L ^ NGflllNCOUULUAN MO HiNH HOA TRONG NGHIEN CDU GIAO OUC DANGTHANHHUHG Tnflina Bai Iwe SH pbim Hi Nfii 2 Emait Boa970@9malLcoi!i Tdm tdt Trong nhiiu tinh vUc, khdi niim md hinh vd md hinh hda dugcgld[.]
L ^ NGflllNCOUULUAN MO HiNH HOA TRONG NGHIEN CDU GIAO OUC DANGTHANHHUHG Tnflina Bai Iwe SH pbim Hi Nfii Emait: Boa970@9malLcoi!i Tdm tdt: Trong nhiiu tinh vUc, khdi niim md hinh vd md hinh hda dugcgldi thich rdt khde Nhin chung, ft/mjt gdc dd nhdt dinh thi khdi niim md hinh thudng dugc gidi thich khdng ddy dd, thdm chicd mgt s6 edeh hiiu sal Md tinh vd md hinh hda cd thidp dung duge rdng rdi nghien cdu gido due, nhdt Id nghiin oiu dgy hgc kinh tihgc gido djK; qudn If gido due, gido due so sdnh, xd hgi hge gido due vd tdm If hgc gido due Vi vdy, ddo tgo ndng lUe nghiin oili vd ddo tgo sau dgi hgc cdn phdi chu y hem viic dgy md hinh hda vd ndng cao nhdn thdc If ludn vi md hlnh Bdi viit phdn tfch bdn chdt cua md hinh vd nguyen tdc, thd tuc md htnh hda nghiin eiiu gido dgc vdi nhCfng md td eg thitm Tdkhda: M6 hinh; md hlnh hda; nghiin edu gido due (Nhdn bdi ngdy 30/12/2016; Nhdn kit qud phdn bien vd chinh sUa ngdy 20/01/2017; Duyit ddng ngdy 25/02/2017) I.D^tvjndl Trong nhilu linh vUc khii nifim md hinh v i md hlnh hda dupc gili thfch rat khic Nhin chung, tir mfit gdc dd nhit (^nh thi khii nifm md hinh thudng dupc gili thich khdng diy du NhCtng djnh nghTa sau diy l i vf dy rit phd bien: 1/ Md hinh Id vdt thu nhd eua vdt thdt, phdn dnh bdn chdt vd ddng cdu vdi vdt thdt V nifim niy sai vl rd ring md hlnh vi rut bfnh lao, ghfi, hat nhln nguyfin td Idn hon eon vi nit, ghfi v i hat nhin nguyfin td thit rit nhilu, md hinh toin hpc cua phin td nudc H p , md hinh sinh t h i i VAC vdng sdng Hdng khdng he ddng clu vdi phin td nUde v i lanh thd vung sdng Hdng Sai l l m niy cd minh chdng khip noi, rit d l gip, b « vi nd l i y nifm d m tinh; 2/ Md hinh Id edng cy nhdn thiic vd cdng cu hoc tgp Sf nifm niy sai d chd ghfip nghifin cdu v i hpc t i p vio mpt cdng cy Hpc t i p l i tim cii da cd, nghifin eCtu i i tim cii chua bilt.Trorig d^y hpc, md hinh II cdng cy hpc t i p vl vit thit l i d i d i bilt nhung khdng t h i mang vio ldp (vi du md hinh trii dit) Trong khoa hpc md hlnh l i cdng cy hay phucmg tifn hd trp nghifin eCtu, tim cai chua bilt, sd dyng md hlnh di nghifin cdu gpi l i phuang phip md hlnh hda - lip md hinh nhdng gi da bifit v l ddi tupng d l cd ehd dya m i tim ndt nhung gl ehua bilt v l nd Trong nghien cdu cd hai nhu d u co bin phii thio luin v l md hinh Nd l i ehd dua cua mdt phuong phip nghifin cdu khoa hpc goi t i md hinh hda Md hlnh hda dupc sd dyng d l lip g i i thuylt, de td chdc dd lifiu d l thilt k l nghifin cdu, d l trinh biy, gili thfch kit q u i nghifin cdu v.v, Mit khic md hinh l i kit q u i nghifin edu (vi trudc nghifin cdu thi nd l i myc tifiu nghifin cUu) tde l i nhi nghien edu djnh d l xuit mdt md hinh nio dd nhim eil thifn hoat ddng hoic td chUc vf du md hinh ning lyc nghi nghifip cua nhi giio hifin dai, md hlnh xa hdl hpc t i p d d p huyfin, md hinh quin li dich vu du lich gin vdi di sin van hda v i thing cinh d ndng thdn v v Chinh vi nhung lfi dd m i d n xic dinh dung v l du khli mfm md hinh bing tuduy khoa hoc chd khdng dUa v i o d i nhin d m tinh.Tddd mdi thyc hifin dung phuong 12 •KHOAHQCfiUODVC phip md hinh hda nghifin cdu K h i i niem vh d c ioai md hlnh Md hlnh (Model) l i dd v i t thay t h i hay y nifim (hi cd chd dinh) phin i n h mdt sU vat hay qui trinh c6 thft dang tdn tai hoic cd t h i se xuit hifn t h i gifl^ cho bilt nhCtng thudc tinh b i n chA nhit, nhiing nguyin II CO b i n nhit, nhutig die ^ I m ndi b i t nhit hifn cd hoic sfi cd cua nd mdt d e h tinh giin, khii q u i t v i minh b?cii, Trong dinh nghTa trfin cung d i phin Inh nhOlig tfnh chit Chung nhit cua mpi md hlnh Khi md hlnh \i dd v i t thi gpi l i md htnh v i t chit Khi md hlnh l i tuduy thi gpi l i md hlnh li thuyit (hay md hinh quan nifm) Thudng ngudi ta k i t hop hai kllu md hinh niy nghifin eCtu Od l i kiiu n i o v i cd quy md t h i nio thi mfl hlnh d l u cd hai chdc ning chung: -Tii tao sy vit, q u i trinh dang cd t h i t ho$c d l tifng tdn tai, vf du md hinh hfi m i t trdi, md hlnh sin xuit thdi phong kiln, v.v Chdc ning niy eda md hlnh dupc sit dung d l day hpc d i o tao minh hpa, giii thfch ho|c khii q u i t hda d l eho ngudl khic hilu sy vft tii khdng tryc t i l p tdn tai trudc mit Nlu md hlnh nio dil cd chde ning niy thi khdng dupe sif dung nhU cdng of nghifin c i ^ , vl b i n t h i n md hlnh d i l i kit q u i ciia nh^n thdc Vi cin b i n bilt rd v l sy v i t sau dd mdi ed d t md hinh eua sU v i t dd Nhd nhin thdc dUpc k h i nhilu v l hf m i t trdi mdi ed cil md hinti hf m i t trdi - Phin i n h bing dy bio, suy luan, g i i tudng v l s\f vit se xuit hifn hoic mong mudn sfi cd, vt dy md hinh xa hdl hpc t i p , md hlnh p h i t triln b i n vdng v.v Chile ning niy cua md hinh dupe sCt dung nghifin ciJu, nhln thdc khoa hpc che t^o hay thilt k l ki thuft Khi mf hinh dupe khai thic chdc ning niy, nd giup tiln trlnii nghien ciru, logic nghien cdu, hinh ddng giim sit, thilt k l thuc nghifm, xle l i p g i i thuylt, td chdc dd lifu mir\h bach hon, true quan hem, chi t i l t hon, ey t h i hem, khdng phii nhd sudng d i u l i vific r i t khd Trong trudng hpp niy, md hlnh phin i n h vUpt trude v l c i i chua cd, dang mong mudn cd, dang mudn dat dupe nen nd c6 tic dung dinh hudng cho nghifin cCtu NGHI£N CUU LJ LUAN ffl Tuy nhifin, nghien cdu cung cd t h i sd dyng chdc ning thd nhat cda md hinh [1] Vi du ta da nhan thdc kha nhilu v l hf Mat trdt nhung v i n dung md hinh hf M i t tri^ de t i l p tyc nghifin cdu sau hem v l hfi Kit q u i l i md hlnh niy ngiy d n g phan anh dung hem, day du hem ve hf M i t trdi Ngudi ta d l c i p nhilu d c h phan loai md hinh nhung t h i l u nhit quan v l tifiu chL Neu ein cd v i o chdc ning cu t h i cda md hinh (du II kieu nio) thi cd t h i phin chia md hinh t h i n h d e loai sau: - Md hinh d u true hay td chdc - Md hlnh v i n hinh tiay hoat ddng, cdn gpi la md hinh xd I I - Md hinh nguyin If chung (thucmg l i eic li thuylt, hpc thuylt) Nlu d n cU v i o cdng ey hay phuong tifin tao dUng md hlnh thi cd t h i ndi ve cic loai md hlnh sau; - Md hlnh toan hpc, vi dy md hinh toin cua tam giic vudng l i a^= b' + c', dda l i dp d i i canh huyen, b v l c I I dd d i i eic canh gdc vudng Nd ching he ddng d u ddng dang gi vdi cii tam giic vudng d d i y cdng cy tao dung md hinh l i toin hpc [2] Lo^i md hlnh niy phd biln d mpi ITnh vUc nghifin cdu, quin If kinh doanh, tai ehfnh, quin su, sinh ho^t, nghfi thuit v.v Md hlnh t o i n hpc eda djnh luit Newton cd diln dUOc viet l i : F = ma dd m l i khdi lupng cua vit, dupc bing kg, a l i gia tde cua vft, dUpc bing m/s' v i