102 II TRUCING BAI H O C THLI B D HA NOI BAI TAP HOA HOC GAN VCII THUC nEN H U 6 N G nEP CAN Mdi TOONG VIEC REN LUYEN NANG LUC CHO HOC SINH THCS THONG QUA VIEC DAYVA HOC MON HOA HOC Nguyen Hong Chiln"[.]
102 II T R U C I N G B A I H O C THLI B D HA NOI BAI TAP HOA HOC G A N VCII THUC nEN - H U N G nEP CAN Mdi TOONG VIEC REN LUYEN NANG LUC CHO HOC SINH THCS THONG QUA VIEC DAYVA HOC MON HOA HOC Nguyen Hong Chiln"^', Lieu Ngoc Thu 'Trudng Dai hoc Thit Hd Noi ^Trudng Cao dang Suphgm Cao Bang Tom tdt: Bdi bdo di cdp din mot huang tiep can m&i viec ddi mdi phucmg phap dgy hoc nham ddp ung yeu cdu cua thuc tien dgy hoc hien la phdi trien ndng lire hoc sinh, dgc biet la ndng luc vdn dyng kien thirc hod hoc vao cuoc song Tir khod Ddl mdi phuang phdp dgy hoc hod hgc, bai tdp hod hgc gdn vdi thuc tien I.M6DAU Chien luge phat trien giao due 2011-2020 da neu giai phap cu the cho giao due thong "thuc hien doi moi chuang trinh va sach giao khoa tir sau nam 2015 theo dinh huong phat trien nang luc hgc sinh Chuong trinh phai huong tai phat trien cac nang lire ehung ma mgi hoc sinh deu can co cugc song nhu nang luc sang tao, nang luc hgp tac, nang luc tu hgc, nang luc phat hien va giai quyet van de ", Hoa hgc la mon hgc vira mang tinh li thuyet vira mang tinh thuc nghiem, kien thiic hoa hgc dugc iing dung rgng rai phuc vu doi song nguoi Vi vay, day la mon hpc co di^u kien thuan lgi d l triln khai d6i moi day hgc va danh gia theo dinh huong phat then nang luc cho hgc sinh (HS) Trong day hgc Hoa hgc, bai tap Hoa hgc (BTHH) vira la muc dich, vira la ngi dung, phuang phap day hgc (PPDH), va cung la phuong tien day hgc hieu qua d l phat triln cac nang luc va ren kt nang cho HS Giai bai BTHH vdi tu each la mot PPDH CO tac dung rk tich cue din viec giao due, ren luyen va phat trien HS Dong thoi, no cung la thuoc dothuc ch^t su nim vimg kien thiic va ki nang hoa hgc cua HS Song viec sir dung BTHH day hgc chua thuc su dugc giao vien (GV) chu trgng diing miic, GV tap trung ren kT nang giai BTHH de dap img yeu cau thi cu chua chu \ den viec sii "* Nhan bai 22 02 2017; giri phan bien va duyet dang 20 2017 Lien he tac gia Nguyin H6ng Chiln Email: nhchien(S)daihocthudo.edu.vn TAP CHI KHDA HOC - SD S / a i || 103 dung bai tap de phat triSn cac nang lire cho HS Vi vay viec xay dm^ va nghien cuu su dung he thong bai tap dinh huong phat triSn nang luc day hoc hoa hgc mgt each linh hoat, CO sir ket hgp hgp ly vdi cac PPDH khac d^ phat trien nang luc cua HS la yeu cau can thiet viec thuc hien muc tieu giao due NOI DUNG 2.L Dinh hirdug chuan dau venang lye cua chvong trinh giao due cap trung hoc cor set Qua nghien ciiu, tham khao kinh nghiem cac nuoc phat trien, doi chieu voi yeu cau va dieu kien giao due nude nhung nam sap toi, cac nha khoa hgc giao due Viet Nam da de xuat dinh huong chuan dSu ve nang luc ciia chucmg trinh giao due tnmg hgc co so nhiing nam sap tdi nhu sau 2J.1 Nb&ng aang lu-c chung