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NGHEN CliUULlUNCQ XAC BjNH CAU TRUC VA fiUdNG PHAT TRIEN MOT SO NANG LUC TRONG MON NGff VAN Of TRUING PHO THONG NGUTtNTMHdNGV&N M l O n hfc Glil iK Mt Naa Tdm tit Ptidt triin chuang trinh gido due f^[.]
NGHEN CliUULlUNCQ XAC BjNH CAU TRUC VA fiUdNG PHAT TRIEN MOT SO NANG LUC TRONG MON NGff VAN Of TRUING PHO THONG NGUTtNTMHdNGV&N M l O n hfc Glil iK Mt Naa Tdm tit Ptidt triin chuang trinh gido due f^ thdng ttieo tnkxig tiep cdn ridrig lue Id xu thi f^)dt tiien chiAjrig tnnh trin thi gidi hiin riay vd eung Id rndt troiignhdrig quan diim tiep can phdt triin chuarig trinh gido due thdrtgrniti ciia Vift Nam Bdi viit mdtdrridt so ridng tue can hi^irig din viic ptidt tii&i ehuang trinh mdn l>tgd vdn dntid truimg ptid thdrig, dd Id ridiig luc sdng tgo ridrtg lue thdm mi ttieo cde txJdc xdc dinh gucin niim vi ridng tdc cde thdnh td cdu true vdptide thdo diking phdt trial cikt ti/ng ndng luc Ttieo tdc gid, iSi vUc dgy vd tioc Ngdvdn d trudng phd thdng ed hiiu qud cdn xdc dinh nhdng nhiem vu hgc tdp eu thi tuang dng vin ntSi mde dd ndng liK theo tdng ldp; ddng ttidi xdy dung cdc tHu ehf ehdt lugng vd ddnh gid duge ede biiu hiin ndng lUtL Bin egnh dd, cdn nghiin cdu di chudn hda vifc xdc dinh quan niim, cdu true vd dudng ptidt triin cdc ndng luc qud trinh xdy dung, tri&i khai ehucfng trinh gido dgephS thdng mdn Ngdvdn thdi gian rdi Td khia: Cdu trdcdt^mgi^dt trien ndng lue; mdn Ngd vdn; truimg ptio thdrig {Nhdnbiingdy02/01/20ir;Nhdnkitqudphinbiinvdehinh sda ngdy/02/2017:Duyit ddng ngdy 25/02/2017) 1.Dit vindl cuatiirtg nangkfc Phit triln chuong trinh (CT) giio dye phd thdng Cau t n k v i dudng phit tri6i ning k(c thim (GDPT) theo hudng t i l p d n ning luc l i xu t h i phit tiiln mi mdn Ngt} vin CT trin t h i gidi hifn v i cung l i mdt trortg nhdng Tham mi l i khii nifm thudc pham tru mi hoc lifn quan dilm t i l p d " p h i t trien CT GDPT mdi cua Vift quan den sy d m nhin v i t h i hifn b i n chit eiia d i dep, Nam Theo d c quan d i l m d i dupc tiidng n h i t ndng luc cua nghf thuit va g i n vdi tinh d m , d m xue cua IdsgkA hgp mgt edch linh bogt vdtxito chdc kiin thde ki ngikri Theo cich hilu Uea ning liJc t h i m mT dupe dung ndng vdi ttididd Snh cdm gki tri, ddng oJed nhdn, ntidm viA h i m nghia ndi v l chl sd nhin thtic v i d m xue cda thuc hifn ed hiiu qud mdt tiogt ddng vdi yiu edu phdc tigp mdi d nhan ddi vt^ nhdng hifn tuong t h i m mi trortg ddi bdi cdnh n h * ^nh Trong dy thio c r GDPT tdng t h i sdng, t h i hifn 'trang t h i i rung ddng tiiJC tilp ctia Clia 8d Gilo dyc v i D i o tao d i xac dinh hf thdrig ning rygUiA trUdc cic hifn tifpng t h i m mi khich quan lyc cdt ldi I I nhdng ning \uc ea b i n m i mpi ngudi lao t h i gidi t u nhien, ddi sdng v i nghf t h u i t ' dfng v i ngudi hpc d l u d n phii ed v i d n diipc rfn luyen (Wkipedia) Chi sd md t l k h i ningtiJnhln thtJrc d l tiong nhi tnidng dd cd nhdng ning lye chung lien xac dtnh, dinh g i i , b i y td d m xiJc ciJa inoi ngudi tnA^c quan d i n nhilu mdn hpc va n h t ^ ning ILK die thu la