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N g h i e n ciiu Gia d i n h va G i o i So - 1 Van hoa gia dinh Le Ngoc Van Vien Gia dinh va Giai Tdm t a t : Tii hUdng tie'p can xa hoi hoc ve van boa, tac giii bai Viet diia each hieu ve khai niem van boa gia dinh: nhiing dac trUng, quy luat hinh va phat tnen; cau true, chQc nang; doi tUdng va cac noi dung nghien cQu ciia van hoa gia dinh Hudng tiep can xa hgi hoc ve van hoa gia dinh co the giup cho cac nha nghien cQu xa hgi hgc gia dinh co them nhiing cd sd khoa hgc cho viec trien khai cac cong trinh nghien cdu van boa gia dinh va sU bie'n doi ciia van hoa gia dinh Viet Nam Tii k h o a : Van hoa gia dinh; Van hoa; Gia dinh Oat van de Van hoa gia dinh la mdt ndi dung quan trgng linh vuc nghien cuu gia dinh Nghien cQu van hoa gia dinh giup chung ta cd so sd khoa hgc de hieu dung biin chat va truyen thd'ng cua gia dinh Viet Nam, thay dugc nhu'ng net tuong ddng va khac biet giu'a gia dinh Viet Nam vdi gia dinh cac dan tdc khac khu vuc va tren thd gidi Tren ca sd dd chiing ta cd the tim kiem nhQng giiii phap va chien lugc phat huy vai trd to Idn ciia gia dinh viec giQ gin truydn thd'ng quy bau cua dan tdc, gdp phan cung cd su bdn vQng cua gia dinh, giQ vung dn dinh xa hdi, phat tridn kinh td, nudi dudng, giao due va cung cap ngudn luc ngudi dap ung ddi hdi ciia su nghiep cdng nghiep hoa, hien diii hoa diit nudc Nghien ciru van 44 Nghien ciru Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 21, so 3, tr 43-54 hoa gia dinh cdn giup chung ta hidu dugc biin cha't ciia van boa Viet Nam, bdi vi gia dinh Viet Nam la mdt thidt che ndn tiing cua xa hgi Viet Nam truydn thd'ng, cd chtrc nang luu giQ va chuyen giao cac gia tri van hoa ciia dan tgc tu thd he sang thd he khac Dd nghien ci'ru van hoa gia dinh thi viec xac dinh khai niem van hoa gia dinh, ddi tugng va pham vi nghien cQu ciia van hoa gia dinh ddng \'ai trd quan trgng Nhugc didm cua cac cdng trinh nghien ciixi vd van hoa gia dinh d Viet Nam tu tru'dc ddn la chua dua dugc mdt dinh nghia day dii va mdt each giai thi'ch thuydt phuc ve khai niem van hoa gia dinh Didu da gay khd khan cho \iec xac dinh ddi tugng va pham vi nghien ciixi ciia van boa gia dinh Mgt sd nha nghien ciiii ddi "Id di" hoiic mac nhien coi khai niem van hoa gia dinh da dugc mgi ngudi ngilm hidu Ket qua la cang cang cd nhidu each hidu khac vd van hoa gia dinh va khai niem van boa gia dinh vd'n da mu md cang trd nen mu md ban Mdt sd tac giii dinh nghia van hoa gia dinh bang each liet ke hang loat cac ydu td dugc coi la thudc vd van boa gia dinh nhu each ting xu giua cac vien gia dinh vdi nhau, cac quan he dao ly, chuain muc, khudn phep sinh boat, cac quan he tinh cam vg chdng, viec cham sdc giao due cai, viec thd cung td tien, quan he giQa gia dinh vdi xdm gieng, ban be, vv (Tii Van Thanh, 1997; Vu Nggc Khanh, 1998) Ket qua la khai niem trd nen qua rgng, cd nguy co bao chua tat cii cac van dd, cac