NGHIEN COU Li LUAN i TICH Hap GIAO DUC BAO VE MOI TRlfOlNG TRONG MON TV NHIEN XA HOI L 0 P 1 , 2 , 3 Of TIEU HOC BUI TH! KIM THIJY Tniimg Tiiu hoc Hodng Hoa Thdm Ba Binh Hd No! Email c1 hoanghoalliain[.]
NGHIEN COU Li LUAN i TICH Hap GIAO DUC BAO VE MOI TRlfOlNG TRONG MON TV NHIEN XA HOI L P , , Of TIEU HOC BUI TH! KIM THIJY Tniimg Tiiu hoc Hodng Hoa Thdm - Ba Binh - Hd No! Email: c1 hoanghoalliain-bd@hanoledu.vn Tdm tdt: Bdi viet de cap den viec tich hap bdo vi mdi trudng mon TU nhien Xd hdi Idp 1,2,3 d tieu hge Theo tdc gid, tdt ed cdc mon hoc d trudng tiiu hoc thi mon Tu nhien Xd hdi duac xem Id mon hoe II tudng delong ghep cdc npi dung tieh hop gido due moi trUdng eho hge sinh bdi vi mdn hoc ndy vtfa gdn gui vdi hoc sinh vtfa thUe tigiup hoe smh de hiiu, de nhd Hieu qud eua viee tich hap bdo ve mdi trUdng mdn Tu nhien Xd hpi d trudng tieu hoc se Id tdi lieu tham khdo vd tao nen xu the gidng day cd hieu qud ve viec tieh hap bdo ve mdi trudng d tdtcd ede mon hoc khdng ehi riing mdn Tu nhien Xd hoi tieu hoc md eon d tdt cd cdc mon moi cdp hoc Ttf khoa: Tich hgp; gido due; bdo ve mdi trudng; mon Tu nhien Xd hoi; cdp Tieu hoc (Nhdn bdi ngdy 20/02/2017, Nhdn kit qud phdn bien vd chinh stfa ngdy 15/3/2017; Duyet ddng ngdy 25/4/2017) Oat va n de 'Igay nay, chUng ta dang ddng trUdc nhdng thach thdc to Idn eua mdl trUdng (MT) nhU nhiem nguon nude, ngudn khdng khi, thuc pham,., dd, ngudl la tac nhan chu yeu den MT.Vi vay, chung ta phai lam gl nhSm han che khong de MT bi nhiem, bi huy hoai? Rat nhieu giai phap dUde dUa nhSm eai thien cac van de ve MT nhu sd dung cdng nghe lam sach nguon nUdc, nguon khong khi, nghiem cam sd dung chat kich thieh, chat bao quan thUe pham, tang eUdng cong tac quan li, Tuy nhien, giai phap giao due b^o ve MT dupc xem la giiii phap mang lai hieu qua lau dai va ben vdng nhat, dac biet la giao due hpe sinh (HS) Ida tuoi tieu hoc Ddi tuang cd nhieu tinh each tot, hdn nhien, hieu ddng, to md, thieh kham pha Day la glai doan quan cho viec hinh d cac em nhdng nhan thdc, thai va hanh vi dung dSn doi vdi van de nhiem MT Trong tat ca cac mdn hoc trUdng tieu hoc, mon Tu nhien Xa hdi duoc xem la mdn hoc li tudng de long ghep cae ndi dung tich hap giao due mdi trUdng cho HS bdi vi mdn hoc vda gan gui vdi HS vda thuc te giup HS de hieu, de nhd Tim hieu lich sd tac dong cua ngUdi den moi trUcmg Khi sU song tren Trai Dat dUac tao vdi cae chu trinh vat chat, cac chuoi thdc an phdc tap, ngUdi xuat hien, bo mat Trai Dat mdt lan nda bi thay doi Idn va suthay ddi dien vpi tdc dd cang manh, quy mo cang rdng Idn, Mdc dd tac ddng cua ngudi vao tu nhien phu thuoc vao trinh dd phat tnen va che xa hdi.Tr'inh dd phat tnen cua khoa hoc cdng nghe cang cao thi pham vi va mdc dd tac dong cua ngudi vao MTcang Ion Thdi kl nguyen thuy va thdi ki ndng nghiep, tac dong cua ngUdi chu yeu vao gidi smh vat tu nhien, Nhung den thdi kl cdng nghiep va hien nay, ngudi da tac ddng manh me, sau rdng tdi toan bo cae ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien, 2.1 Thdi ki nguyen thuy Con ngUdi