F l i tdng ngoai lyc t i c ddng Ifin vit, dupe bing Newton, tfnh theo Hf thdng lUdng qudc t i (SL) v i dft hf quy ehilu quin tfnh - Md hinh logic hoic dd hpa, vidu cie thdgraph, d c so dd, bilu dd, hinh vfi, ma trin, dd thi, b i n dd, dd hpa vi tfnh dupc sddyng d l md t l td chdc suvlt, q u i trinh nio dd Ching han, dd hpa dudi diy (Hlnh 1) l i md hlnh ning lyc nghe nghifp eua n h i giio hifin dai (3) Trong khoa hpc Vit li, Hda hoc, Oja If, Sinh hpe, Dja chat, Y hoc Xi hdi hpc Khoa hpc q u i n If, Khoa hpc giio dyc, Khoa hpe t i m If v.v thudng k i t hpp edng cu toin v i hpa d l tao dung md hlnh Ching han, md hinh bilu thi cac hap chit fMlymer, md hlnh q u i trinh ehiy ddng co ddt trong, cic md hlnh he t u i n hoin, hf tifiu hda v.v dupe thilt k l bing tfinh U Ndng luc nghi nghiip eua nhd gido hiin dgi hinh hpc tap hifn dai UNESCO khuyin d o : / Hpc d l b i l t 2/ Hpc de i i m ; 3/ Hpc de sdng dupe cung nhau; 4/ Hpc de t h i n h ngudi Hole md hlnh d u true cac dang trf tue Howard Gardner phit trien; 1/Tri tufi tU nhiln; 2/ Tri tue toin-logic 3/ Tri tue vSn ddng; 4/ Tri t u f khdng gian; 5/Tri t u f am nhac; 6/Tri tue hUdng ndi; 7/Trf tue hudng ngoai; 8/ Tri tue ngdn ngd - l i md hinh dien dat bing ngdn ngd v i sU md t i If luan Ngddi ta cung chi dung nhCtng ki tu, kf hifu cung ed the bilu dat md hinh n i o dd Vi dy, TQM l i md hinh quin li chat lupng tdng t h i (Total Quality Management), STtM l i md hinh g i i o dyc tich hop d c chiln lupc hpc tap t d khoa hpc, cdng nghfi, thiet k l kT thuit va t o i n (Science - Technology Engineering - Mathematics) ducie khdi xUdng ttf ITnh vUc Rolxjtics v i ICT, VARK t i md hinh phong d c h hpc t i p N Fierming d l xUdng bao gdm cic phong d c h : Nhln - Nghe - Vilt v i Van ddng (Visual - Auditory - Writing Kinesthetics), v.v„ - Md hlnh phdng t i c tilng kl thuft, vf dy sa b i n chiln dich Difin Bien Phu, md hlnh ddng co ddt l i m bing kim loai, md hinh d td hoic miy bay bing gd hay sit, md hinh t r l i d i t bing nhUa d i n gily, md hinh n h i t)lng gd, bia v.v Nhln chung, nhCmg md hlnh thudc loai niy l i md hlnh vat chat, lam bing v i t lifu d m n i m dupc cu t h i va d m tfnh Chung khd phin i n h b i n chit sau xa d c lifin he v i d u true chi t i l t cua su v i t m i chi cd tie dung md phdng chung chung Oly l i loai md hinh truyin thdng nhat, cd lieh sd Ilu ddi nhit cung xuit hifn v ^ md hinh toin hoc Md hlnh hda nghidn cCtu g i i o due 3.1 Bdn chdt cda md Mnh hda Md hlnh hda (Modeling) t i mdt nhCtng phucmg phip nghifin edu (khoa hoc ki thuit nghfi thuit) dya v i o y tudng khoa hpc v l bifin phip sd dyng md hlnh cua ngudi nghien cCtu d l dinh tiudng nghifin cCtu, thilt ke nghifin cUu, khai thie v i xd If tU lifiu, t i l n hinh d c hoat ddng nghifin cdu, trtnh biy (hinh thUc hda) k i t q u i nghifin cCtu, tdc l i dua v i o md hlnh minh tao de nghifin cdu ddi tupng thUe Md hinh hda dupe sd dung nhCTng trudng hop khdng t h i tare t i l p quan sit hay t i c ddng d i n ddi tupng thuc, hoic d n hinh dung trudc ddi tuong n l u nd chua xuat hifin, hoac khii q u i t hda nhCfrig thude tfnh b i n chit cua ddi tupng v i loai bd nhCtng die d i l m phu, t i n man d l phan tfeh t i p trung hon, hoic thilt k l t i l n trinh v i d c hoat ddng nghifin cdu, hoic trinh biy, gili thich, tranh luin, hdi y v.v dilu gi nhdm v i trudc edng chung q u i trinh nghien cCtu