Tái cấu hình đời sống tôn giáo ở việt nam hiện nay những thách thức về mặt pháp lý

NGHIEN CUU TRAO D O I T A I H l f l N * C A U H l H Tap chi Cong tac Ton giao D d i N A Y : N H l M S O N G T H A C H T O N T H f i t G I A O ft M l T • V f i l T N A M P H A P L i GS, TS O O Q U A N G H U N G * g | | i ) heo chung toi, mot uong nhung diem wj dang chu y nhat ciia doi song ton giao d Viet Nam hien la da va dang co su thay ddi ca han ciia "cai ton giao" (le reiigieux) noi diing hon la sic idi edit hinh tdn unio (reconfiguration reiigieux) dai song xii hoi noi chung va noi rieng quan he cua no vdi he thong phap ly Day la budc tien quan cua su doi m o i duong loi chinh sach ton giao, nhung chinh no da va dang dat nhieu van de m a i me quan he ton giao vdi phap quyen Bai vie't tren ca sd lam rd khai niem quan tdi cdu hinh doi song ton giao va mot so khai niem cd lien quan nhu thi trudng ton giao (marche religieuse), sit phuc hdi tdn giao (reveil reiigieux) budc diiu neu mot so van di cd tinh he luan ddi song tdn giao xuat hien trang thai "tai cau h i n h " va nhung suy tu ca nhan gdp phan vao viec giai quyet nhung thach thirc m d i ay ve mat phap ly I " S u phuc hoi tdn giao" d Vict hien Nam De thay dugc nhung ca sd tu tudng, xa hoi, tam ly va ton giao ciia viec tai cau hinh va nhung bien dong ciia thi trudng ton giao d Viet Nam cung can nhan manh mot so diem sau day • N h u mdt he qua ciia su ddi m d i dudng ldi chinh sach tdn giao tir cudi nam 1990 den nay, Viet Nam la mdt qud'c gia cd sit phuc hdi tdn giao rat dang ke Dudng nhu da cd su* ket hop hai ngudn luc: vai nhirng qudc gia dang phat trien thi "sir phuc hdi tdn giao" di lien vdi su hdi nhap qudc te, toan cau hda Chinh nhirng qudc gia dang phat trien, cung vdi sir tang trudng ciia tinh hien dai thi nhu cau tin nguong tam linh cang trd nen manh me da dang Mat khac su "phuc hdi tdn giao" d Viet Nam khuon khd bien ddi ciia "the che xa hoi chii nghia" ma nhu cau tam linh, ton giao ciia ngudi dan lan dau tien dugc thira nhan can ban han thuc tien V i the, "sir quay trd lai ciia tam thuc ton giao" trd nen manh me va rd rang hon • Trong nghien ciiu ciia Phillip Taylor ve su* bien ddi ddi sdng tdn giao tin nguong d Viet Nam thdi ddi m d i , ma dng gpi no la "hau each mang", da gpi nhieu y tudng Trudc het, theo tac gia ddi song ton giao d Viet Nam horn la de tai hap d i n v i : thd nhdt, cd ly thuyet cho rang, k h i xa hdi phat trien, ton giao se mat d i tinh sdng cdn ciia no Taylor phan tich, thuc chat tdn giao Viet N a m dang hdi sinh, phat trien vdi nhieu chieu hudng m d i , cd nhieu thay ddi tir quan diem nha nude, ngudi dan va tin Thd hai, thdi ky toan cau hda, phai chang Viet Nam la mpt v i du ban sac dan tpc bi de dpa cupc " t i m k i e m tinh hien dai" Thu ha, chii de nghien cdu ndi bat ve ton giao d Viet Nam la mdi quan he giua ton giao va chinh tri ma cong cupc "ddi nun " chac chan dem lai nhieu thay ddi Cu the, tac gia cho rang, sir hdi sinh ciia tdn giao d Viet N a m nhu la sir "phan hdi l a i " nhirng chinh sach ciia nhit nude k h i chuyen