay" (Donal Meinig-1987), Cae tac gia SGK Ue cung da dan vi du tieu bieu ve mdi quan he tuang tac giifa hch sQ va dia li xem xet sii ddi va syp cua de qudc La Ma Mdt sd lap luan eho rang sQ ddi cua de qude La Ma gan vdi sy phat trien thuan Ipi CLia dia phuong ve san pham ndng nghiep, du CT GD phd thong mdi yeu eau tich hop manh me lich va md rdng thaong mai; edn sU syp cua de che La (nhat la vdi cap Tieu hoc va THCS) CTva SGK theo Ma xuat phat tQ nguyen nhan han han lam dat dai kho hadng: Tieh hap cae npi dung mdn hoc va eac c5n va giam san laong ndng nghiep, Ket qua la nhQng 16 npi dung lien mdn, xuyen mdn nhSm tranh chdng cheo hong ve an ninh laong thuc da anh hudng manh me tdi ve ndi dung va gdp phan ciing cd lan qua tinh hinh chinh tn va trd mdt li ciia su sup do, Ndi rdng hon ve sQ ndi ket giQa dia li va lich sQ, chung ta trinh day hpe, ed the tim hieu lich sQ Ue thdng quan viec thQa nhan sQ Phan anh duac cae ndi dung hoc tap xuyen CT, Dd tac dong eua Dia ii ve sU cUtru, chinh trj, dac diem dan laeae van decijata nhien vaxa hdi dang phat sinh hang tpc, quan sQ va nhieu van de khac nhu the nao' ngay, anh hudng tdi nhieu ngudi, nhieu qudc gia (tinh Cd the ndi, theo yeu eau mdi, ngadi GV can chuyen toan eau) nhu chien tranh va hda binh, nhiem mdi tradng, chdng phan biet gidi tinh, phong chdng eac te doi tQ tu mdn hpc ddc lap sang tu linh vQc; chuyen nhan thdc eoi mon hoe la mot tri kien c6, nan xa hpi Can tich hap mdt each nhuan nhuyen, tQ nhien, cd rieng biet, he thdng va chuyen sau sang quan niem GD linh vUc vdi nhCrng tri thdc phd thdng, co ban; thay moi sQc thuyet phyc; tranh tieh hop mdt each may mde, kho cQng, ap dat, tao dieu kien tot cho viec doi mdi phuong quan he va sUtae ddng qua lai giQa eac mdn hpc phap day hoc, to chQc day hoc va thuan lOi cho kiem tra, va ngoai ITnh vQc Theo tinh than nay, yeu eau GD eua mdt linh vUc se duoc thQc hien bdi rat nhieu mdn, danh gia Npi dung va yeu eau GD lich sQ khdng chi minh Vdi dmh hudng va yeu eau neu tren, khdng nen mdn Lich sQganh vacma cdn ed eac mdn khae nha NgQ eho rang chi ed cae mon hpe tieh hpp GV mdi ph^i day van Am nhac Mi thuat, GD Idi sdng, GD cdng dan.,, cung hoc tich hop, td dd eac nha tradng sU pham mdi phai chia se Cung nhu vay, tat ca eac bai hat dua vao CT mon bdi dudng va dao tao GV tich hap Vdi yeu eau mdi, GV Am nhae deu gan vdi mdt giai doan lich sQ, deu gdp bd mdn nao cung phai thUe hien day hoc tieh hpp; chi phan lam sdng day nhQng su kien va cae nhan vat lich cd dieu theo nhQng mde va hinh thde khac sQ, deu gdp phan GD lich sQ, ma thdi, Xu the phat trien CTGD hien dai cang coi NhQng GV mdn Toan cung nha cae mdn Khoa hpc GD theo linh vyc (area) vi cae mdn hoe, nhat la cae tu nhien se khdng bi bien tho day, suot chi mdn hpc (subjects) cung mdt linh vuc cd quan he danh vat vdi cae cdng thuc, sd, dinh li, dmh luat rat mat thiet vdi nhau, nang ne, khd khan neu ngudi GV eo mdt phong tn Md dau cuon Khoa hocxd hoi vd nhan von' danh cho thQc nen da dang, phong phu Cae tn thQc thQc nen se Idp 8, cae tac gia SGK Australia