hien tugng cd lien quan ddn gia dinh Mat khac, phuang phap liet ke cac ydu td khdng chi dugc nhung diic trung biin chat ciia khai niem van boa gia dinh, ddng nha't \'an boa gia dinh vdi tat cii nhQng bidu bien ciia ddi sdng va sinh hoiit gia dinh Cac tac giii khac quy van hoa gia dinh cac gia tri, chuiin muc td't dep cua ddi sdng gia dinh ma mdi thiinh vien gia dinh phai chiip nhan tuan theo va cd nghia vu thuc hien (Le Minh, 1997; Le Nhu Hoa, 2001) Cach tiep can niiy coi van hoa gia dinh la mdt muc tieu td't dep ma mdi gia dinh ciin phiii phiin dii'u dd d;it tdi day van hoa gia dinh thudc Le Ngoc Van 45 vd pham tru nhQng cai dung, cai td't, cai dep, ddi lap vdi nhu'ng cai sai, cai khdng td't, cai xau Ndi each khac, cai van hoa ddi lap vdi cai phan van hoa Cach tidp can dugc cha'p nhan rgng rai ddi sdng thuc tdva la CO sd de tien hanh cudc van ddng xay dung gia dinh van hoa d nudc ta nhidu thap ky qua gan vdi cac nhiem vu chi'nh tri cua dat nude Tuy nhien each tidp can tren day da dan gian hoa khai niem van boa gia dinh, lam cho van hoa gia dinh nghieng vd khfa canh dao due, chi'nh tri nhidu han la khfa canh van hoa O day, van hoa gia dinh trd san phiim chu quan cua y chf ngudi, chu khdng phiii la he qua khach quan ciia qua trinh tuang tac giQa nhQng ngudi vdi bdi canh cua mdt mdi trudng tu nhien, lich su va xa hdi nha't dinh Vdi tu each la mdt pham tru khai niem, van hoa gia dinh cd cac dac trung, quy luat hinh va phat tridn, cau trtic va chuc nang cua nd Do van hoa gia dinh la mgt bd phiin khdng thd tach rdi va la mdt dang dac thu ciia van hoa cdng ddng, cho nen de cd the hidu vd khai niem viin hoa gia dinh va chuc nang ctia van hoa gia dinh ciin phai hidu khai niem van hoa ndi chung Trong phiim vi bai viet van hoa va van hoa gia dinh dugc xem xet tu hudng tidp ciin xa hdi hgc Quan diem xa hoi hoc ve van hoa va van hoa gia dinh Van hoa la mdt nhung khai niem dugc su dung rdng rai nhiit xa hdi hgc Tuy nhien khai niem viin hoa xa hdi hgc khac vdi each hidu van boa tu thdng thudng Trong giao tie'p hang ngudi ta cd xu hud'ng coi "van hoa" la thudc ve pham tru nhung cai dung, cai td't, cai dep hoiic van hoa ddng nghia vdi nhQng ciii gi dd cao sieu nhu nghe thuat, van hgc, am nhiic, hgi hoit Theo quan diem xa hdi hgc, van hoa la dac diem rieng cua ngudi va xa hdi loai ngitdi Van hoa la tap hgp nhung hanh vi va quan niem ma ngudi hgc hdi dugc vdi tu each la vien ciia xa hdi Con ngu'di dimg van hoa de thfch ung vdi the gidi dd hg dang sdng va de thay ddi nd Do dd van boa la khai niem trung tilm dung dd giiii thfch ly cac hanh vi cua ngudi Van hoa cd diic diem la hgc hdi ma cd va cting 46 Nghien ciiru Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 21, so 3, tr 43-54 chia se vdi ngudi khac Trong phan Idn trudng hgp, van hoa thudng dugc hgc hdi mdt nhdm ngudi, cd quan he xa hdi tucmg dd'i gan gui Mdi cdng ddng ngudi cd mdt truyen thd'ng van hoa rieng cua minh Cd