sdng hda vao tU nhien, phu thuoc vao nhdng san pham cd sin tU nhien Cach kiem sdng ea ban cua ho la san b§n va hai iuam Nhieu tap tinh cua ngUdi cdn gidng nhu mdt so loai dong vat Trong giai doan nay, dan so the gidl cdn it, phuong tien san ban, hai luam edn thd so nen lupng khai thae it, mdc tac ddng cua ngUdi vao tu nhien cdn thap Do dd, cac chdc nang MT nhanh chdng duoc phuc hoi va eon ngUdi de hda ddng vao MT tU nhien 2.2 Thdi ki ndng nghiep Viee chuyen td phuang thde kiem song b^ng san ban va hai luom sang phuang thdc lam ndng nghiep danh dau budc tien vUot bae qua trinh phat tnen eua loai ngUdi Viec trdng cay luang thUc, cay an qua, chan nuoi gia sue, gia cam, ,da giup ngudi chu dong tao va dutrd ngudn thdc an San xuat ndng nghiep tac ddng manh den tai nguyen va MT, dac biet la tai nguyen dat, nudc va khdng khi, De co dat canh tac, ngudi phai dot pha nhdng canh rdng rdng Idn, Do vay, se gay nen hien tUong sa mac hda, dat khd c^n khdng co kha nang phuc hdi Deed mua mang bdi thu, ngudi phai cay sdi, thiet lap he thong tudi tieu lam thay doi ca tang dat mat va che dd nuac do, Trong giai doan dau cua nen van minh ndng nghiep, phuong thde canh tac chinh la du canh, du cU, dot va phat quang rdng de lay dat, choc Id tra hat Phuong thdc lam cho cac vung dat trdng bi bac mau nhanh chdng, xdi mon gia tang, Dan so tang len, nhu cau lUang thuc, thuc pham se cang lan, nen nguai khai pha cang nhieu dat dai Do vay, nhieu dien tich rung bi chat, ddt, dien tich dat bac mau cang tang, cang nhieu sinh vat bi khai thac, san ban hoac tuyet chung mat nai d va smh thai SO 139-THANG4/2017 • NGHIEN CIJU Li LUAN 2.3 Thdi ki cdng nghiip vd each mgng khoa hge can cd vao mau sac, mCii, v\, dp due, ham luang chati: Idng, edng PH , dp dan dien , -kithudt 3.3.6 nhiem mdi trUdng ddt Cung vdi sU phat tnen cua khoa hoc - ki thuat, ngUdi da tdng bude giai quyet duoc van de thdc an, Do tang dan so nhanh dan tai nhu eau tang ve quan ao, nha cda Con ngUdi da tich cue hOn viec tuang thuc pham, tang cudng sd dung hda chat, phan phdng chdng thien tai, da nghien cdu che tao cac bdn hda hoc thudc trd sau, sd dung cac chat kfch thidi cdng cu san xuat cang tinh vi, hien dai, san xuat smh trudng, md rdng he thdng thuy loi, day manh thi cang nhieu han cac san pham phuc vu eho cudc hda, edng nghiep hda, sdng cua minh, ke ca eae phuang tien chdng nhiem va 3.4 Hieutfngnhd kinh vd stf ndng len todn cau e^i tao MT xung quanh Hieu dng nha kinh la hien tuang Trai Dat ndng ten Vao nhdng thap nien euoi the ki XX, cdng nghiep tac dong eua eae ehat khf nha kinh.Vao cuoi nhuHg da cd nhdng bUde tien khdng Id: Nhieu thiet bi, dung cu nam 90 eua the ki XX, mdc phat tan didxitcacbon hSnq tinh xao duoe san xuat, giao thong hien dai phat tnen nam tang gap lan mdc phat tan nhdng nam SOcijathI nhanh Do vay, luang nhien lieu tieu thu tang vot, luang ki XX va ham iUong COj da dat mdc cao nhat lich chat thai vao MT cang Idn, mat dat bi bien dang, sd, Nhu vay, neu khdng ed bien phap khae phuc hieu dien tich dat trot suy giam dang ke Nhieu loai tai