d i dep ciJa ngudi va t h i gidi xung quanh v i k h i t h i manh cua tdng mon hpc Do viy, Wii xiy dyt>g CT d c ning t i i tao, sing tao nhdng sin phim mang ti'nh t h i m mdn hpc ndi chung, mdn Ngd v i n ndi rifng, d n xac dinh mi d m xue t h i m mi bdc Id t o i n bd t h i gicri t i m hdn dype nhdng ning luc co b i n ma mdn hpc dd ed t h i gdp eung nhu d ti'nh v i trii nghiim eua mpt eon ngudi, bilu hinh thinh v i phit triln cho nguiA hpc hien nhdng rung ddng cua chii t h i t h i m mi truoc ddi tupng tham mi; ddng then l i d i u hifu rd nhat xic nhan Theo kinh nghifm ala cac nudc xic djnh d c sy tdn tai trfn thyc t l mdi quan hf tham ml cua ning liic mdn hoc d n t h i hifn duoc quan niem nguiA ddi vdi sy vat hifn tiipng ciidc song cung vi ning lyc eic thinh td cua ning lyc d c chi sd bilu nhu vdl nhdng rtgufri xurtg qi>anh hifn cy t h i cua tdng thinh td va theo d e mde dd khac nhau, td dd thiet l i p dudrtg phat triln nang iuc Diy V l eic bieu hien cua ning life tham mi, ed nhieu chinh i l CO sd d l xic dinh mgch ndi dung v i thilt lap d c h trinh bay khie nhau, song nhin chung d c quan chuin d l u ning luc cua mdn hpc d i l m d l u thdrtg nhit nhu sau: 1/ Ntidn thdc dugc cdi dep Vin dung dinh hudng trfn vao mdn hpc Ngd van, eua than nhiin, eon nguiJi vd ngtie ttnjdt; 21 Bdy td, chia b l i v i l t n ^ chung tdi tap trung lya ehpn va md t i si xue edm eua cd ntidn trude nhdng biiu hiin cua eude hai ning luc co b i n d n v i ed the hudng d i n viec song tdptiuang d'l^ tham mi; 3/ Lam chu nhOng liin tii, phit triln CT mdn hpc nay, dd l i ndng luc sing tgo ndng nhdng gid tri thdm mi eda ngudi vd cudc swig; 4/Di k/c ttidm mi theo cic budc xac dinh quan niem vi ning xudt dugc y tudng, sdng tao duoc cdc san plidm ed tinh \ifC d c thinh td d u true va phic thio dUdng phit triln thdm mi Uw-mmveni^Ai Q NGHIEN ctfu Li LUAN Mdn Ngd van l i mdn hpc thudc linh vUe giio due riilm mi Thdng qua vife tiep can vdi tieng Viet van hda v i nhdng hlnh tuong nghf thugt tac pham van hoc (TPVH), hpc sinh (HS) dupc bdi dUdng nang lUc tudng tupng, sing tao, lim giiu d m xue tham ml va djnh hudng thi hilu linh mgnh nhim hoin thifn nhan cich eua mlnh Ning lUe thim ml mdn Ngd van dupe t h i hien d nhdng phuong dien chfnh sau: Bdng 1:Md td mdt dd ndng luc thdm mi mdn NgUr Bilu hifn Khim phi, HS ed t h i d l xuit dupc y tudng vl dnii sing tgo nhin ri£ng v l eii dep, tgo lip dupc c^i tham mi sin phim (vin bin ndi, vilt) dim bloiUi thim mi; hlnh thinh t h i gidi quan thim mi cho bin thin qua vlfc tiip c^ dc gii tri thim mi cua ddi sdng v i Hip nhh Tl'VH - Nhin dUpc vf dep ciia tieng Vift bilt rung ddng tn/dc nhQng hinh inh, hinh tucmg dupe khoi goi Lim chu, HS nhin dupc nhdng gii tii ciia bk d e tic phim v l thiln nhien, ngUdi, cupc sdng lan tda cim thin qua viie elm hilu TPVH; hlnh thMi qua ngdn ngd nghf thuat XUC tham mi va ning cao nhin thde v i xiic d m thin - Nhln dupe nhdng gii tn tham mi dUpc t h i hiln mT eua c l nhin; chia sf vdi ngudl khic ii* TPVH: d i dep, cii xau cai hii, cii bi, d i eao c i , cai elm XUC tnrdc cii dep