ddi nen kinh te T d n giao cd the Iii mpt phan bdi ddp cung nhu dap ung mpt so nhu cau tam linh va tam sinh ly ciia ngudi dan phai ddi dau vdi sir bap benh ciia kinh te thi trudng; Nha nude nhu la ngudi cd quyen quyet dinh hinh thdc ton giao nao nen loai bd, va hinh thirc ton giao nao nen nudi dudng, khuyen So - 2011 NGHIEN CCTU TRAO DOI Tap chi Cong tac Ton giao khich va phat t r i e n ' sang thi trudng Thuc ra, sir •"thuc tinh ton giao" mai chi la dieu kien co tinh tien de ciia sir tai cau hlnh dai song ton giao ma thoi Tat ca thuoc d di6u kien khac, true tiep hon: sir hinh "thi truong ton giao" R d rang dieu cd lien quan den nhirng chinh sach cu the ciia qua trinh "thiet che'hda ton giao" d Trung Qudc nhung thap ky gan day Nhan xet xi dieu nay, D A Palmer viet: "Cac doan the tdn giao yeu nude dugc lap dudi sir bao trg ciia Dang Cdng san Trung Qudc nhung nam 1950 la nhirng hinh thai thiet che hoan toan chua tirng cd ddi vdi ton giao lien quan Chua bao g i d lich sir ma nhirng ngudi theo Phat giao, Dao giao hay H d i giao d Trung Qudc lai ciing hoi tu lai mot to chuc qudc gia nhat (da tiing cd nhieu y lam viec irong thai k y cong hda (1911-1949) song phan ldn deu da that bai) V d van giao phai va nhdm tin chdng ddi da bi budc phai hgp nhat lai va tach minh khdi cac nha thd va hoi truyen giao ngoai qudc T d chirc Cong giao tuan theo cac menh lenh tir Trung Nam Hai chu khong phai tir Vatican" \ I I Sir h i n h t h a n h " t h i t r u d n g ton g i a o " va tac dong ciia no Nhung nam gan day, nghien cuu sir bien chuyen ddi song ton giao d Trung Qudc, cac hoc gia Trung Qudc va nude ngoai da dua khai niem "thi trudng ton giao" rat dang chu y Bat dau tir bai vie't ciia Duong Phuong Cuong cd ten la Thi trudng man sdc ciia ton giao Trung Qudc, dd qua viec nghien ciru sir dieu tiet, quan ly tdn giao ciia Nha nude da dan den sir cau ba thi trudng ton giao: 'Thi trudng dd " gdm cac td chuc, ca nhan hoat dong ton giao "hop phap" (khoang 100 trieu ngudi) "Thi trudng den " la nhung cong ddng ton giao cac td chuc hoat dong tu the "ham tru", bi mat, bat hop phap Nhung cong ddng lai dong dao udc tdi khoang 200 trieu ngudi "Thi trudng xdm " la thi trudng tdn giao cd tinh each "map m d " , nira hop phap, nua bat hop phap, dac biet la nhung cdng ddng tin nguong dan gian va mot so "giao phai" thudc nhieu ton giao ldn vdn duoc cong nhan Cdng ddng cung rat ddng dao, cd the tdi "hang tram trieu n g u d i " Duong Phuong Cuong nhan manh rang: nha nude k h i cd xu hudng mudn han che thi trudng do, tat yeu phai khdng che ngan chan thi trudng den va nhu vay tat yeu se gia tang thi trudng xdm, ma trudng hop Pluip ludn cdng nam 1999-2000 la tieu bieu Mat khac, tac gia ciing cho rang, thuc tien, "thi trudng ton giao bi phan manh", diem then chdt cua chinh sach ton giao d Trung Qudc la phai dieu liet dupe thi trudng xam, dd can thiet phai chuyen dan no So - 2011 dd Tac gia cung phan tich them rang, qua trinh thiet che hda Phat giao, Cong giao, Dao giao, loi giao va Tin lanh d Trung Qudc da tao mdt "cau true hanh chinh" tuong