v l cdng bd k i t q u i nghifin cCtu v.v Co sd logic CO b i n cua md hinh hda l i phfip loai suy (theo logic va quan sit thue ma tUde bd dan nhC^g y l u td ngoai Iai, thdyeu digidlai nhdng thudc tfnh b i n chit) v i nguyfin If "hop den" (td nhung tinh xae djnh d d l u v i o v i d dau cua hf thdng ma nhin difin v i dinh g i i dupe nhCtng gi dien v i d i l n t h i nio bfin hf thdng mic du khdng true t i l p quan sit he thdng duoc) Md hinh dua v i o nguyen It'hdp den" thudng duoc gpi l i md hinh hf thdng Chile hop den tren miy bay chinh l i sd 137-THANG 2/2017* 13 Q NGHlENCOULtUlAN biet d c md hlnh If t h u y l t Vf dy d l chl d c ti/ong t i c gida hai hay mdt sd phin tCt, cd t h i dimg mui tk\ chilu Nlu mudn chl dd la da tuong t i c nhilu tuong tit cdng chilu, thi mui ten ehilu dd cd nhilu mui nhon nhu « « = » » O l chl d c tien he ngUpc (Feedbadi) hoic cac tifin hf I n , ngim, t i l m t i n g , ngUdi ta dung dc dudng giin doan v.v O l md hinh hda g i i thuylt vl ban chat v i co d u v i n hanh cua tfnh tfch cue d nhln nghifin cdu, cd t h i dung $n dy dUdi dang him s6 [4]: A=F{N+1), dd: 3J Nguyen tdecuamd hinh hda nghien citu + A la cUdng dp cua tfnh tfch cyc gido due •f N l i td hop cic i n h hudng cua nhu d u , tlnh dm, J I Md hinh cdn dan gidn nhimg hdm sue y tUdng hOftig thu tri t u i v.v , trang thai sinh hpc v i v i t If cOa ca vd tuduy t h i Khi md hlnh hda, dilu d l u tifin phii tuin thu la xiy + F la dd Idn eda y chf, nd ludn > d ei nhin nlu dung hay thilt k l md hinh cing don giin cang tdt, Oilu dd cung ed nghTa khdng can md hinh hda thi ddng dang sdng A F v i N d l u dat trj sd cao nhit Nd bj giim lam dyng nd Nhieu d c sieh va luin an lam dyng md hinh Ve nguyen tic nay, hiy lay cic md hinh toan sut khiTj'vi F suy g i i m , die bifit N t i l n d i n thi A hpc lim miu mUc Bin thin md hinh dem giin nhiing xudng d i n mdc tdi thieu A ^^^ tucmg Ctng vdi mdc df tfti pliln inh su da dang tu Oon giin nhung ed tai v l t i c ddng ciia y chf c i nhin Trong nhilu giai doan dil suy luan, phan tfeh, khii quit hda, so sinh, tong hop, va tlnh hudng cua cudc sdng thuc t l , nhilu ngudl di g i i dinh, phdng tic, cung nhu nhung lien he bin chat phii sdng v i l i m vific vdi mdc dp tfnh tfch eye tdi thilu, Chi cd nhu v|y, md hinh hda mdi cd y nghTa l i giup n h i dua v i o y ehf, bing y chL Oly l i luc A = ;^ chi Ndi vl nghifin cdu t i p trung vio nhdng thude tfnh bin chit, nguyfin t i c A ludn * 0, v i gidi h?n cudi cung cua nd li y chi Nlu F=0 thi A= 0, c i nhln khdng tdn t?i, hole d l \i khdng bj nhCtng chi tilt thifa hoac thd yeu lam nhieu, 3.12 Tiit kiim vd bdt ddu vdi thiet kenhd nhdt ed thi ngudi chit, hoic sfi ty sit Sfi thit vd li mdi dUng md hinh Ifin d i tdn g i n Phfip so sinh duoc ddng r i t nhilu dd hpa md hit ngudn lyc nghifin cUu, da kifit qufi tri luc v i sde lUe phdng Nhdng cdng cy Chart bd Microsoft Office ehUa kip triln khai hinh ddng nghifin cCtu thUe cung d p nhilu kT thuat so s^nh cic d^i lUpng, cic tiln sU nio Tuy theo nhu d u nghifin cCtu sfi t}d sung d i n cho dd, cic ti lfi elu true cic quan hfi khdng gian v l klcti md hlnh Nhung bd sung ludn tdi giin, tdi uu Md hlnh thudc giii thfch md hlnh n i o dd, ching han m6 nhd cd Uu t h i khdng chilm nhilu khdng gian phdng thf hlnh quin li mdt dai hpc tu ehu t i i chlnh Cic cdng cy so nghifim, khdng tdn nhilu chd trfin gily