ciia tic ph^mvi thip hfn,_ dinh gii duoc tinh tham mi va g i i trj van nhdng hinh vi d?p ddi vdi bin thin hoi Clia d c sy v i t hifn tupng, q u i trinh ty nhifn, HS cd the phin tich, dinh gii dupc tirdt Khli quit ddi sdng x i hdi v l nghf thuit thim mi, g i i trj vin hoi eiia eic sy vf^ gii tri thim - Nhin thde duoc nhdng g i i tri ciia b i n thin qua hifn tupng dupe t h i hifn dc 4n Vlfc d m hilu TPVH; hinh v i ning cao nhin thiJfc bin nghf thu|t; bilt diln t l elm xik da v i xiic d m thim mi cua d nhln; cd nhdng hinh vi dep c i nhln v l vf d?p eda hlnh Inh, h|ili ddi viA bin thin v l eic mdi quan he xa hdi; hlnh tupng nghf thuft t h i gidi quan thim mi cho bin than qua viec tilp nhin Biy td tinh HS cd elm xue trUdc cic hifn tupng 6in TPVH cim thim mi mi tU nhifn, ddi sdng x i hfi vJTTWt - Gidi thifu dupe bilu hifn eiia cii dep ty t l i hifn dupe d i d?p ty nhi^n, nhiftn, ddi sdng xa hdi, nghf thuit; chia sf ddi sdng x i hdi bing phUOng ti$n ^i d m XUC vdi ngudi khic; d l xuit dupe y tudng, sing tao hpp; cd nhu clu chia sf elm xiic thJm trd dupc cie sin phim cd tfnh thim mi mang d l u I n c i vdi nhOtig ngudi xung quanh nhln HS cd t h i nhfn dupe nhdng bilu hi^ Nhin difn TU nhdng bilu hifn trfn, vin dung d c quan dilm Clia eii dep qua tU ngU, v l nhdng dlu hifu vi ning lye v l qui trinh thao tic hda ning luc cd t h i md c&c ylu td cu thi; tilp nhln dupc thdng tin trao tfd thim mi t l d u tnie ning lyc thim mi theo eic thinh phin nhy v i vf d^p Clia d c sy v f t hifn tupngiri sau: / Nhdn thUc vi cdi dep; 2/ Thi hifn rung cdm cua cd gidi xung quanh v l ele TPVH nhdn trude; 3/Chia si, giao luu vdi nguiii khdc vf cdi d?p; 4/ Sdng tgo nhitng sdn phdm mang tlnh thdm mi Mdi thinh phu hpp vdi tdng giai doan hpc t i p , ddng thdi l i eosddi phin trfn Igi tilp tyc duoc md t l thdng qua d c chl so xiy dUng chuin d l u cua mdn hpc Tuy nhifn, cIn liiu hinh vi So dd dudi diy md t i khli quit 1S chf sd hinh y l i su phin biet gida cic mdc dd cung mang tlnh ti/ong vi cua ning luc thim mT mdn Ngd vin: ddi, trfn thye te HS cd t h i dgt dupe cie mdc df cao holt mdc (ddi vdi HS xuit sic) hofc t h i p hon mdc Do viy, neu dua eic mde dd bing md t i trin soiH phit triln thi cd t h i eoi d u ^ g phit triln ning lyc l i m^ dudng md theo c i hai chieu Ifn v i xudng theo d c mOt dd dat dupe trfn thyc t l ciia cie ddi tUpng ngUifi h^c :^g Sadd 1:M6 hlnh cdu tnJcning Ige thdm mi mdn Ngdvdn Sip xfp cie ehf sd hinh vi md hinh elu true tr*n, cd t h i xic dmh dudng phit triln ning lye thim mi mdn Ngd vin theo mdc dd khli quit nhU sau (Bing 1) Vifc xic dinh v i md t i ducmg phit triln ning lyc theo bing trfn l i can cU d l lya chpn nfi dung day hoe 5l>UNUI^GlA0DMC C i u tnic v i dudng p h i t t r i l n n i n g lyc sing tao mdn NgCr v i n Theo mft sd k i t q u i nghifn cdu, ning lye sing t^ dupe hllu i i sy t h i hlfn k h i ning ctia HS vlfc suy nghi v i tim tdi, phit htfn nhdng y tUdng mdi niy iNi hpe t i p v l cudc sdng, t d dd lua chpn, d l xultdUVt phuong thdc giii p h i p mdi v i triln khai mdt cich thi* thyc hifu qui de thuc