NGHIEN crnj & I;NG DUNG REN LUYEN Kl NANG GIAI BAI TAP VAT U M i ClTONG (HO SINH VIEN CAC NGANH KY THUAT TRONG DAY HOC PHAN NHIET HOC PGS TS Nguyin Dinh ThlTAC, Trudng Dpi hpc Vinh ThS Iran Ngoc Dung,[.]
NGHIEN crnj & I;NG DUNG REN LUYEN Kl NANG GIAI BAI TAP VAT U M i ClTONG (HO SINH VIEN CAC NGANH KY THUAT TRONG DAY HOC PHAN NHIET HOC PGS.TS Nguyin Dinh ThlTAC, Trudng Dpi hpc Vinh ThS Iran Ngoc Dung, Tritdng BH Trdn Beii NghTa, TP Hd CM Minh SUMMARY Skill training of solving physical questions is one of important tasks in physics teaching for students In this article, the results of study on skill training in order to solve physics questions and its applications in teaching Heal section (general physics program for technical students) are introduced Tir khda: Ky ndng, bdi tap vgt ly, ngdnh ky thudt dgy hgc phdn nhi$t di$n man bdi ngdy: 15/5/2014, ng^ duyft ddng: 25/5/2014 Rdn luydn kT ndng gidi bdi tdp Vdt li dai cuong gidi bai tap Vgt li dgi cuong Cd the nhigu nguyen Id mpt nhihig nhidm vy quan trpng eua dgy hpc nhdn khdch quan vd chu quan qud trinh day Vdt li eho sinh vien (SV) Trong bdi bdo ndy, chiing hpc Vat If d trudng phd thdng vd dai hpc, d6 tdi gidi thi|u ket qua nghien eiru vg ren luy^n ki ndng cd nguyen nhdn ngudi hgc thilu kt ndng, nen din tdi gidi bdi tap vat li cho SV vd ihig dung dgy hgc thue trgng ndu trdn Rdn luy^n kT ndng gidi bdi tap eho SV ed the bing hai dudng: bing dudng phin Nhiet hgc cho SV cde ngdnh ky thudt angdrit hda hodc bing dudng dinh hudng hdnh Ki ndng gidi bdi tap Vat If KT nang gidi bai tap Vdt li Id kha ndng thue hien ddng tu a Ren luy$n ki ndng gidi bdi tdp Vdt li theo thuin thyc mdt chudi hanh dpng vgn dyng cdc kidn thue Vdt li, dua vdo gia thigt da cho dl giai quylt dudng angdrrit hda la cdch xdy dyng mdt co sd djnh hudng chdt chg, qud trinh dd ngudi hgc hoSn nhi?m vy trd Idi eau hdi theo ygu eiu cua bdi tap TVong mdt chudi hdnh dpng van dyng kign thdc ddi todn thay duge cdch thye hi?n hdnh ddng, chia hdnh hdi t|p hgp nhtlng kT ndng, kT xdo vd nhQng thdi quen ddng thdnh nhQng giai dogn vd thye hi?n dung d3n can thigt lign quan den vi$e thyc hi^n gidi bdi tdp nd Nhiem vu quan trpng Id Idm cho SV nhdn thirc Tap hpp nhtmg kT ndng, kT xdo vd nhdng thdi quen dy dugc chien luge tdng qudt gidi nhthig bdi tgp cdng dugc rut td ehinh ban chit cua mdn Vat li vd nhtmg logi (angdrit giai hay phuong phdp gidi) Chdng hgn phuong phdp nghign cdu ciia nd KT ndng giai bdi tdp phan Co hgc cd: chiln lupc tdng qudt giai bdi tap ddng lyc hgc vd chiln luge tdng qudt gidi cde bdi cdn gin lien hang logt kT nang, kT xdo khae khdng gin tap ddi hdi phdi vgn dyng cdc dinh ludt bdo todn lien rd r|t cua mdn Vgt li: kT xdo td chdc boat ddng Trong phin Nhift hpc: nhthig bdi tdp dinh lupng v|n hpc tap, kT xdo trinh bdy y nghT cua minh ed h6 thdng dung phuong trinh trgng thdi eua li tudng, chiln va logic, kl xdo sd