Nang luc tu hgc; Nang luc giai quyet van de va sang tao; Nan^ luc ngon ngu va giao tiep; Nang luc tham my; Nang luc hgp tac; Nang luc tinh toan; Nang luc sur dung cong nghe thong tin va truyen thong (ICT); 2.1.2 Nbom nang Jtrc chuyen biet cua won Hoa bgc Nang luc sit dung ngon ngii hoa hgc; Nang lire thuc hanh hoa hgc; Nang luc tinh toan hoa hgc; Nang luc giai quyet van de thong qua mon hoa hgc; Nang lire van dung kien thiic hoa hgc vao cugc song 2.2 Vai net ve bai tap Hoa hoc gin v ^ thyc tien BTHH thuc tiln la bai tap co ngi dung hoa hgc (nhiing dieu kien va yeu cau) xuat phat tir thuc tien Quan nhat la bai tap van dung kien thiic vao cugc song va san xuat, gop phan giai quyet mgt so van de dat tu thuc tien 2.2.1 Vai tro cua bai t$p Hoa hoc gan vdi thuc tien BTHH gan vdi thuc tiln co diy du cac vai tro ciia BTHH thong thuong, ngoai CO mgt s6 vai tro rieng biet: - Viec long ghep BTHH thuc tien vao qua trinh day va hgc tao dilu kien cho viec \an dung kien thiic vao thuc te, tao cho hgc sinh hiing thii, hang say cho hgc tap - Xay dung thai hgc tap diing d§n, phuong phap hgc tap chu dgng, tich cue, sang tao: xay dung long ham hgc, ham hieu biet, nang lire tu hgc, nang luc van dung kiln thiic 104 II TRUflNB BAI HOC T H U B D HA Nfll vao cu6c s6ng Phat triSn kl nang nghien ciiu thirc tien va kl nang tu de giai thich cac hien tugng thuc tiln, luon chii dong cuoc song - Giiip cho hpc smh co dugc nhttng hieu biet ve he tu nhien va hoat dgng ctia no, tac dgng cua no d6i voi cugc s6ng nguoi, dong thai nam dugc nhung hoat anh huong tir hoat dgng nguoi djn thien nhien Tir do, hpc sinh y thtrc dupe hoat dgng cua ban than cuoc song, dac biet la doi voi van de moi trucmg - Giao due tri due k8t hgp huu co voi giao due pham chat, y thuc tu ton dan tgc 2.2.2 Phan loai bai tap Hoa boc gan v&i tbu-c tien Co nhieu each phan loai BTHH gan voi thuc tien dua tren cac co so khac nhau: - Dua vao tinh chat cua bai tap: Bai tap dinh tinh, bai tap dinh lugng, bai tap tong hgp - Dua vao ngi dung thuc tien gan voi ngi dung bai tap: + Bai tap ve hoa hgc san xudt + Bai tap ve cac van de cugc song, hgc tap va lao dgng san xuat + Bai tap lien quan den moi truang va bao ve moi tnrcmg - Dua vao cac cap tu ciia hpc sinh: + Cap dp nhan biet: BTHH thuc tien yeu cau hpc sinh tai Men ki& thirc dl tra led cac cau hoi ly thuyet + Cap hieu BTHH thuc tien yeu cSu hgc sinh van dung kiln thirc dl giai thich dugc cac su kien, hien tugng cua cau hoi ly thuylt + Cap van dung: BTHH thuc tiln yeu cau hgc sinh van dung kiln thiic dl giai thich nhung tinh huong xay thuc tiln 2.2.3 Mgt so yeu cau lihi xay dmg BTHH gin v&i tbu-c tiin - Ndi dung BTHH gan vdi thuc lien phdi ddm bdo linh chinh xdc, tinh khoa hoc, tinii hien dgi + Trong BTHH gan vcri thuc tiln, ben canh npi dung hoa hgc co nhung du lieu thuc tien Nhimg du lieu can co dugc dua vao mgt each chinh xac, khong tiiy tien * Trong mot so bai tap ve san xufa hoa