viet: "Trong the gidi eua giup nguoi GV cua bat ki mon hoe nao thuc hien gid chung ta, sU phan chia dan gian cae tn ihQc Iudn Iudn la day mdt each linh hoat, hap dan vdi viec tich hap long mdt moi nguy hiem, cung nha chung ta nhin nhan cae ghep, dan dat td nhieu hieu biet khae Cung nhd mdn hoe mdt each hoan toan tach rdi, khdng cd ndi ket ngadi GV mdi dap ung daoc yeu eau li tudng day hpc Cae mon hoc Iudn ed sue manh tong hop va ndi ket mdt vOa la mot khoa hoc, vaa la mdt nghe thuat, GV khdng each logic, rd rang Vi dy, tim hieu ve lich sQ chung ta ehi la nha khoa hoe, nha su pham ma cdn la nha GD, la phai nghi den dia li va suy nghi ve cae hien tuong va ngudi nghesT, la"kisatam hon" nhu nha GD - su pham VI tri dia li chiing ta can daa vao cae khai mem sU thay Nga Xukhdmlinxki da tdng moudc doi theo thdi gian" Kien IhQc nen khdng chi quan vai viec day cae mdn hoc ma het sue can thiet de" thuc hien eac Source Irmeli Halinen/v B Humanities and Social sc ices for Australian Curriculum- gradehoat ddng GD.dac biet \a qua eac Hoo! dong trai nghiem Cambndg, 2012 sdng tao 6uac thac hien d ca ba cap hoe Voi cae hmh Can cho ngadi hpe thay cae ndi dung hoe tap gan gui va lien quan mat thiet vdi the gidi, cdng viee, eac hien tuang tu nhien va xa hdi; lam cho ho ed nhu eau va hQng thu van dung tdng hop cae kien thQc vao giai thich va eai tao chat iQpng edng viee cung nha moi trUdng sdng xung quanh Day thUe chat la each tiep can nghien cQu da mdn dua tren cae hien tuong (Phenomena-based muti-diseiplinary studies), mdt myc tieu chu ehdt ma CTGD nhieu nUde da va dang thQc hien Chu tjeh Uy ban Phat trien CTGD Phan Lan, GS, Irmeli Halinen khang dinh: "Mudn phat trien ki nang giai quyet van de hay lien he giQa eac tn thdc nha tradng vdi cae van de thQc te cupc song va khuyen khich HS cdng tac tim kiem giai phap, Mudn tang cQdng sy hieu biet hay ket hap kien thQc, ky nang tQ nhieu mdn hoc khae nhau,"^ SO 135-THANG l a ^ l B Q NGHIEN COU Li LUAN thQc da d a n g , p h o n g p h i i , hoat d d n g trai n g h i e m sang tong quan, nhieu chieu t a o ed d i e u kien GD, van d u n g t o n g h a p tat ea nhQng gi a) Xay d u n g n d i d u n g CT d a o t a o , b d i d U d n g cua da h o c cae m o n h p c ma eon phai h u y d d n g n h i e u t r i m d n hoc c a n e h u y x e m xet m o i q u a n he giQa cae p h a n thQc, hieu biet khac t Q d d i s d n g , n h d n g k i n h n g h i e m ca m d n va eac t r i thQc cua eac m d n hoe k h a c c u n g ITnh vQc n h a n c u n g vdi p h u o n g p h a p lam viec t a p t h e , phat h u y giLfa eac cap hoc sQc m a n h va sang kien t a p the, M o i hoat d d n g la m d t de b) Coi t r o n g t n thQc cae m d n hoc b ^ t b u d e c h u n g tai t d n g h o p , k h d n g c d n bi g i d i han t r o n g m d t m d n hoc (Khdi kien thQc GD dai e a a n g ) t r e n c a s d x e m xet, soat, va c u n g k h o n g ehi m i n h p h a m vi nha t r a d n g NgUdi GV laa c h p n , l a m rd vai t r d , tac d u n g va m d i q u a n he cua cd n h i e u hieu biet ve kien thQc n e n cang p h o n g p h u