ddi ddng nhat giua truyen thong td chdc cac dan vi san xuat xa hoi chii nghia (tddpi - danwei) vdi cac hinh thiic truyen thong ciia td chuc tang lu Day la nhirng nhan xet diing chu y nhung no khdng thuoc pham vi bai viet Y kien dang chu y ciia Duong Phuong Cuong xi " t r i trudng tdn giao ba mau siic" da dugc Benoit Vermander binh luan va phiin tich them bai viet Suthitc tinh tdn gicio vd su thoat khdi tdn gido d'Trung Qudc hien nav Tac gia bai viet khong chi phan tich sir "thiic tinh tdn giao" d Trung Qudc, xem no nhu mdt dac diem cd tinh khiic biet so vdi tinh hinh cac xa hoi A u - M y , noi ma "sir thoat khdi tdn giao" dugc coi nhu chuan muc ciia tinh hien dai (Marcel Gauchet), ma cdn dua nhan xet rang, chinh sir ddi m d i ciia Chinh phii Trung Qudc chinh sach tdn giao nhat la each thiic cdng nhan cac td chuc tdn giao va bao trg no da trd mdt cdng cu quan trong viec "thiet che l a i " cac td chirc ton giao d NGHIEN CLTU T R A O D O I Tap chi Cong tac Ton giao Trung Quoc co nhung y kien chia se voi nhan dinh tren cua D A Palmer thdi gian dai Nha nude Viet Nam cung chi cong nhan ton giao chi'nh B Vermander dac biet nhan manh hien tuong phat trien manh me ciia dao Tin lanh d Trung Quoc ma ong goi la "mot ton giao dang trdi day" (une religion chinoise en emergence), ddng thdi coi day la hien tuong dang chu y nhai sir thay ddi ciia thi trudng ton giao ciia Trung Qudc hien Tac gia viet: "Nhirng khang dinh ve so tin T i n lanh d Trung Qudc dao dong tir 20 den 130 trieu ngudi Cac quan chuc Trung Qudc dua nhirng so cung khong thong nhat vdi Linh vuc ton giao bao gdm mot tap hop phong phii cac nhdm phai va cac loai hinh quy thuoc (modes d'appartenance), mot cau hinh ma xet cho cimg khong the khong gpi den cau hinh cua cac "tinh van" Dao giao va Phat giao Day la dieu khien cho Tin lanh thuc sir trd mpt ton giao Trung Qudc song sir udc doan it nhieu dang tin cay ve no lai nam ngoai tam vdi ciia cac nha di6u tra va viec tap hpp cac so lieu cung vay" Cung can ndi them rang, viec "thiet che hda ton giao" chinh sach ton giao ciia mpt so nude d Dong Bac A ndi tren quyet dinh kha ldn den sir hinh va phat trien thi trudng tdn giao d khu vuc Tuy vay, day cung khdng phai la dieu d i biet Nghien ciru lich sir T i n lanh M y nira dau the ky X X , ngudi ta cung thay hien tupng "cac H p i b i mat" nhu the M d t cudn sach tra ciru ve cac he phai Tin kinh d M y cho biet: " M d t sir sap xep kha phd bien cac trang bao d cac phd ldn cd the giup ta "phan loai" tinh hinh cac giao hpi b i mat Chang han vdi mdt muc chi'nh cd dau d& ve Methodist hoac Baptist, ed nhung phu de cho thay cite td chirc an dd V i du, vdi muc tir "Methodist" nguoi ta cd the tim thay United methodist Church, A f r i c a n Methodist Episcopal Church va Christian Methodist Episcopal Church A f r i c a n Methodist Episcopal Church va Christian Methodist Episcopal Church thupc ve nhirng giao doan b i mat "* Ve mat dia - ton giao cung nhu dia - chinh tri - ton giao, theo chung toi Viet Nam rat gidng Trung Qudc d chd cac qudc gia thupc khu vuc "thuan