hifn y tudng Trong vifc d i m * v i thyc hifn y tudng, HS bdc 16 tU ddc lip, dc t6 rrA nifm say mf v i khit khao tim hilu khim p h i Ning lyc sing tgo lifn quan d i n q u i trinh n l * thuc v l gili quylt v i n d l niy sinh thyc tiln.Trtinj q u i trinh dd, ddi m i t vdi mdt v i n d l , mdt flnh hufing cua cufc sdng, mdi HS eln tu xiy dyng kiln thiiC, hUT NGHIEN ctfu U L U A N Q ldng ki ning, tim each thdc rieng d l gili quylt v i n Ijf Kit q u i ciia q u i trinh dd la nhdng y tUdng dUpc niy sinh, nhdng g i l i phap, phUOng phip dUpe d l xuat « hifn thue hda bing nhCfng sin phim mdi cd g i i tri, mang d l u I n d nhin Vifc hinh thinh v i p h i t tiiln ning lye sing tao cung t i mdt myc tifu ma mdn hpc NgQ v i n hUdng tdi Ning lUc dupc the hien vifc HS xic dinh d c tinh hudng v i nhiing y tudng, die bift nhutig y tUdng dupe giil gSm d e v i n b i n v i n hpc vifc tim hilu, xem xft d c sy vgt hien tupng tif nhdng gdc nhin khac nhau, each thdc trinh bay suy nghi va d m XUC cua d nhin trudc mot vf dep, mdt g i i tri cua cudc sdng Ning lyc sing tgo cdn till hien dd d thii dd dam me v i khit khao dupe tim hilu cua HS, khdng suy nghi tiieo Idi mdn, theo cdng thdc Trong d c gid dpc hilu v i n t i l n van hoc mdt nhdng yfu d u eao II HS, vdi tu d c h l i ngucri dpc, phii trd ngudi ddng sang tgo viA n h i van qua tic pham; tfnh sing tgo t h i hifn d nang lifn tudng, tUdng tUpng Clia d nhan v i k h i nang ddc l i p d c h suy nghi, tilp eln vin di (khi cd dUpc nhdng d c h d m nhin rieng, dfc d i o v l nhin vit, v l hinh inh, ngdn td cua tic phim; cd d c h trinh biy, difn dat giiu sic t h i i c l nhln trudc mft van de d i t t i e phim, ) Trong mdn hpc Ngd vin, ning Iyc sing tgo dUpc bieu hifn qua nhdng phutmg dif n sau: - Bilt d i t d c ciu hdi khic v l mdt nhln vat, sy v i t hifn tupng di xle djnh v i l i m rd thdng tin, y tudng mdi; phin tich kit ndi nhdng thdng tin lifn quan td nhilu ngudn ngd lifu khic theo gdc nhln c i nhin d l hlnh thinh y tUdng - O l xuit dupc giii phip, d c h thde thyc hifn y tudng dya trfn d c ngudn thdng tin da cho; thf hifn nhOmg suy nghi rifng v l d c v i n d f va eich thdc triln khai v i n d l (xa hdi v l v i n hpe); so sinh v i blnh luin dupe v l tic dyng, hifu q u i cie y tudng dUpc df xuit - Cd d e h t h i hifn rifng nhdng elm nhin, suy nghi Clia c i nhin ve nhin v f t sy v i t hifn tupng vin hpc v i cudc sdng; cd d c h thde rieng vifc vin dyng dilu da bilt v i o tinh hudng, bdi cinh mdi; quan t i m tdi cie lgp luin v i minh chdng thuylt phue - Cd tu (iuy dde l i p v i nang truyen cim hting cho ngudi khic; khdng kien xem x f t dinh g i i vin d l ; say mi tim tdi v i ludn mong mudn dUcJc tim hilu, khim phi; sin sing xem x f t dinh g i i Igi v i n d l TU nhffng bilu hien trfn, cd t h i md t l d u true ning lyc sing tao theo d c thinh phan nhu sau: 1/Cdy tudng, phdt hifn m&; 2/Di xudt gidi phdp mdi de thuc hiin y tudng; 3/Lua chgn duge edch thdc the hiin mdi mi, hdp din; 4/Cd tuduy dde lgp vd say mi khdm phd Mdi thinh phin tr§n lai t i l p tuc dUpc md t l thdng qua cie chl sd hinh vitheo sodd Sip xip d c chi sd so dd tren theo mdc dp td thip d i n eao, cd t h i lap dupe bing md t l dudng phit triln ning lye sing tao eua HS mdn hpe NgQ v i n nhusau (Bing 2) ^ m p°?