hay tranh v i sinh md hlnh chio ta t h i y tl If difn tfch hpa, khdng bj roi vio tinh trang d l u d trang niy minh lai xiy dung q u i eao viy l i thilu khdng gian, ehua d n xiy d trang khie Vi mft uu dilm quan trpng nhat - md hinh trudng Ifin mdi bilt nhd d l nim trpn ven t i m quan sat v i d e thao t i c Phfip tuong t y (Synectics) l i mdt phUOng phip ki thuit khai thie ddlifiu, cung thuin lpi suy luin, khoa hoc hay dupc sd dyng md hlnh hda, Nhilu giii thfch v i tim minh chdng Neu Ii md hinh v i t chat thi ngudi nhim nd vdi tuong ddng (Analogy) TUdng ddng nhd kich thudc nhd ma d l di ehuyin xoay lit quan chi l i nhdng thao tie hay kiiu ey t h i eda phfip tUcmg ty sit v i gili thfch, Phfip tuong tu cd myc tieu gili quylt v i n d l trfin nhCtng 3.2.3 Phdn dogn, phdn khue trdnh 6m ddm nhiiu thUmd hinh tuong tu Vf dy d l nghifin cdu d i thifn siJc mdt md hinh ning v i sde ehju mdi cua he thdng d n h miy bay ngUfll TrU trudng hc^ phii md hinh hda mpt hfi thdng vcri ta tham khio cic sU kifn xiy d cinh chim, d n h bUdm, eie su v i t lifin kit vdi v i nlu tich rdi thi md hinh viy d mlp, dUdng bay eua mui tfin, blnh lii t i u thiiy, trd nfin kfim gia trj, ndi chung nfin thiet k l md hinh dOn t h i m ehf l i d tSm tdn mang trudc gid manh v.v (Phfip tn, khdng dm ddm qua nhieu bd phin v i nhilu ehde tuong tu true t i l p - Direct Analogy) Hole ty biln mlnh ning Can phin doan, phin khue md hinh hda hf thinh vat thd nghifm, l i p d i d n h v i i vio ddi tay rfi thdng phdc tap, ching han nhukit d u d td thi d n phin nhiy tir trfin cao xudng xem i p lue Ifin cinh t h i nio, gii khue cic phan hfi nhU he thdng cung d p , hf thdng treo, nhu lim d i d td rdi lao xudng ao xem miy gily thi chim hfi thdng l i i , hfi thdng khung gim, hfi ttidng difin, chilu h i n v,v (Phfip tupng tUcI nhln • Personal Analogy).C6 sing v i d m biln he thdng dinh Ida, hfi thdng ilpng eo t h i dung nhdng vat tupng trUng nhu cie q u i d u , dc hfi thdng an toin v.v Khi phan doan, phin khiic se d l cue gd v.v d l nghifin cdu d c trUdng hpp va ch?m giao t i p trung phin tieh siu sie khue hay doan nhat dinh, thdng dudng bd thay cho cie d td thit Hole lly Nguyin td dd ed nhimg phin doin hay giii ptiip huu hifiu hem Cdng Hoan l i m m i u d l phin tfch t o i n cinh phit trifti 3.2.4 Siidung kit hgp cdc phip dn du, so sdnh, tuangv i b i n chit eua chd nghTa hifn thye v i n chUOng tu tucjng ddng Vifit Nam thdi Phip thudc (Phfip tuong tu tupng trungPhfip I n dy rit phd bien md hlnh hda, die Symboiic Analogy) Cd t h i g i i tUdng ring phii t i i ktidl suvan dung nguyen If niy Md hlnh hda bing md tilnli hfi thdng dugc gpi ia md hlnh hda chdc nang Khi etide ning cua hfi thdng duoc md hinh hda bing "hop den" phin i n h quan hfi gida dau vao v i d l u cua he Tit nhien md hinh hda cdn phy thudc nnh vuc nghien cdu ey t h i Cd rit nhilu van de khoa hpc khdng the dUa vio md hlnh hda hoin toan ma budc phai quan sit v i tic ddng true tiep mcfi thu dupc dd lieu thuc chCmg v i giii quylt duoc van de Nghia la chi sd dyng md hinh hda d giai doan hay nhifim vu nio dd phu hop 14>iaKUH9C6U0DI|C NGHIEN COU U LUAN lupng hang ngin tan tfin m i t Tring, viy thi md hinh cii t i u vu try v i ten lira mang nd ptili the nao giii nhCtng bai t o i n v l t u trpng, t i i trpng va gia tdc Hoic viA t i m nhin 2050 thi giio due Viet Nam ngang vdi Bic Au, viy phii nghien