dyng gido trinh, tdi lieu tham khdo, lupc tdng qudt giai bdi tdp vl nguydn li thd nhat vd sach tra eunj, nguyen li thd hai cua nhidt dpng lyc hpe van dyng Viee vgn dung nhDng kien thde vao thyc tiln la cdc ding qud trinh cua H tudng vd cdc qud su bign ddi Id hdnh dgng tiep nhgn he thdng trinh dign cdc dpng co nhi§t cua nhQng nguyen tie, qui tic hay thdi quen va b Ren liiy$n Id ndng gidi bdi tgp Vgt li theo nhung angdrit Hdnh ddng tiep nhgn la mit xich quan trpng giiia kien thirc vd kT ndng Hinh kT ndng dudng dinh hudng Id rdn luy?n cho SV thyc hi§n hanh dpng cua minh theo nhOng kl hogch gidi todn, vd rgn luy^n kl ndng thyc hdnh giai bdi tap Vgt li cd kl hogch dugc xdy dyng theo h? thdng hdnh ddng tinh qui trinh, theo so dd sau: chi tigt vdi nhttng thao tdc ey thg Bdng cdch cho SV Phdn tich kign ^1 Hdnh dpng I ^ KT ndng, hg thdng cdu hdi dya trgn kl hogch hdnh dpng cin thiifc ly thuygt " tigp nh$n | kT xdo thyc hi§n Rdn luyen kT nang giai bdi t§p V^t 11 theo eon dudng dinh hudng, ddi hdi gido vien (GV) phdi R^n iuyfn kl nSng giai bdi tgp V3t li Trong thyc tien dgy hge cho thay, nhigu SV ndm chuin bi m$t h? thdng cdu hdi djnh hudng hdnh dpng thd nhit lung tung khdng hodn thdnh dupe nhif m vu tu duy, gpi tit: cdu hdi djnh hudng tu Rdn luy§n ! • TAP CHi THI^ BI GIAO DgC- S6 106 - 6/2014 NGHIEN Ctru & CFNG D U N G kT ndng giai bdi t|p ddi hdi phdi rdn luyen ed ba mat: kT nang H thuyet, kT ndng trf tug vd kT ndng thue hanh Rgn luy^n kT ndng gidi bdi tap phdi quan tam thyc hi?n cdc gid hgc d trudng vd d nhd Cy thl: • Trong qud trinh nghien cihi ly thuyet vdt li Qk rdn luy^n kT ndng giai bai tdp cin ren luygn nhQng kT nang, kT xdo bit ddu tir nghien cim Iy thuylt mdi, Qud trinh nghign curu li thuylt mdi Id qud trinh gidi quylt mdt he thdng bdi todn nhdn thirc Mdi bude gidng dgy gid hpc khdng nhttng ygu cdu SV ndm vQng kiln thdc, phuang phdp nghien cihi md cdn phai ren luy?n nhihig kT nang tuong dng vdi ndi dung cua boat ddng hpc tdp Trong gid hpc If thuyet, nhtmg kl ndng ed the duge rdn luy$n nhu: kT ndng phdt bilu khdi ni$m, dmh lugt, qui tic, nguygn If; kT nang su dyng phuong phdp nghien cuu; kT ndng hodn thdnh hinh vg, so dd, dd thj; kT ndng dgc vd nhdn bilt dd thi, bilu dd; Vi dy Vg dd thi ciia qud trinh ding nhi?t, dang dp, dang tich ciia li tudng trgn edc tryc tpa dd P,V; P,T; V, T So sdnh nhOng dd thi cua cdng mdt qud trinh vS nhthig trye tpa dg khde Nghien cdu xong chu trinh Cdend vd djnh li Caend, ed thl dua nhttng bdi tgp djnh tinh - cdu hdi nhu; VI dy Hi^u suit ciia dgng eo nhiet theo chu trinh Carnot thu^n nghjch phy thupe vdo cde yeu td ndo Hay ngu cdch tang hi§u suit ddng co nhi?t Vi dy Vi hi^u suit li thuylt cua dOng co dtd thdng thudng vdo khodng 56%, nhung cdc dieu ki?n thyc te hi?u suit gidm ehi edn khodng 25%? • Ty lyc gidi bdi lgp a nhd D I thyc hi^n nhi§m vy rgn luy?n kT nang gidi bdi t§p d nhd cua SV ed hi?u