bao nhieu cdng ddng ngudi thi cd bay nhieu truydn thd'ng van hoa Mdi truydn thd'ng dd cd thd dugc ggi la mdt ndn van hoa rieng, mac du bien gidi ngan each giQa cac ndn van hoa khdng dd dang xac dinh Van hoa la mdt thudc tfnh ciia'xa hdi va thudc vd xa hgi, vl the khdng cd van hoa thi khdng cd xa hdi cung nhu khdng cd xa hdi khdng cd van boa Mdi xa hdi cd mdt ndn van hoa rieng nhung tat cii cac xa hdi ddu thdng qua su dung nhQng cdng cu chung hay nhQng ydu td phd bien dd thd hien van hoa rieng cua minh NhQng yeu td phd bidn cua van hoa la gia tri, chuiin muc, bidu tugng va ngdn ngQ Trong tat ca cac bieu tugng ciia ngudi thi ngdn ngu la hinh thuc phat trien cao nha't Nd cho phep ngudi chia se y nghi, tu tudng, kinh nghiem, tinh ciim va nhu'ng ude mudn Khdng cd ngdn ngQ se khdng truydn dat dugc van hoa Ngdn ngu la chia khoa dd hieu bat cu' ndn van boa nao va bat cu xa hdi nao Cac nha xa hdi hgc thudng dd cap den cac ydu td chuan muc va gia tri vdi tu each la hien than cua van hoa Theo Robert Merton, van hoa la "tap hgp cac gia tri chuain mtrc cd td chuc dieu khidn hanh vi, cd tfnh chat chung nha't ddi vdi mgi vien cua mdt xa bdi nha't dinh hay mdt nhdm xa hdi nha't dinh" (dan theo VQ Quang Ha, 2001:169) Talcott Parsons (1951) coi van boa la nhan td chi'nh lien kdt cac nhan td khac cua xa hdi, hoac theo thuat ngQ cua dng, he thd'ng hanh ddng xa hgi Trong mdt he thd'ng xa hdi, van boa dugc bidu hien cac chuain muc va cac gia tri (dan theo George Ritzer, 2000:448) Anthony Giddens (2001) coi van hoa la yeu td gan kdt cac ca nhan vdi Nd dugc bidu hien he thd'ng cac gia tri va cac chuain muc Theo Giddens, gia tri (values) la nhung y niem trQu tugng xac dinh cai gl dugc coi la quan trgng, dang gia va dang ao ude pham vi mdt ndn van hoa Cdn chuain muc (norm) la cac qui tac ung xu phiin anh nhQng gia tri cua mdt ndn van hoa Cac gia tri va cac chuain mtrc dinh hudng cho cac vien cua mdt ndn van boa phiii irng xu nhu the nao vdi mdi trudng xung Le Ngoc Van 47 quanh hg Gia tri va chuain muc mang dau an sau sac nhung cd the thay ddi theo thdi gian Cac nha xa hdi hgc cd xu hudng su dung thuyet tuang ddi van hoa, tuc la cd gang tim hieu mgt ndn van hoa bang chi'nh nhQng gia tri va chuan muc ciia ndn van hoa dd Thuyet tuang ddi van hoa ddi lap vdi chu nghia dan tdc trung tam (Ethno-centrism) la thdi quen phan xet cac nen van hoa khac biing each so sanh qui chidu vdi ndn van boa ciia dan tdc minh NhQng ngudi theo chu nghia dan tdc trung tam thudng cd cam giac bat ngd va khd chiu tidp xuc vdi nhQng tap tuc van hoa xa la Ciim giac dd cdn dugc ggi la "cii sdc van hoa" Viec su sung thuydt tuong ddi van hoa cho thay dudi mat ciia cac nha xa hgi hgc tat ca cac ndn van hoa ddu binh dang vdi va cd gia tri nhu cho du rat khac Viec su dung thuyet tuang ddi van boa khdng ed nghia la chap nhan vi trf cua quydt dinh luan van boa Theo quan didm xa hdi hgc, cac ndn van hoa khdng bao gid biet lap