da cae t n thQc d o i v d i cae h o c p h a n c h u y e n sau, c h u y e n d a n g c a n g t o t Chi c d t h e m d i ed t h e t h a m gia h a d n g n g a n h (Khoi kien thQc GD c h u y e n n g h i e p ) ; t r a d e het la d a n va t o chQc t d t eac h o a t d o n g trai n g h i e m sang t a o cae t n thQc ve GD hoc, t a m li hoe, t r i e t hpc, logic hoc, choHS To chifc, h u d n g d a n c h o HS bac t r u n g hoc t h a m gia n g h i e n cQu, sang tao khoa hoc ki t h u a t c u n g la m d t y e u eau d d i hdi GV phai c d tri thQc n e n vQng ehac M o i d e tai t r o n g hoat d d n g t h a d n g la m d t d a an t d n g h a p , phai h u y d d n g tri t h d c va k i n h n g h i e m tQ n h i e u ITnh vQc, m o n hoe; k h d n g chi li t h u y e t m a de cao t h u c h a n h v a n d u n g , coi t r o n g t i n h Qng d u n g vao d d i sdng, t h i e t t h a c va hieu q u ^ T h e o y e u eau nay, m d h i n h GD STEM'' m a n g lai n h i e u hieu q u i i , Bdi vi"GD STEM la m d t each t i e p can lien m d n t r o n g hpe tap, d d o nhQng khai n i e m hoc t h u a t c h i n h xac d u a c ket h o p vdi bai hoe t h u c t i e n HS v a n d u n g khoa hoe, c o n g n g h e , ki t h u a t va t o a n hoe t r o n g m d t bdi canh cu t h e , t a o nen sU ket ndi giQa nha t r U d n g , c d n g d o n g , viec l a m va hoat d o n g k i n h d o a n h toan eau c h o p h e p sU phat t r i e n n h d n g hieu biet tdi t h i e u ve STEM va c u n g vdi no la k h ^ n a n g canh t r a n h t r o n g n e n k i n h t e m d i " ( T s u p r o s , 2009)^ Cudc t h i sang tao khoa hoe, kT t h u a t q u d e te d a n h cho HS t r u n g hoc d o Intel t o chQc (Intel ISEF) t h u d n g m e n tai Hoa Ki n h a m t d n v i n h nhQng ket qua day hoc t h e o h u a n g GD STEM , Sa thay doi m o i t r a d n g da van hda eua Idp hpc ( m u l t i c u l t u r a l classrom e n v i r o n m e n t s ) c u n g la m d t t r o n g nhQng li d o d d i hdi n g u d i GV phai van d u n g n h i e u t r i thQc nen, Trong m d t Idp hpc cd n h i e u ddi t u o n g HS khac nhau, k h o n g chi t r i n h d d , ehi sd IQ, kha n a n g n h a n thQc ma eon t d n giao, tin n g Q d n g , d a n tdc, v u n g m i e n vdi nhQng dac d i e m van hda khae nhau, N g a d i GV phai cd nhQng hieu biet ca b a n ve su da d a n g d d cua Idp hpc c u n g n h a can n a m d u o c nhQng thay d o i ve e d n g n g h e t h d n g t i n t r u y e n t h d n g da a n h h u d n g m a n h m e t d i m d i t r a d n g Idp hoc n h u t h e nao Cae nha GD Han Q u d c cho rang: "GV phai tich h a p t r o n g day hpc vai nhCfng ddi t u o n g HS co n h u eau GD dae biet, tan d u n g m o t each hieu qua c o n g n g h e t h o n g t i n t r u y e n t h d n g (ICT) t r o n g eac hoat d d n g , Vi the, CT dao tao GV d a n dieu can d u o c thay bdi m d t CT dao tao p h o n g p h u da d a n g n h a m g i i i p GV t h a n h c d n g ddi m a t vai cae t h a c h thdc eua cupc s o n g " ' TQ n h a n thQc t r e n , t r o n g viec dao tao, bdi d Q d n g GV m d n hoc, cae nha t r a d n g sU p h a m can eo cai n h i n Tieng