hpc nen dua vao cac day truyln cdng nghe dang dugc su dung cr Viet Nam hoac tren thi gioi, khong nen dua cac cong nghe da cu va lac hau ma hien khong dimg hoac it dung - BTHH gan vai thuc liin phdi gin gui vdi kinh nghiem cua hoc sinh: + Nhimg van de thuc tiln co lien quan din hoa hpc thi rit nhilu, rjt rong BTHH tiln CO npi dung ve nhung vin dl gin giii voi kinh nghiem voi doi s6ng va moi truong xung quanh se tao cho hpc sinh dong co va himg thu giai bai tap TAP CHI KHDA HOC - SO 1B/Z017 || 105 + Khi giai BTHH g i n voi thuc tiln, hgc sinh se dua vao khong chi kien thiic da hgc ma dua vao kinh nghiem de phan tich va giai thich Trong hgc sinh tra ldi se co nhieu kha nang khac nhu: lira chgn diing va giai thich diing, lira chgn diing nhung khong biet giai thich hoac giai thich chua diing, lira chgn va giai thich khdng diing Trong trudng hgp cac em phan tich va giai thich diing mgt phan nao thi hgc sinh se cam thay tiec nuoi vi da tim cau tra ldi gan diing dap an, tir c6 dgng lire de quan sat thuc tien va van dung kien thiic mgt each linh hoat hon de giai thich thuc tien hoac thay doi viec lam theo thdi quen chua diing khoa hgc, vi nhung kinh nghiem diing thudng cd gan vdi su chinh xac khoa hgc - Bai tdp hoa hgc thuc nghiem phdi dua vdo noi dung hoc tdp Cac bai tap hda hgc thuc tien can cd ngi dung sat vdi chuong trinh ma hgc sinh dugc hgc Neu bai tap hda hgc thuc tien cd ngi dung hoan toan mdi ve kien thirc hda hgc thi se khong tao dugc dgng luc cho hgc sinh de giai bai tap dd - Bdi tap thuc tien phdi ddm bdo tinh logic su phgm Cac tinh hudng thuc tien thudng phiic tap hon nhiing kien thiic hoa hgc thdng chuong trinh, nen xay dung bai tap hoa hgc thuc tien cho hgc sinh can phai cd budc xti ly su pham de lam don gian tinh huong thuc tien Cac yeu to can giai BTHH thuc tien cung phai phii hgp vdi trinh do, kha nang ciia hgc sinh - Bdi tap hoa hoc thuc tien phdi co he thong, logic: + Cac BTHH thuc tien chuong trinh can sap xep theo chuang, bai, theo mite nhan biet ciia hgc sinh Trong mdi chuang, bai nen co tat ca cac loai, cac dang bai tap hda hgc thuc tien + Trong qua trmh day hgc, thong qua kiem tra, danh gia can phai xay dung nhiing BTHH thuc tien d miic vira va cao hon so vdi miic nhan thiic ciia hgc sinh de nang cao trinh do, kha nang nhan thirc cua hgc sinh + Bien hda ngi dung BTHH thuc tien tiep can modun Xay dimg mgt so BTHH thuc tien dien hinh va lap rap chiing vao tinh huong, ngi dung bai hgc cu the, hoac chuyen bai tap phiic tap nhimg bai tap dan gian, tao bai tap mdi 2.3 Mot so bai tap Hoa hoc gan vdi thyc tien 2.3.1 Trie nghiem khach quan Cau 1: Tren chai y te c6 ghi 70" Cach ghi cd y nghTa la: A Cdn soi d 70" B 100ml chai co 70 moi etanol ngu\en chSt 106 II TRUClNG BAI HOC THlIl B D HA NDi C 100ml chai co 70 ml etanol nguySn chat D Trong chai c8n co 70 ml etanol nguyen chSf Cau 2: De sat trimg vlt thuong, boi ngo4i, sat trung da trade tiem hope tilu phlu