dng nha kinh ihl nhiet Trai Oat se tang len 1,5-4,5 nguyen thien nhien dUOc khai thac vdi sd luong C vao nam 2050 Khi ay cac luc dia se nong ban, kiio hon, cang Idn sdc san xuat phat tnen Nhieu noi tinh trang mdc nude bien co the se dang cao tu25 den MOcmi/a suy kiet tai nguyen da d mdc bao ddng, ddng thdi luong se nhan chim nhieu vung dat thap ven bien.Vung nhiet chat thai dUa vao MT cang Idn va phdc tap ban gay ddi am se mUa nhieu hon, bao thudng xuyen hon.Bieu nhiem MT, Cung vdi sU phat tnen cong nghiep, cac dd anh hudng den sU sdng eua ngudi va eae he smh thi cang md rdng va phat trien nhanh chong Tai thai tren toan cau cac vung dd thj, thien nhien hau nhu bi bien ddi hoan 3.5 Stf idng dgng axit toan, thay vao la cac cong trinh nhan tao Day la nai Su lang dpng axit la mdt nhdng van de nhiem tap trung dong dan cUva cac nha may cdng nghiep nen ban MT quan nhat khong chi vl mdc nguy hiem cung la nOi tieu thu khoi luong tdn ndng san, nguyen vat manh me tdi cudc song cua eon ngudi va cac be sinh thai lieu xay dUng, nudc ngot noi tap trung phan Idn cac ma cdn vl quy mo tac ddng cua chung vupt ngoai tam chat thai cdng nghiep va chat thai smh hoat, kiem soat cua moi qudc gia Cac dang nhilm moi trUdng LSng dong axit xuat hien cd mdt lupng Idn SO, 3.1.6 nhiim moi trUdng khong va NOj duac phat thai LJng dpng axit da va dang gay Cac nhan td tu nhien gay d nhiem khdng gom nhdng hau qua nghiem cho cac he smh thai tren cac hien tuong- Cat bay, bui ciia nui Ida phun, khdi can va dUdi nude, Theo thdi gian, dat va nudc dan dan bl chay rdng, nudc bien bdc hoi cung vdt sdng bien tung axit hda lam cho ham luong nhdm, mangan linh dong bot mang theo bui muoi bien va lan truyen vao khdng tang nhanh, gay doc hai eho cay trdng va nhieu sinh vat khi, qua trinh phan huy xac cac sinh vat Cac nhan td nudc ngot khae Lam giam dang ke nang suat, true tiep nhan tao gay d nhiem khdng chu yeu cac hoat gay nhdng bien doi dang ke ve la cua cay trdng De ddng cdng nghiep, dot chay cac nhien lieu hda thach, han che nhdng thiet hai mua axit gay ra, can sddung hoat ddng cua cac phuong tien giao thong van tai smh rdng rai cac cdng nghe kiem soat khdng che d nhiem nhiem khong mang tinh toan cau vl chung lan nhu may mdc Ipc dng hoi va sd dung cac chat dotco truyenrat nhanh theo gio, Ddng thdi gay nhieu tac ddng ham luong luu huynh thap, giam luong phat thai, xau cho cac hoat dpng san xuat, MT va sdc khoe 3.6 SUsuy thodi dzdn tdng binh lUu ngudl, Trong tang binh luu, ddo cao 18 - 40 km, cd mdt top Td dd, can cd nhdng bien phap phdng ngda giau dzdn goi la tang dzdn, Chung cd vai tro vd cung nhiem khong nhu quan li va kiem soat chat luong quan ddi vdi ddi sdng smh vat tren Trai Dat Nd hap MT khdng bang cac luat le, chi thi, tieu ehuan chat thu toan bo nang luong bdcxacUc tim cua Mat Trdi (loai luong MT khdng Quy hoach xay dung dd thi va khu bdc xa cd tac dung huy diet moi sinh vat] Tuy nhien, tac cdng nghiep tren quan diem han che su d nhiem khong nhan suy giam tang ozdn dang la nguyen nhan lam cho khu dan cu Xay dung cdng