nhat ve van hda nhung da nguyen ve tdn giao" ddng thdi la nhirng nude cd xu hudng "the tuc" hon nhieu so vdi cac nude Dong Nam A "rat tdn giao" Trong sir tuong thich deu cd hien tupng "thuc tinh ton giao" va sir bien doi ciia "thi trudng ton giao", nhung sir tdi can hinh ton giao d hai nude cd sir khac biet ldn Theo chiing toi neu "ap dung ly thuyet" ciia Duong Phuong Cuong thi " t h i trudng tdn giao" d Viet Nam cd nhirng diem tuong ddng vdi Trung Qudc (nhu vai trd chii the' ciia nha nude viec dieu tiet tai cau true " t h i trudng tdn giao") nhung d Viet Nam thuc te cimg lam cung chi cd hai thi trudng ton giao la thi trudng dd va thi trudng xdm (it nhai tir trudc 2005) L y do, v i Nha nude Viet N a m khong qua can thiep sau vao ndi bp cac tdn giao khong tao sir ddi lap ciia "hai giao hoi" ddi vdi moi mot ton giao , dii rang mdt Trd lai vdi van de thi tridmg ton giao hdm d khu vuc D o n g Bac A Thuc dieu cung da di6n kha sdm d Han Qudc noi ma, xi co ban, vdn la mpt xa hdi da tdn giao tupng ddng vdi Trung Qud'c hoac Viet Nam Nhung d nude nay, khai niem " t h i trudng ton giao" da xuat hien sdm hon Cudn sach Xd hpi Hdn Qudc hien dai m d i xuat ban tieng Viet cd nhan xet: " L a mpt xa hpi da ton giao, ve co ban, Han Qudc dam bao dupe d muc dp nhat dinh sir tu ton giao V i tu tdn giao dupe dam bao k h i cd nhi6u tdn giao ciing ton tai nen m d i ca nhan cd the lira chpn tdn giao ma minh ung y cai " t h i trudng tdn giao" gidng nhu cd the tir lira chpn hang hda ma minh ung y sieu t h i " Ndi tdm lai, ddi song ton giao d Viet N a m nhirng nam gan day ciing vay K h i ngudi dan da xuat hien kha nang tir lira chpn cac hinh thuc tam linh, tin nguong, ton giao den mot mdc dp nao dd thi thi trudng tdn gido se xuat hien So - 2011 NGHIEN C U l l TRAO DOI Tap chi Cong tac Ton giao I I I " T a i cau h i n h ton g i a o " ( r e c o n f i g u r a t i o n r e i i g i e u x ) : net dac sac ciia sir b i e n c h u y e n d d i song t o n giao d V i e t N a m h i e n / / / / Khdi niem "tdi cdu hinh tdn gido" Khai niem mdi me nghien cuu tinh hien dai va ddi sdng tdn giao dang duoc nhieu hoc gia chau A van dung Theo chiing toi, tdi edit hinh ton gido cd nghia la sir tai cau true ben (les recompositions) the gidi moi ton giao va sir bien ddi ciia cau true cai ton giao, dan den sir bien ddi phuong thue hien dien ciia chiing ddi sdng xa hdi va phap ly; phii hop vdi dieu kien thi trudng ton giao da thay ddi va ban than logic ciia cac tdn giao ciing da bien ddi Dua khai niem ca ban nay, chung toi mudn su phan tich dudi day, cat nghTa ve mat xa hdi hoc ton giao, sir bien ddi can ban ciia cai ton gido d Viet Nam hien va nhirng he qua phap ly ciia no Can ndi them rang, xay sir tdi cdu hinh tdn gido, cung cd nghTa la ddi sdng ton giao d qudc gia ay da phai tra ldi nhirng van de ciia tinh hien dai, ciing nhu ly giai nhirng he luan ciia xu the da nguyen hda Trong trudng hop ddi song tdn giao d Viet Nam, can nhac them rang, vai trd chii the ciia nha nude la het siic quyet dinh Tdi cdu hinh ddi song ton gido d Viet Nam hien dan den