^ f3[ ^ - C ^ S E H ^ ^ I^5a=;i ^ ^ 1Z -\ ^srp£»°g] Sa dd 2: Md hinh cdu true ndng lue sdng tgo mdn Ngdvdn BdngZ-MdtdmdcddndnglucsdngtgotrongmdnNgiJ^vdn MUc Bilu hien Say me khim pha va theo dudi y tudng, gili phip mdi HS cd the theo dudi nhilu y tudng mdi vifc d m nhgn vin de xa hpi v i van hoc cd khim phi ri§ng, ddc dio, hap din each thdc trinh biy; ed n3ng thuyet phue ngUdi khic cimg ddng difu vdi d m xtic suy nghi cda c i nhin; cd d c h thifc ri&ng vifc van dung nhdng hilu biet v l cic vin df xa hdi v i vin hoc vio cufc sdng cda bin thin Oinh gii HS cd t h i dft dupe nhieu eSu hdi cd gii trj y tudng, gili tif p d n d e vin dlxa hfi viv5n hpe; bilt xem x^t \^n d l td nhilu gdc nhin, khdng df phip ding chip nhin thdng tin mdt ehilu; khdng kiln xem xit, dinh gii vSn df; cd nSng suy nghi ddc l|p d l difu ehinh, thay ddi phucmg in triln khai vin de; sin sing xem x^t, dinh gii igi vin d l Chia s^ v i HS ed nSng phit hifn yfu td mdi, ttch cyc nhUng y kiln ciia ngUdi khic thyc hifn gili quylt d e van df xic hfii va v3n hpc; c6 gili phip t h i phin tfeh, tdng hpp dupc cic y kien d l lya ehpn cich thdc trien khai phu hop; xic dinh dupcdc lip luan v i minh chdng ding tin ciy cho qui trinh triln khai vin d l Kit ndi thdng tin d nhin v i xie (^nh giii phip HS cd nang lien tudng, tudng tupng tiep nhan cie van bin vin hoc; ndng suy nghT v l kft ndi nhUng thdng tin lien quan td nhilu nguon tU lifu khie d l trien khai mpt van d l x i hpi va vin hoc; c6 Itie trao ddi, chia sf d l bio vf hoic difu chinh y kiln c i nhan Nhln dien thdng tin va d l xuit y tudng HS cd the xie dinh ducJc m6t sd thdng tin ban dau v i d l xuit y tudng mdt ddi vdi vdt bin thin td cac ngudn tii lieu cho sin theo hudng dan; neu dupc y kifn ctia ea nhan v l npi dung cua v3n bin; biet neu eau hdi theo nhu d u d nhan de tim hilu cac thong ttn khic ve nhin vat, sU v i t hien tuong duoc the hien d c vin bin dupc hpc, dupe dpc St137-TllAllC2/2ll17'SI Q NGHIEN ctfu U LUAN mdc dd ning lyc v i theo tdng Idp; ddng ihiA xlydiRg Theo d e quan niem v l dUdng phit triln nang lUc d c tilu ehf cdi) chit e vidyq chat lupng, lupng,cd cd minh minh hpa hpa bing bang dcae vidyq duoc md t i uong d e bing trfn, ddi chilu vdt cie mUc the d fl cd t h i dinh g i i dupe cic bieu hifn ning lycBfci dd phit tiiln ning lUc thi HStieuhoc trung hpc co sd va •• eln ' • •' cdu - d- 'l chuin • ' - | hda hdatnmg canh dd, tilp tuc nghifn tnmg mng hoe phd thdng ed the dat tdi mdc 3, mde v i mUc Tat nhifn, vdi nhCfng HS xuat sic d e em cd thf dat vifc xic djnh quan nilm, d u true v i dudng phat trife d c ning lye trfn cung nhU mdt sd ning lyc khic tnmg mUc dd cao hon, thim chi vUpt d mde 5, song cung cd q u i trinh xiy dung v i triln khai CT GDPT mdn NgavJn em chua till dat dupe mdc ^ ^ thdi gian tdi Qua viec md t i hai ning luc trin, ed the thay cac bilu hifn cua ning lye khdng hoin toin dpc lap m i