vien, hang rao cay xanh, mdc tac ddng tieu cue cua hieu dng nha kinh va bien cay hai ben duong de han che tieng dn, bui, cai doi hau cang trd nen tram thien chat luang khdng thdng qua sU hap thu CO 3.7 Stf suy thodi tai nguyen rtfng quang hop Rdng la mdt phan cua MT la he sinh thai dien 3.2 nhiim mdi trudng nudc hinh sinh quyen, la sU thdng nhat mdi quan Trong khoang 500 km' nudc sau dung xong he bien chdng gida sinh vat, dat va MT Rdng cd vai tro thai cac song, ho, bien Luong nudc thai deu chua tdn ddi vdi ngudt va MT Rdng ta ngudn cung cap go nhieu hoa chat doc hai, chat hdu ca va vi khuan gay dung lam nhien heu, vat lieu xay ddng va nguyen lieu benh Nhieu sdng hd da bi d nhiem nang Be biet duac cho cac nganh cdng nghiep khae Ngoat y nghia ve tat nguon nuoc da bi d nhi^m hay chua, ngUdi la thudng nguyen dong, thuc vat rdng co vai trd cUc kl quan trong, 70 KHOA HOC GIAO OUG NGHllN C H U U L U A N U I :ao canh quan va co tae dpng manh den hau, dat, :hCiy van va dae biet rdng ed y nghia viee bSo ve '^J Hien nay, tai nguyen rdng da khong ngdng giim sut Wa dae biet tai Viet Nam rdng suy giam nhanh chong, /di eae nguyen nhan ed ban nhd: Do nan chat, pha rdng 3e lay eCii, va go, md rpng dong eo de ehan nuoi gia sue, dot ehay rdng Nhijfng vung dat mat rdng se dan den qua trinh xdi mon gia tang manh, cae loai dpng thue vat bi tuyet chung, su da dang sinh hoc giam sut, can bSng sinh thai bi pha vcf, nguon nude bi hao kiet Khi hau Trai Dat se ndng len, MT khong bj nhiem Bdi vay, can phai nhanh chong quan li tot han von rdng hien eo, khdi phuc lai von rdng, khai thae hop li tai nguyen rdng, hinh cae khu bSo ton sinh quyen, bSo ton thien nhien va cac vUdn quoc gia, cay, gay rdng, kinh doanh rdng theo hudng tham canh, tiet kiem qua trinh khai thac, van chuyen, ehe bien va tieu dung lam s3n ve MT de moi HS trd mpt tuyen truyen vien tieh cue gia dinh, nha trudng va dja phuang 5.2 Vai trd eua gido due bdo vi mdi tnidng Giao due bao ve MT nhSm giup cho HS thay dUdc y nghia cua viee bio ve MT tren eO sd glup HS: Hinh y thde trach nghiem sau sic doi vdi su phat trien ben v i ^ g cua trai dat; Hinh mpt nhan each duge khSc sau bdi nen t i n g dao li MT La mpt thUc the mang tinh xuyen suot cac mon hoc Giao dye bao ve MT mang den eho cac em ca hpi kham pha MTva hieu biet ve eae quyet djnh cOa ngudi lien quan den MT Giio due MTcung tao CO hpi de hinh sddung eae kl nang lien quan den cupc song horn va mai sau eua eon ngddi Tat c i dieu eho thay ring HS ed y tudng sang tao va tham gia tfch cUc vao qua trinh phan dau eho mpt the gidi phat trien lanh manh nham xay dUng mpt MT tot dep 4.Thirc trang mdi trUfrng dViit Nam Viet Nam la mot nhdng nude c6 nen kinh te dang phat then, ben canh nhdng tuu dat duoc qua trinh cdng nghiep hda - hien dai hoa dat nUde thi nhdng hau qua theo sau no ludn luon nang ne nhat la ddi vdi MT Hang ngan hecta rdng b| chat pha Day eung ehinh la nguyen nhan lam MT eang xau di, Rac thai cang nhieu, dang la mot van de nhdc dau cua cac nha lanh dao d cac Idn Hau nhU tat ci eae dong sdng cac deu