AnhjVietiStcacchifaau Si Teciinology, Engineering and Mathematics Tiupioi,2009: Defying a Simple DeHnition -http /A KICE (2013) - Education in Korea • KHOA HOC GIAO DUG p h a p luat dai c Q a n g , t i n hoe, n g o a i ngQ, li luan c h i n h t n , v a n hda d a i c u o n g , c) Y thQc r d vai t r d va t a m q u a n t r o n g eua cae t r i thQc n e n d d i vdi t n thQc c h u y e n sau; n h a n t h a y m d i q u a n he giaa hai loai t n t h a c phai t r d t h a n h m o t y e u eau t h a d n g x u y e n d d i vdi sinh v i e n t r o n g viec hoc t a p b d m d n va n h a t la phai t r d t h a n h m d t y e u eau, m d t t i e u ehi d a n h gia ket q u a h o c t a p ciia smh v i e n , d) Tap t r u n g n g h i e n c d u va xay d y n g tai lieu ve p h u o n g p h a p day hoe tieh h a p : each d a y t i e h h a p t r o n g m d n hoc, each d a y cae e h u de hen m d n , da m o n va x u y e n m o n ; tien tdi p h u o n g p h a p d a y hoe c h o m o n hoe t i c h h o p , D a n h t h e m t h d i l u o n g eho viec thQc h a n h t a p g i a n g , kien tap, t h a c t a p de sinh v i e n h p c hdi t h e m n h i e u t r i t h d c va kl n a n g , k i n h n g h i e m n g o a i sach v , d) Tang c u d n g y e u eau sinh vien t h a m gia eac hoat d d n g xa h p i , t i m hieu thUc t e , trai n g h i e m t r o n g cudc s d n g , t i c h luy k i n h n g h i e m ca n h a n , t h u d n g x u y e n giao luu hoe h d i , v a n d y n g t d n g h o p n h i e u t n thQc de giai q u y e t cae van d e t r o n g c u d c s o n g , e) Thiet lap he t h d n g m a n g hoe t a p tai gia (Ceber H o m e Learning System) n h a m t a o d i e u kien c h o tat ca GV d m p i v u n g m i e n c d h o a n c a n h k i n h t e xa hdi khac n h a u d e u b i n h d a n g t r o n g t i e p can t h o n g t i n va t u t r a u ddi t n thQc He t h d n g se g i u p ea n h a n hda viec hoc t a p , k h u y e n khich va t h d a m a n v d t a n e h o eac k h a m pha c u n g n h u t i e t k i e m t h d i g i a n hpe t a p eho m o i G V , Ket l u a n Tri t h d c n e n dUOe eoi la p h o n g n e n van hda, tao cO sd c h o n h a n thQc va h a n h d o n g ; chi p h o i each suy nghi, each s o n g , each Qng xQ h a n g n g a y cua m d i eon ngUdi K h o n g ehii y t r a n g bi t n thQc n e n se rat h a n che viee t i e p can va hoat d d n g d n h Q n g ITnh vue chuyen n g a n h M d t sinh vien t r a d n g y c d t h e rat gidi eac t r i thdc c h u y e n sau ve y hpc n h u n g chQa e h k da la m d t bae si g i o i K h o n g phai n g a u n h i e n m a c d eau c h u y e n cham t h i t o t n g h i e p eho m o t k h o a sinh vien y k h o a , o n g giao s u g i a da d a n h t r a c t h a n g loat sinh vien k h d n g tra Idi d a a c eau h o r ngu'di q u e t rac va d o n ve smh h a n g t r e n g i a n g d u d n g c h o eac a n h , chi ten la gi?Cai li ciia dng la: m d t a n h ehUa q u a n t a m d e n n g u d i da h a n g p h u c v u m i n h t h i l a m a n h co t h e t r d t h a n h bac si, n g u d i can biet q u a n t a m d e n cae b e n h n h a n d u a c , T r o