qud, mpt nhOng dilu ki^n can thiet Id G V phai xdy dyng mpt h? thdng bdi t§p thda man nhOng tigu chi: h? thing bdi tgp phii kin phd kiln thdc, hudng den phd ndng lye tu rdng; cd nhtmg bdi tdp ddng vd bdi tdp md; phong phu cde dgng, logi bdi tgp; cd nhieu bdi tap ed npi dung ki thu§l lign quan din nghg nghigp tuong lai eiia SV H$ thdng bdi tgp hip ddn, tgo nhu edu himg thii, ddi hdi lu sdng tgo, cd y nghTa quyet djnh tinh ty chu, tich eye giai bdi tgp d nhd cua SV Nhd dd, kT ndng gidi bdi t§p dugc phdt trien • Trong cdc tiit thyc hdnh gidi bdi tgp a lop Sl lilt thyc hdnh gidi bdi t§p d Idp cua SV cd hgn Ldm dl rdn luy^n kT ndng giai bai tgp ciia SV ed chit lupng vd hi§u qud? Nhttng bdi tgp td chirc eho SV giai d Idp cd thl theo hai hudng dd Id: giai quylt III nhttng bdi tgp md sd ddng SV yeu cdu vd GV lua chpn mgt sd bdi tap hg thing bdi tap dd eho Td chdc giai bai tdp theo dudng dinh hudng tu Vi dy Chu trinh Idm vi?e cua mpt dgng co di.^zen bdn ky duge bilu diln trgn hinh vg a) Nhdnh AB bigu diln qud trinh ngp khdng b) Nhdnh BC dng vdi qud trinh ngn dogn nhigt khdng tdi dp sudt p^ c) cudi qud trinh nen nhien lieu dugc phun vdo xylanh vd dupe ddt chdy khdng ndng, i6 pittdng ehuyin dpng sang phai, ddu tien Id ddng ip (nhdnh CD), sau dd Id dogn nhi?t (nhdnh DE) d) Q cudi qud trinh dogn nhigt, van thodt md, dp suit gidm xudng p^^ (nhanh EB) e) Nhdnh BA bilu diln qud trinh day khdi xylanh Tim hi?u suat eua dpng co diezen? Cdu hdi dinh hudng lu duy: Cdng dpng eo diezen thye hien cd qud trinh tinh bdng cdng thirc nao? La edng md h^ sinh hay cdng md he nhdn vao? Vilt phuong trinh tinh nhiet lugng tda ddt chdy nhien li?u vd phuang trinh nhi^t lupng nhd mdi trudng cua dpng eo? Tinh cdng he sinh ra? hifu suit ciia dpng CO? Bilu thue lien h? gida hg sd gian dang dp, he sd nen dogn nhi^t vd he sd gian dogn nhiet? Giai Cdng ddng eo thyc hien ca qua trinh: A ' - Q , - Q ' , (I) Trong Q, Id nhi?t lugng tda ddt chdy nhign li^u (nhdnh CD), Q, Id nhi?t lugng nhd (Xem tiep trang 43) TAPCHiTHlfrBJGlAODgC-SdlO6-6/Z014 • 39 lti{HiHIH'!f\1ll-HII Kit luSn Diy mgnh ung dung cdng nghe thdng tin va truyln thdng day vd hpc ndi chung vd dgy va hpc cdc ndi dung vl sdn xuit hod hpc d trudng phd thdng ndi rieng Id rit quan trpng vd cin thilt; gdp phin ddi mdi phucmg phdp dgy vd hpe theo hudng hi?n dgi B% vi?e irng dung cdng cd hieu qua cin tiep tyc trien khai xdy dyng cdc md phdng vl ddy chuyin sdn xuit cung nhu cdc md phdng hod hpe khdc, ddng thdi dua cdc tdi lifu da xdy dyng lgn mgng Internet, kit hgp gitta phuang phdp ddo tgo truyen thdng vd ddo tgo qua mgng (E-Leaming) Tdi lifu tham khdo Dang Thi Oanh Phgm Ngpe Bang "Bude ddu thir nghi$m xdy dung vd khai thdc cdc phai mim nghien cuu vd dgy hgc hda hgc" Ki yiu hdi thao khoa hgc Trudng DHSPHN, 04/2003 Dang Thi Oanh - Pham Ngpe Bang - Nguyin Trgng Thp "Su dung Macromedia Flash xay dung cdc md phdng gdp phdn ndng cao chdt lugng dgyhgc Hod hgc a trudng phd thdng" Ki ygu Hpi thao khoa hpc Trudng DHSPHN, 04/2005 Phung n l n Dat-Trin Thj Binh "Hoa ki thudt dgi cuong" NXB DHSP Ha Ndi, 2004 Bd Gido due vd Dao tgo "Hod hgc 10, 11, /2" NXB Giao due, 2008 Nguyen Trgng Thg "Ifng dting tin hgc gidng dgy hod hgc" NXB Gido dye, 2002 IIIIIIIIIIIIIIJIIIIIINIIMIIUIIIII IIIIIIIIIMIIJIJII IIIJIIIIIII REN LUYEN Kl NANG GIAI BAl TAP VAT Ll (r.