cCtu giao dyc Bic Au hifn v i giii nhCtng tiii t o i n tUcmg lai d Vifit Nam v l kinh te giio dyc v l Ii tuan va chucmg trinh giao dyc v l t i n g kT t h u i t v l nhin sU, tie thdng quin tf, t h i che giio dyc t h i nao v.v„(Phep tuong tUvien tUdng - Fantasy Analogy) 32.5 Trdnh mi man, say sua vdi dOliiu Md hinh hda cdt d l l i m ndi Ifin trat tu that sy va thiy rd nhCmg rdi ren, nhutig y l u td hay lifin he ngoai lai l i m ton xdn ddi tupng nghifin cCtu eung nhu tU Ngay d dd lieu cdng d n md hlnh hda, n l u de thd thi d l l^c vio me cung v i loay hoay viA nhdng bing, bieu, sd ehf phin i n h su kifin m i khdng ndi Ifin b i n c h i t Vdi dd lifiu, cac md hinh toan v i thdng kfi r i t cd hifiu q u i de trinh mfi man Vf dy de md hlnh hda hifu q u i mdt b i i hpc thi can cd nhCtng kT t h u f t cdng cu thfch hc^ di thu thip, tap hpp dd lieu dinh g i i thilt k l b i i hoc v i du gid true tiep Cd t h i sd dyng nhilu kl thuat nhUquan s i t phdng van, bing kilm, thdi gian, quay clips, test bai tip, clu hdi v.v,„ v i thu dupe r i t nhilu ddlifiu khic Song khdng sa d i v i o d c dO lifu quan sit nhu cd giao ndi hay, gipng t d t cd trinh biy v l gili thfch giio i n rit trdi chly cd ntiln thde rit tdt v l b i i mlnh day cd bieu diln eie ed chi trfin Idp rat d^p mit, hpp If hpe sinh rat trit tu, hoic i^t hing h i i phit bilu v.v Dd lifu phii t i p trung phan tfch l i nhCtng c i i ndi Ifin hpc sinh dUpc d i gi sau gid hpc so vdi nhCtng gl da ed trudc gid hpc Nhu viy, phll cd dd lifiu trudc v i sau gid hoc, t i l n hinh true t i l p t r i n hpc sinh Vin d i p , lim trie nghifm, vilt tieu luin, l i m tiii t i p v.v sau gid hpc - ehung eho dd lifu xic thuc v l hieu q u i b i i hpc NhCtng dd lifu khic chf sddung d l tham khio Q 3.3.3 Tdp hgp dtfliiu cho md hinh Budc n i y phii tap hpp d d lieu thinh d u true nhat dinh d l thiet ke md hlnh, vi dy md hinh d c bifin phip day ki ning thiet k l t i i i hpc kiln tao d tieu hpc Cl md hlnh lieu ndi tren dupe k i t hpp Iai va td ehCtc cho Chung giup md t i t r i l t li, d c nguyen t i c ndi dung, d u tnjc v i logic cua md hinh d c bifin p h i p day ki ning t h i l t k l b i i hpc kiln tao Dd lifiu v l b i i hpe kiln tao giup l i m sang td trilt If cua md hinh Dd lifiu v l t h i l t k l bai hpc giup md t i kT thuit thilt k l v i d u true b i i hpc kiln tao DO lieu v l kT ning thiet ke bit hpc v i v l day kT ning se tafctiep ho trp xiy dung cic thinh td khac eua md hlnh 33.4 Chgn Igc vd xdllede bien sd Chpn Ipc d c bien sd (Variables) co b i n v i ed lifin hfi phy thudc tan nhau, nghTa la nhurng dai lUpng ttiay ddi thi md hlnh thay ddi theo d nhCmg mdc dp n i o dd thudc g i i tri cua timg biln Trong md hinh d^y ki ning thiet k l b i i hpc kiln tao, ed nhimg bien thude nhln thdc If luin (1), nhung biln thudc hoat ddng thyc hinh (2), nhCmg biln thudc mdi trUimg t r l i nghifim (3), nhdng biln thudc hoat ddng tUhpc (4) (Hlnh 2) XCt li cic biln sd tdc la td chdc chung thinh ndi dung cie nguyfin tic, bifn phip v i kT ning day hpc vdi quan nifim m i minh xac l i p holic lUa chpn Vf dy, sd nhdng biln sd thi d c bien thudc nhdm va t i quan trpng, d e >' biln nhdm v i £ cd vai trd t>d tro ^ ^ ^ Cic biln nhdm cd ^ ^ ^ ^ t h i Ida ehon v i xd ^ | ^ r If l i : 1/ Nhin thde ve b i i hpc kiln tao; ^ ^ 2/ Nhan thUc v l kl ^fc^J 3.3 Cde thd tuc md hinh hda nghiin cdu ning thilt