nguoi ta quy djnh cdn sat triing phM la: A Con 75° B C6n 50° C C6n 90° D Loai nao cung dugc Cau 3: Giim an co th4nh phin chinh la axit axetic co n6ng dp la: A 0,3-0,5% B.3-5% C -10% D 30 - 50% Can 4: Khong nen dung nuac dl dap tit dam chay xang diu, vi: A Xang dau tan nuac, nhe hon nuac B Xang dau khong tan nu^c, nhf hon nirdc C Xang dau de bay hoi D Xang diu tac dimg dugc voi nuac nong CSu S: Khi cac chi tiet m4y hojc d6 dimg bi dinh diu mS, nguai ta thucmg dung xang hoac diu hoa dl lauriiavi: A Dau mo* tan dirffc xang, dku hoa B XSng, diu hoa dl bay hoi keo theo diu mo C Xang, diu dl bay hoi hom nuoc do sg sach hon D MOt nguyen nhan khac Cau 6: Trong cdc tieu chi dl danh gia chit lugng ciJa nude mjm thi "dp dam" la mot yeu to quan hang diu "D6 d^un" cho biet* A T6ng kh6i luwng nito c6 h't nude mim B Tong sa moi nita co lit nuoc mim C T6ng kh6i lugng nito c6 1kg nuac mim D Tong so moi nita co 1kg nuoc mim Cau 7: Tren nhSn chai nu6c mim c6 ghi 30°N, chi s6 cho biit: A Trong kg nuoc mim co tdng cdng 30g nita B Trong lit nuoc mim co tSng cgng 30ml nito C Trong Ut nir*c mim cd t6ng cong 30g nit- giai thich tai ban xirc nude hpa va cac ban khac d phong cung ngiri thii\ miii thom? TAP CHI KHOA HOC - BO I S / Z D I ? || "^0^ Trd ldi: Day la hien tugng khulch tan Cac phan tir nude hoa va cham vdi cac phan tii khong khi, chuyen dgng khu6ch tan va lan xa Cau 8: Theo em, nude khoang hay nude cat, udng nude nao tdt hon? Vi sao? Trd lai- Nude c4t la nude tu nhien dugc chung cat niiieu lan chat tmh khiet (khong CO lin chat khac), nude khoang la nude tu nhien dugc tinh che cdn cd lan mgt sd chat tan (chat khoang) Trong nude khoang cd mdt sd chat cd lgi cho co the, dd u6ng nude khoang ngoai cung cap nude cho co the, cdn cung cap chat khoang cho ca the Do dd uong nude khoang cd lgi hon udng nude cat Ap dung: cau hdi tren GV cd the dat sau hgc xong bai 2: chat Cau 9: Tai khdng nen udng nude da dun di dun lai nhieu lan? Trd ldi: Do nude thdng thudng cd chiia mdt ham lugng nhd nitrat va mdt sd kim loai nang nhu chi, cadimium sau nude dun ndng thdi gian dai, qua trinh thiiy phan lam nude khdng ngimg bdc hoi, ndng nitrat va cac kim loai nang nude se tang len Nude dun soi cd chiia nhieu nitrat lam giam kha nang van chuyen dudng mau, lam cho tim dap nhanh, hd hap khd khan, nang han cd the nguy hiem den tinh mang Ddng thdi dun sdi nude giiip loai bd mgt sd vi khuan, nhung lai lam tap trung cac khoang chat vo ca va cac loai mam benh khac ma nude soi khong diet dugc Nhirng chat, mam benh se di vao co the udng, cgng them vdi cac loai khuan da cd san de tiep tuc sinh soi tang them nhan so, tich tu va lam hai cho co the ngudi Cau 10: Vi mac benh thieu mau ta phai udng sat? Vi mau co mau do? Trd lai: Thudc sat la loai thudc ma phan cua thudc cd chiia nguyen td sat Sat la mgt nhihig nguyen td quan trgng nhat ddi vdi su song ciia chiing ta Neu thirc an hang ma thieu nguyen to nay, ta se mac