nhirng he luan tdn giao va xa hoi nhu the nao? Dudi day chiing tdi se de cap den mot so bieu hien ca ban: 111.2 Tdc ddng thu nhdt: phuong khau hpc tdn gido dien nhan Day la he qua dau tien dt nhan biet nhat ciia sir tai cau hinh tdn giao d Viet Nam nhirng nam gan day K h i cong bd so lieu ve ton giao nam 2001, vdi tdn giao dugc cong nhan, ngudi ta dua mdt "con so trdn trTnh", Viet Nam cd 15 trieu tin cac tdn giao Con sd dugc thay ddi kha "dot ngdt": vao nam 2003, lan dau tien Ban T d n giao Chinh phii cong b d so 20 trieu tin cac tdn giao (Phat giao tir trieu 10 trieu; T i n lanh 50 van; Cao Dai 2.4 trieu, Cdng giao tuong ddi dn dinh vdi 5.7 trieu ) Hai, ba nam nay, nhan khau hoc ton giao d Viet Nam thuc sir thay ddi dot bien Nha nude da nang so ton giao dugc cong nhan len so 13 vdi 32 td chuc ton giao Dudi day la sd lieu thong ke so lieu cac tdn giao tinh den thang nam 201! Stt Ten td chirc t o n giao Sd t i n Phat giao Cdng giao 10.000.000 6.100.000 42.000 20.000 15.500 6.000 Tin lanh 1.500.000 3.000 500 Cao D a i 2.471.000 12.722 1.331 Phat giao Hda Hao 1.260.000 2.579 39 H d i giao 72.732 700 77 Baha'i 7.000 T u A n Hieu NghTa 70.000 409 78 Bim Son K y Huong 15.000 19 10 Tinh dd Cu sT Phat hdi 1.500.000 4.800 206 11 Phat dudng M i n h su dao 11.124 300 54 12 M i n h ly Tam tong mieu 1.058 72 13 Balamdn 54.068 158 37 So - 2011 So chirc sac So ctf sd t h d tir G h i chii Tin lanh: 2000 diem nhdm dugc dang ky hoat ddng va 10 td chdc duoc cdng nhan; chuc sac chii yeu tir phong (Ngudn: Ban Tdn gido Chinh phii, 2011) NGHIEN CUU T R A O OOI Tap chi Cong tac Ton giao May nhan dinh: - Tlui nhat, mac du Viet N a m thuc su la mot xa hoi da ton giao nhung den Viet Nam van la mot xa" hoi so dong "khong co ton giao" (khoang c ) Mac du dan so ton giao co tang kha nhanh tu 1999 den ( d thai diem nam 1999 ti le d muc 75%) van ngudi Cong giao nhieu chuc sac Phat giao va Tin lanh da di cu vao Nam Nhung nam gan day, rieng T i n lanh cd su bien dong dia ton giao cue bo: Tay Nguyen va mot phan Tay Biic lai trd nhirng trung tam cua "Tin lanh Viet N a m " , ben canh khu vuc Ddng bang Nam Bp - Thd hai, T i n lanh la ton giao co su tang truong dot bien III.3 Tdc ddng thu hai: tdi can hinh trudng tdn gido " - Thu ha, phuong dien nhan khau hoc da cho thay mot phuong dien cua tdi cdu liinli ion gido: tren cong luan tir "ton giao" von chi bieu thi thuc tai ton giao so da la 13 (khong ke da co 32 to chuc ton giao da dugc cong nhan) Neu nhu trudc nam 2005, cai tdn giao, ndi mot each khac la mot he thong ton giao d Viet N a m vdn tir lau dugc hieu la sir hien dien ciia tdn giao chinh V d i su cong nhan ciia Nha nude cac ton giao cac td chuc tdn giao ndi tren su tai cau hinh thi trudng ton giao d Viet N a m dugc dien vdi nhung dac tinh sau day: f - Thu tu, dieu tra dan so hoc ton giao a Viet Nam cung chua phan anh duoc tinh da dang cua dai song ton giao gia dinh, tuong quan giua cac ton giao ve mat dia ton giao Vaii di so luong tin Phat giao van la van de noi com Co nhieu thong tin khac Chang han n h u website chuyen ve du