ma ludn didn qua tiinh tiep xuc van hoa, anh hudng, tac ddng qua lai va hgc hdi ISn Bien gidi giQa cac ndn van hoa la khdng rd rang Ngay ndi bg cua mdt ndn van hoa cQng khdng phiii la mdt thuc the thuiin nha't, khdng chQa dung nhung mau thuin va bat ddng Va nhQng ngudi mdt ndn Viin hoa khdng tidp thu cac khudn mSu van hoa mdt each thu ddng mdt the gidi quan nhat Ngugc liii ngirdi cd xu hudng cai tao cac khudn mau lac hiiu va sang tiio nhQng khudn mau mdi phu hgp vdi hoan Ciinh, tiio nen sir bidn ddi cua van hoa Nhu vay, nghien ci'ru van hoa cd hai ndi dung quan trgng; 1) Phat hien nhung gia tri, chuain muc dac trung cua nen van hoa dugc nghien ci'ru 2) Nghien cuu su bie'n ddi cac gia tri, chuain muc va qua trinh binh cac gia tri, chuan mtrc mdi cua ndn van hoa Neu coi van hoa la gdm tat ca nhQng gi lam cho dan tdc khac vdi dan tdc khac, thi van hoa gia dinh, mdt bd phan khdng tach rdi ciia van hoa chung cung se bao gdm tat cii nhQng gl liim cho gia dinh cua mdt cdng 48 Nghien curu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 21, so 3, tr 43-54 ddng nay, xa hdi nay, dan tdc nay, khu vuc khac vdi gia dinh cua cac cdng ddng, xa hdi, dan tdc, khu vuc khac Sir khac biet dd khdng phai ngSu nhien, tinh cd ma nd dugc qui dinh bdi hang loat nhQng yeu td khach quan vd ddi sdng vat chat, tinh than, che'dg xa hdi, mdi trudng tu nhien cua mdi cdng ddng ngudi, tdn tai lau dai lich su, dd lai da'u a'n dac biet ddi sdng xa hdi va gia dinh, tao cai dugc ggi la biin sac van hoa Mdt dan tgc chi dugc coi la cd mdt ndn van hoa rieng chung minh dugc ban sac van hoa cua minh Cung nhu vay, ndi ddn van hoa gia dinh la phai chung minh dugc ban sac cua nd Chang han nhQng net khu biet giua gia dinh phuong Ddng va gia dinh phuong Tay, gia dinh Viet Nam va gia dinh cac nudc A Ddng khac cung iinh hudng Nho giao, hay sir khac biet giQa gia dinh ngudi Kinh va gia dinh cac dan tgc Thai, Tay, Mudng, gia dinh theo chd phu quydn va gia dinh theo chd mlu quydn cac dan tdc Ede, Mndng, v.v NhiCng net khu biet, tinh ddc thit hay bdn sdc ciia gia dinh Id dd'i tuang nghien cim ciia vdn hod gia dinh Van hoa gia dinh nghien ciiu nhung dau an dd lai ddi sdng vat cha't, tinh than cua gia dinh dugc bidu hien thdng qua cac mdi quan he, cau triic, chuc nang, sinh boat, ddi sdng tam linh ciia gia dinh Dd la nhQng da'u a'n dugc tri qua lich su, trd truyen thd'ng, an sau vao tidm thuc, tam Iy, chi phdi hanh vi, each Qng xu giua cac vien gia dinh, giQa gia dinh vdi xa hdi, tie'p ndi tu thd he sang the he khac NhQng da'u an dd lai ddi sdng gia dinh d cac cdng ddng, qud'c gia, dan tdc khdng gidng nhau, tao nen tfnh da dang cua van hoa gia dinh Sir hdi nhap kinh td, giao luu van hoa qudc te lam cho cac nudc cd xu hudng hgp tac, lien ket va hieu bie't iSn nhieu han nhung khdng lam mat di ban sac van hoa dan tgc, bdi vl mdt nhQng yeu td hinh nen van hoa dd la mdi trudng tu nhien Sir gan bd va phu thudc cua van ho