bj nhiem tram trpng, chung ta chi mdl xd li duoc khoang 50% rae thai Rieng dThanh Ho Chi Minh, hang eo hang tram met khoi rac thSl bj xuong sdng Tich hop giio due bSo ve moi tn/dng 6.1 Vi phdi qudn triet quan diem tich hpp Vi cae mon hoc cap Tieu hoc khong tUPng dng hoan toan vdi tdng llnh vue van hoa, khoa hpe rieng biet, ma dupe xay dUng dudi dang tich hop nhdng tri thde thuoc nhieu llnh vUc khae 6.2 Y nghia eua viee tieh hgp dgy hge Loai bo nhdng trung lap ve kien thdc tCfng bai hpe, mon hpe eung nhU cae mon hoc co moi quan began gui, Nhd tich hop ma ehung ta eo dieu kien giam bcft sd lupng mon hoc bM bupe, glim bdt so lupng tiet hoc, nham danh thdi gian eho eae hoat dpng hpe tap, giao cae Idn, khong bi nhiem tram due khae; tang kh^ nang thUc hanh, ren luyen eic kl trpng bdi tupng xe may dang qua tSi, quy trinh xd li rac nang can thiet thai cilia eae cong ty, xi nghiep chUa chat ehe va dang Nhd tich hop ehung ta co them nhieu thuan lai d l la moi de dpa eho MT tai Viet Nam Ben canh dd, y thde tien hanh giao due HS ve eae mat: Oao ddc, lao dpng, ngudl dan viec bao ve MT song cung nhieu tham ml, the ehat van de phiii ban cai V thde bao ve MT ehUa an sau vao loi Nhd tieh hop ma edng mpt sU kien, mpt van de, song cua ngudi dan nen hieu qua mang lai chua cao Do mpt ndi dung ,HS ed the tiep thu mpt each tron ven, day do, de thay doi duac thdi quen can phii eo thdi gian du han, cung nhuthay dupe eae mdl lien he cd tinh ban dai Ngoai ra, can phii thue hien nep song chat han eua hp mdi co the dat hieu qua cao duoc, Cac chu de chUdng trinh mon Ttf nhien Xahgild^1,2,3 Giao due bSo ve moi trUcmg 5.1 Muc tieu cua gido due bdo ve mdi trUdng Chu de'Con ngUdi va sdc khoe": Giup HS nhan biet Yeu cau cO ban tien hanh giao due bao ve MT dupe cac bd phan ben ngoai cua ca the, vai trd eiia cic eho HS la:"Giao due MT phai bao quat eae mat khae giac quan, cic he ea quan ca the va nhdng anh eua MT: Td nhien, nhan tao, cdng nghe xa hdi, kmh te hudng eua MT tdi sdc khoe eon ngudi van hoa va tham mi, Giao due MT phai neu ro mdi quan Chu de "Xa hpi": Glup HS nhan biet dupc eic he glljra eae van de MT dia phUdng qudc gia va toan cau vien eung nhu cae hoat ddng gia dinh, trudng cung nhu cac tuang quan gida hanh ddng hdm va hoc, que huang va cic mdi quan he vdi eude song xung hau qui mai sau" (DU an giao due MT UNESCO 1998) quanh,., Muc tieu giao due bao ve MT nham glup HS: Chu de'TU nhien": Glup cho HS biet duac dae diem, Kien fhdc: Trang bl cho HS nhdng kien thdcca ban loi fch cic loai thUc vat, dpng vat gan gui eung nhu cae ve khoa hoc thdng, mdl quan he gida ngUdi vdi dieu kien sdng va mdi quan he cua chung thien nhien Moi ehu de ndi tren deu eo the ti'eh hop ndi dung Kindng: Cung cap nhdng ki nang ea ban ve bao ve giao due MT mdt each thuan Ipi MT, biet each dng xd tich cdc ddi vdi nhdng van de cu Chu de"Con nguoi va sUc khoe" Dua vao kien thdc the eua MT, chu de, giao vien (GV) hinh cho HS cd y thdc Thdi do: Xay dung cho HS nhdng kien thde ca ban va thdi quen gid gin vesinh MTxung quanh 0i3g-nuNfivzf)i7