benh thieu mau, ngudi cam thay met moi Nguyen td sat la phan chinh cua chat hemoglobin (huyet cau td), nhd chat ma mau cd mau dd, dac biet la kha nang chuyen van oxi tir phdi den cac te bao (khi oxi CO tac dung oxi hoa chat dinh dudng, lam nguon cung cap nang lugng cho ca the hoat ddng) Cau 11: Vi dd nude san nha, khay thi nude lai tu chay loang ra? Trd ldi: Nude la mgt chat long, cac phan tir nude d gan sat va chuyen dgng trugt len vi va> nude khay hoac san thi nude tu chay loang KET L U A N Trong cac khau ciia qua trinh day hgc phuang phap day hgc ddng vai trd quan trgng viec thuc hien muc tieu day hgc Viec doi mdi phuang phap da> hgc, dac biet la viec 110 II T R U C I N G BAI HOC T H O B H A NOI dua nhfing vin d l thuc tiln vao bai hgc khong nhiing lam chg kien thiic bdt tinh chii ban lam ma cdn tao dgng eg, himg thu hgc tap cho hgc sinh Ddi vdi hgc sinh THCS, viec giai thich dugc nhiing vin dl van gap hang cudc sdng lam cho cac em thii hon vdi bai hgc, kich thich tri td md, ldng ham hpc hdi , tir do, hinh d hpc sinh nhiing kl nang cin thilt: ki nang dat v i n dl, giai quyet van de Bai tap Hoa hpc gin voi thuc tiln la mgt dinh hudng diing din viec hinh nang luc cho hpc sinh THCS dap irng yeu cau ddi mdi giao due hien TAI LIEU T H A M K H A O Chinh phu (2012), Chiin luac phdt triin gido due 2011-2020, (Ban hanh theo quyet dinh so 711/QD-TTg 13/6/2012 cua Thu tudng Chinh phu) Bg Giao due va Dao tao (2014), Kiem tra, ddnh gid qud trinh day hoc theo dinii huciig phdt trien nang luc hoc sinh Irong trudmg THCS mdn Hod hoc, Tai lieu tap huan Bg Giao due va Dao tao (2012), Sdch gido khoa Hod hoc Idp 8, 9, Nxb Giao due Viet Nam, Bo Giao due va Dao tao (2016), Hudng ddn hoc Khoa hoc ttr nhien 6,7(sach thir nghiem), Nxb Giao due Viet Nam Nam \ieH20iO), Nhimg cdu hdi li thii Irong the gidi hod hoc, Nxb Thdi dai Ha Npi C H E M I S T R Y E X E R C I S E S W I T H P R A C T I C E - A NEW A P P R O A C H F O R E N H A N C I N G PUPILS'CAPACITY AT S E C O N D A R Y S C H O O L S T H R O U G H TEACHING AND LEARNING CHEMISTRY Abstract: This article refers lo a new approach in reforming training methods lo meet liie requirements of current teaching practice: Developing student capacity, parliciilariy applying chemical knowledge lo life Keywords praclice Renewal teaching approaches on Chemistry, Chemistry exercises wilfi ... biet: - Viec long ghep BTHH thuc tien vao qua trinh day va hgc tao dilu kien cho viec \an dung kien thiic vao thuc te, tao cho hgc sinh hiing thii, hang say cho hgc tap - Xay dung thai hgc tap diing... chuang, bai, theo mite nhan biet ciia hgc sinh Trong mdi chuang, bai nen co tat ca cac loai, cac dang bai tap hda hgc thuc tien + Trong qua trmh day hgc, thong qua kiem tra, danh gia can phai xay dung... mim c6 ghi 30°N, chi s6 cho biit: A Trong kg nuoc mim co tdng cdng 30g nita B Trong lit nuoc mim co tSng cgng 30ml nito C Trong Ut nir*c mim cd t6ng cong 30g nit