k l tiii ^B^P gido due hoc; 3/ Nhln thOc ^ ^ ^ 3.3.1 Nhdn diin myc tiiu v l d c h thdc hpc Hinh 2:Cde biin cda mdhinh dgy Nhin difin cung ddng thiA l i xie djnh myc tifiu t i p rfin luyen kT kindng thiet ki bdi hge kUn tgo nghifin cdu, vf du l i xiy dung cac bifin phap day hpe kT ning thifit k l tiii ning thilt k l bat hpc kiln tao d t i l u hpc d l eii thifn ket hpe kien tao Cic biln nhdm ed the lya chpn v l xOli l i : q u i d i o tao tay ngtil cho sinh vien su pham tieu hpc 1/Thue hinh ki nang theo mau v i theo li iuan da hpc v i 3.3J Thu thdp dUliiu ghi nhd; 2/ Ap dung kT ning t h i l t k l d l tap thilt ke mdt DO iifu cd loai ehu y l u DO lieu Q (Questionaire sd b i i hpc kiln tao cho mdt sd bai Khoa hpc, Toin, Tieng Data), lay t d d c bing hdi, difiu tra trao ddi DU lifu L Viet v.v Cac bien nhdm cd t h i l i : 1/ Du gid v l quan (Life Data) lly t d tdng quan eie ngudn khie nhau, nhit sit b i i hoc kiln tao d trUdng t i l u hpq 2/ThUe hinh day thiet phii t d k i t q u i nghifin cdu trudc dd dupe phin i n h hpc d trudng tieu hoc theo thiet ke b i i hpc kien tao m i d c ehuyfin khio, d c luin i n , cic d l t i i nghifin minh da tao ra, v.v_ eUu, dupe tid sung cic ngudn tham chilu t d quan sit tu 33S XCtilvd ddnh gid md hinh nhien, t i i nguyfin mang, hdi thio, dU luan, sd lifu thdng Den diy cd t h i xd li d l hoin tat md hinh day ki ke Nhung d d lifu quan trpng nhit l i dd lifiu T (Testing ning thilt ke tiii hpc kiln tao vdi khoing biln sd co Data), lly tir lUdng, thuc nghifm, thd nghifim, trie bin cd t h i dilu chlnh dupc them hay bdt theo k i t nghifm ehuyfin bift, Trong vi dy niy, ed khdi dU lifu q u i dinh g i i cua d c ehuyfin gia hoic ciia d c n h i giio phii thu t h i p thinh hfi thdng: 1/ Dd lifu v l day kT ning; kinh nghifim [6], Cic biln sfi la co sd d l xie tip md hinh 2/ Dd lieu vi tiii hpe kiln tao; 3/ Od lifu v l thilt k l b i i day du gdm eie bifin phip day hpc nhat dinh, vi dy: 1/ hpc 4/ Dd lifiu v l giio due t i l u hoc 5/ DU lifiu v l kT nang Phit triln module ehuyfin dfi U ludn ve ki ndng bdi hge thilt kfi bit hoc Ngay t d tiudc da cd the md hinh hda kiin tgovd thiet ke bdi hgc duge thuc hifin dudi hlnh thdc dd tifu d l hinh thinh hf thdng tu lifu [5], seminer, d u iac bd v l tu hoc cua sinh vien; 2/ Md t l clu sd 137-THiOU 2/2017- 15 U NGHllN Ciru U LUAN true kT thuat cua kT nang t h i l t ke b i i hpc kien tao (miy thao t i c trinh ty t h i nao, yfiu d u kT thuat) va thiet k l cic hoat ddng hpc kT ning cua sinh vifin thuc hanh cic mdn hpc, thuc hinh va thuc t i p su pham; 3/ Giao nhifim vu thue hinh t h i l t ke bai hpc kiln tao eho sinh vifin theo hUdng dan d nhOng bifin phap tren, t h i o luan va hpp tie vdi de danh g i i va d i l u chinh sin ptilm thiit ke; 4/ Giao nhifim vy ap dung eac t h i l t ke dd vio day hoc tai trudng tieu hpc Md hinh niy sfi dugc dinh g i i qua y kiln ehuyfin gia v i giio vien giiu kinh nghifim sinh, x l hdi hpc giio dyc v i t i m If hpc g i i o due \fi n d i o tao ning iUc nghien cCtu v i d i o t^o sau J hpc d n phii chu y hOn vific day md hinh hda v i nai cao nhln thdc If luin v l md hinh Ap dyng md hintii md hinh hda nghifin cdu giio dye cd t h i gip }& khin nhilu hon I p dung v i o nghifin cutu khoa hpci nhifin v i ki thuit vl cic b i l n sd thudng trifu tUpng, ldi cd lip v i khd xii If hpn TAI Lieu THAM K H A O [1], Colette