n g q u a n he vdi t n thQc c h u y e n sau, t n thQc nen k h d n g chi b d s u n g , l a m g i a u cd t h e m m a c d n t a o dieu NGHIEN ClJfU LI LUAN t [2] Nghi quyet 88/2014/QH 13 ve Doi mdi chuang tnnh sdch gido khoa gido due thdng [3] Quyet dinh 404/CP ngdy 27 thang nam 2015 ve Phe duyet de dn Doi mdi chuang trinh, sdch gido khoa gido due thong [A] Chinh phu, (2015) De dn Doi mdi ehuang tnnh gido due thdng Viet Nam [S; Bp Giao due va Dao tao, (2015), Chuang tr'inh gido due thong tong the iph\er\ ban 05-2015) [6; Irmeii Halinen/wvAv,oph,fi [V Humanities and Social sciences for Australian Curriculum -Sgrade-Cambridg., 2012 TAILIEUTHAMKHAO 'X Sghi quyet 5629-NQ/TWngdy 04 thdng 11 ndm [8] KICE, (2013), Education in Korea 2013 HOI nght Idn thd tdm Ban Chap hdnh Trung uang '9] The Seoul National University Curriculum, [20^ 4], ••noaXI ve €>6i mdi cdn bdn todn dien Gido due va Dao taoExpiation of Curneulum < en de tri thQc chuyen sau sang rd han, sau sic hem Dieu cung giong nhu r>gQdi 13 mudn dao mot ho sau trudc het phai md rpng; cang mudn dao sau, cang phai md rdng mieng ho Trong day hpc d nha tnJdng, tri thQc nen nha mot dan nhac, cd nhiem vu tao nen va ton vinh, to dam them cho nhac cu chinh hoac giong hat cua ca si dupe thye hien bdi tn thQc va kT nang chuyen sau, chuyen nganh \ ^ cung biet cupc chai ay, nhac de~^ k-i6ng daoc lan at nhac ehu, khdng dQoe lan at giong hat eua ea sT ROLE OF BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE FOR NEWTEACHERS Do Ngoc Thong The Vietnam Institute of Educational Sciences Email: thongdongoc@yahoo.com Abstract The article "^ertions the role of iyacz'O^nd ^•'ov/iedge far new teachers According to the writer, to get quailed and e'^'erVe teaching, teachers should £>e well prepared with not only specialized knowledge but also bccc'C^-d k-^owledge in each subject- these are considered :he ""^os: common, basic and fundamental knowledg rii-r-ar be'rcs Bcz-g-c -^ •'^z-veage s L.'-aerstooa as general, basic and fundamental knowledge and understandin in all aspects that people '^eea ro exist, li.-e and work Background'•^•-o•••ledge is considered the cultural backgrou O'o/ideszc: s 'c os'cec'.iO"' and action, e^ec::c •.•ayo'tn.nkjng, I 'e style and daily behavior of every one Without th 'nowledge background, teachers will be /ery limited in accessing and working in specialized field Keywords: Krowledge background, special.zec 'knowledge; :eccher SO lis-THANE 12/2016 ... GV phai biet rat rdng, rat nhieu; phai cd tri thQc nen lan tri thQc chuyen sau mdi ed the dap Qng daac nhQng yeu eau mdi ThQc trang va yeu eau mOi 3.7 Vai net khdi qudt ve thUc trang Trong suot... tam li hpe, GD hoc, triet hoe, phaong phap day hpe,,, nhln chung b| coi nhe, hpc eho xong, eho cd,., Smh vien khdng thay ro vai trd va y nghia cung nha tac dung cua chung qua trinh hoc de trd ngadi... dao tao GV chQa chuan, chUa tiep tue cung cap, trang bi cho sinh vien cd mot tri thQc nen day dii, tQOng Qng vdi trinh dp eua bac hoc Chi neu mot nhan xet, hau het eac sinh vien sU pham nhat