^p.heo irang,,) mdi trudng (dogn EB) Vi dogn CD dng vdi qud trinh ding dp, nen: dd Tj vd Tj lin lupt Id nhi?t dd d ddu vd eulLciia qud trinh ddn ding dp Vi qud trinh EB Id ding tich, ngn: m, VV (3) dd Tj vd T^ lan lugt Id nhipt dd d diu vd cudi qud trinh dang tfch Dodd, theo (1), edng bg sinh bang: A = - C , [ y ( T , - T , ) - ( T - T , ) ] (4) hi§u suit: Q, r(T,-T,) = ' (e Id h? sd ngn dogn nhipt) dd Tg = T| / 6''-' = Tj / peT-' Thay cdc gid trj T^, T|, Tj vdo bieu thdc (5) vd chd y ring p = e / S ; cudi cimg ta thu dugc hi?u suit cua ddng co: n=> r^ YE-'(P-I) Ket luan Ren luy^n kT nang gidi bai tap Vdt II dgi cuong cd >? nghTa thilt thye giup eho SV hilu sau nhQng kign thirc Vat li, phdt triln tu khoa hpc vd ndng lyc sdng tao vi?e van dung kign thue Vat li dng dyng vao thyc tien Trong qud trinh rgn luyen kT nang gidi bai tap, edn dat duge mue tigu bdi dudng nang lye ty hpe, ty nghien edu cua SV Bang cdc hinh thue vd phuong phap rgn luyen kT nang eung nhu phdi cd mdt h? thdng bdi tap cho SV qua trinh hpc tap nhu da ngu nhim thilt thye gdp phdn ddi mdi dgy hpc dai hpc Ldi giai din ddy ed the eoi nhu dd hodn thdnh Nhung bigu thue (5) ed thg bieu diln dudi dgng khde Tdi lifu tham khao Cd thl bieu diln edc nhi?t dg T^, T, vd T^ qua T^ Luong Duyen Binh Vdt ty dai cuang Jap I; duge khdng? Co - nhiet NXB Giao dye, 2008 Ddi vdi dudng ding dp CD, la cd: T^ / T, = V, / Phgm Minh Tuin Nguyen ty dgng ca dot V, = p {p Id h§ s6 dan ding dp) Do dd T, = T^ / p NXBGD, 2002 Ddi vdi qud trinh dogn nhi?t DE, ta cd: T, / T, = (V, Nguyen Dinh Thudc Phdt triin tuduycho hgc /V,)r-1=5,-1 sinh dgy hgc bdi lgp Vgt li Dgi hpc Vinh, 2010 David Halidy, Rober Resnick, Jearl Walker (S Id h§ sd ddn dogn nhi^t); do T, = T^ / S'' -' Dli vdi qud trinh dogn nhi?t BC, ta cd: Ca sd Vgt li lap NXB Gido dye TAP CHi THifTBI GIAO DUC-sd 106-6/2014 • 43 ... nao? La edng md h^ sinh hay cdng md he nhdn vao? Vilt phuong trinh tinh nhiet lugng tda ddt chdy nhien li?u vd phuang trinh nhi^t lupng nhd mdi trudng cua dpng eo? Tinh cdng he sinh ra? hifu suit... Ddi vdi qud trinh dogn nhi?t DE, ta cd: T, / T, = (V, Nguyen Dinh Thudc Phdt triin tuduycho hgc /V,)r-1=5,-1 sinh dgy hgc bdi lgp Vgt li Dgi hpc Vinh, 2010 David Halidy, Rober Resnick, Jearl Walker... tinh ty chu, tich eye giai bdi tgp d nhd cua SV Nhd dd, kT ndng gidi bdi t§p dugc phdt trien • Trong cdc tiit thyc hdnh gidi bdi tgp a lop Sl lilt thyc hdnh gidi bdi t§p d Idp cua SV cd hgn Ldm