Rotland, (1993), Modeling th 3.3.6 Thiic nghiem hay xdc nhdn tin cdy cda md Requirements Engineering Process, in: 3rd Europeai Japanese Seminar on Information Modelling an hinh Thuc nghifm md hinh dudi hlnh thdc t h i m dd tdng Knowledge Bases, Budapest Hungary phan (timg bifn phap) hole toin bd tai mau chpn Vific [21 Giordano - Frank R - Maurice Weir and WilBai niy dupc thilt k l va t i l n hanh theo nhdng kT thuit v i P Fox., (2003) A First Course in Mathematical Mod^ yfiu d u ndi chung cua thuc nghifm khoa hpc [7].Tdc l i 3rd ed Pacific Grove, Calif: Brooks/Cole-Thompw phii phit triln kT thuit v i edng cy danh gia, cac thang Learning a do, cic kT thuat thu thap, tap hpp v i xd If sd lieu, dd lifu [3] D i n g Thinh HUng, M6 hlnh ndng lUC tm thuc nghifm, xic nhln dd tin ciy cua thuc nghifm qua nghiip cua nhd gido hiin dp/ Tap chf Khoa hpc D^y n a phin tfeh k i t q u i thyc nghifim, td dd phin tich dp tin sd 28-29, tr.14-18, t h i n g 01+02, n i m 2016 ? ciy eiia md hinh niy Neu nhu k i t q u i hpc kT nang dudi [4], Oang Thinh HUng, (2002), Dgy hgc hlfn i!gi:\i t i c dfng cua thyc nghifim dupc cii thifn thi ed the i p ludn - Biin phdp - KT thudt, NXB Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha N^ dung md hinh niy vio day hoc [5] Batra, D., (2005), Conceptual Data ModtSui 3.3.7 Thgc hiin vd tri md hlnh Patterns, Journal of Database Management 16, pp8+ Khi md hlnh cd dp tin ciy nhat djnh thi nd dupe 106 mang I p dung vio thue te day hpc, tOe la thUe hifn v i [6] Gemino, A - Wand Y., (2003), Evaluatit^ tri nd nhu mdt hifn thue nhi trudng Trong modeling techniques based on models of leaminj mdi trudng niy, md hinh khdng nhdng dupc tri Communications of the ACM 46 (10): 79-84 m i ngiy cing duoe dilu chinh (them bin cic biln sd, [7] Parsons - J - Cole - L, (2005), What «t thay ddi eic bifin phip v.v.,.) v i sfi trd thinh md hinh tie pictures mean? Guidelines for experimental evahatiai nghifp ciia nhi giio Oilu dd cd nghia tO mot md hlnh of representation fidelity in diagrammatical concepM tf thuylt ta biln nd mdt thyc tien day hpc modeling techniques Elsevier, Data & Knowledr d i o tao ki ning nghe nghifip cho giio vifin tilu hoc Engineering 55 (2005) pp 327-342 Kit lu^n [8], Gemino - A - Wand - Y., (2005), Complexitya Md hlnh v l md hinh hda cd t h i i p dung dupe rdng clarity in conceptual modeling: Comparison of mandaa rai nghifin cdu giio dyc nhit l i nghien cUu day and optional properties Elsevier, Data & Knowledi hoc kinh t l hpc giio due quin li giao dyc giio dyc so Engineering 55 (2005) pp 301-326 MODELING IN EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Dang Thanli Hu Hanoi Pedagogical University Ite Email: nga970@gmall.t» Keyvmrds: Model; modeling; educational research 16-KHUH9CGlA0n^ ... Ching han, dd hpa dudi diy (Hlnh 1) l i md hlnh ning lyc nghe nghifp eua n h i giio hifin dai (3) Trong khoa hpc Vit li, Hda hoc, Oja If, Sinh hpe, Dja chat, Y hoc Xi hdi hpc Khoa hpc q u i n If,... md hlnh Ching han, md hinh bilu thi cac hap chit fMlymer, md hlnh q u i trinh ehiy ddng co ddt trong, cic md hlnh he t u i n hoin, hf tifiu hda v.v dupe thilt k l bing tfinh U Ndng luc nghi... vdi mdc df tfti pliln inh su da dang tu Oon giin nhung ed tai v l t i c ddng ciia y chf c i nhin Trong nhilu giai doan dil suy luan, phan tfeh, khii quit hda, so sinh, tong hop, va tlnh hudng cua