TAI Lieu THAM K H A O nhifu kht cd sy giao thoa, vay triln khai mot ndi [1] Bd Giio dyc va O i o tgo, (2016), Dy thdoOiuft) dung hpc t i p eung cd t h i tao co hdi de cung hinh thinh trinh gido ducphS thdng tdng thi va phit tiiln mot sd ning lUc hoac td (hay thinh [2] Nguyin Thi Lan PhUOng, (2015),XdydyngchuAi phin) Clia nang lyc ddnh gid ndng lUc dge hiiu vd ndng lgc gidl quyit vinii Kit luin NXB Gilo due Vilt Nam Tren diy mdi chf l i nhUng phac thio ban d i u mang [31 Nguyen Thj Lan Phuong, (2016), Chuongrrinft tfnh minh hpa v l cich thdc xac djnh d u tnJc v i dudng phit triln mdt sd ning lye cdt ldi tixjng mon hoc Ngd tiep cdn ndng lgc vd ddnh gid ndng lUc ngudi hge tOB vin d nhi tnjdng phd thdng Trfn thUc tf, ning lyc l i Giio dye Viet Nam [4] Od Ngpc Thdng, (2011), Chuang trlnh NgJvin mft khli nifm trUu tUong, nfn vife dien gili v i md t i ning lye theo nhdng bilu hifn eu t h i l i mdt vifc l i m nhd trUdng phd thing NXB Giio dyc Vift Natn [5] Hoing Thj Hda Binh, (2015), Dgy hgc NgU vin khdng d l ding Oe vifc day v l hpc ed hifu qui td d u tnJc v i dudng phit triln trin, d n tilp tuc phin tfch, xic nhd trUdng phd thdng NXB Giio due Vift Nam, dinh nhdng nhifm vy hpc t i p cu t h i tuong dng vdi mdi [61 Wikipedia tiing Viit DEFINING STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT PATH OF COMPETENCES IN VIETNAMESE LANGUAGE SUBJECT AT GENERAL SCHOOLS Nguyen Tht Hong Vin The Vietnam Institute of Educational Sdmtu Email: nhvan1965@gmalLcom Abstract: Developing general curriculum towards competence is an international trend and one ofnevr Vietna perspective approach The article describes some necessary competencies to develop Vietnamese language cu at secondary schools, namely: creative competence, aesthetic compelence according to steps: determining c of competence, its structural elements and outline of each competence According to the author, to get the effe Vietnamese language teaching ar\d teaming at general schools, we must identify specific learning tasks corresp to levels of competence in each grade: and develop quality criteria and assess expression of competence In a research shoud be carried out to standardize in defining the concept, structure and development path of compete ttie process of developing and implementing general curriculum In Vietnamese language subject in the near future Keyvrords: Stniaure, development path of competence: Vietnamese language subjea; secondary schools 52*iaUH9CB ... xultdUVt phuong thdc giii p h i p mdi v i triln khai mdt cich thi* thyc hifu qui de thuc hifn y tudng Trong vifc d i m * v i thyc hifn y tudng, HS bdc 16 tU ddc lip, dc t6 rrA nifm say mf v i khit khao... thii dd dam me v i khit khao dupe tim hilu cua HS, khdng suy nghi tiieo Idi mdn, theo cdng thdc Trong d c gid dpc hilu v i n t i l n van hoc mdt nhdng yfu d u eao II HS, vdi tu d c h l i ngucri... phim; cd d c h trinh biy, difn dat giiu sic t h i i c l nhln trudc mft van de d i t t i e phim, ) Trong mdn hpc Ngd vin, ning Iyc sing tgo dUpc bieu hifn qua nhdng phutmg dif n sau: - Bilt d i t