lich Vietnam Paradise Travel cho rang, 70% dan so Viet N a m theo dao Phat hoac chiu anh huong sau dam nhung hanh su ciia Phat giao (70% Buddhist or strongly influenced by Buddhist practices) Nhieu tai lieu ciia Giao hoi Phat giao Viet N a m cho rang, it nhat a Viet Nam hien co khoang 20 trieu tin Bao chi Viet Nam m o i day da cong bo chii truong "phat the tin d o " cho cac phat tir ca nuac - Thd nam, vi ilia ton giao: M o t nhan dinh quan ve dia ton giao d Viet Nam hien qua cac sd lieu tren: mot la mien Nam Viet N a m la diem ciia van di tdn giao it nhat ve mat nhan khau hoc; hai la, vdi tdn giao chii yeu la Phat giao, Cdng giao va Tin lanh khu vuc N a m Bd ciing van la diem ciia cac ton giao L u u y rang, cudc d i cu vao N a m , sau Hiep dinh Gioneva (7-1954) la mdt dau mdc dao Ion dia tdn giao d Viet N a m k h i ma gan 80 10 "thi Tint nhdt, viec cong nhan them nhieu tdn giao m d i , khien cho he thong tdn giao d Viet Nam cd sir thay ddi dau tien dd la: cac ton giao ban dia ton giao nhdm nhd vdi tinh each dia phuong rd ret dugc cong nhan vi phap ly nhu trudng hgp: T u A n Hieu Nghia, Biru San K i huong, Phat dudng M i n h Su dao, M i n h L y tam tdng m i e u Tlui hai, so cac ton giao m d i dugc cdng nhan ay, cd nhirng tdn giao ve loai hinh dugc coi la "ton giao m d i " , theo tieu chi tdn giao hoc, vdn rat k h d dugc cong nhan xi phap ly nhu trudng hgp ciia dao Baha'i (cd the cd mpt, hai ton giao khac cung thudc loai nay, nhung chiing toi khong di cap d day, x i n danh cho mpt chii de khac) Thu ha, he thong ton giao "dupe thira nhan" d Viet Nam cang lam rd dac tinh xi dia ton giao: Nam Bp Tay Nguyen, Nam Trung B p la nhirng khu vuc dam dac ve ton giao (so lupng va loai hinh) nhai d Viet N a m 7/7.4 Tdc ddng thu mdi tdn gido ba: tdi cdu true ben Sir thay ddi ciia tdi cdu hinh ton gido tac ddng khong deu den cau true ciia m d i tdn giao Ciing gidng nhu d Trung Qudc, sir thay ddi dac biet quan ddi vdi trudng hpp dao T i n lanh So - 20 J J Tap chi Cong tac Ton giao Dao Tin lanh nhirng nam gan day cung la tieu bieu cho sir tac dong vai tro ciia nha nude viec "thiet che hoa" ton giao, da tao nen sir tai cau tnic ben ciia dao rat phong phii, tieu bieu Truoc nam 2007, khai niem "dao Tin lanh" voi da so ngudi Viet Nam chi la H o i cung mpt goc: Tong Hpi T i n lanh Viet Nam (mien Bac) so Ngo Tram, Ha N p i , cong nhan 1957 va Tdng Lien hpi H p i Tin lanh Viet Nam (mien Nam), cong nhan 2001, d 155 Tran Hung Dao, TP H C M Tiep tuc chinh sach ddi m d i ve ton giao, nam gan day, cac cap chinh quyen va co quan quan ly ton giao Viet Nam da lan lupt cong nhan he phai nua: H p i truyen giao Co ddc Viet Nam (2007) Hdi Lien huu Co ddc (2007) Giao hoi Co ddc Phuc lam Viet N a m (2008) Tdng hdi Baptit Viet Nam (2008) H d i T i n lanh Trudng lao Viet Nam (2008) Hpi Bap tit Nam phuong (2008) Hpi Phuc am Ngu tuan Viet Nam (2009) Hpi Chiing nhan Jehovah (2009) H d i Menonite Viet N a m (2009) Ndi ve sir kien ay, tdi da nhan manh "khai niem "dao T i n lanh d Viet N a m " da cd sir thay ddi thirc sir N d i theo ngdn ngu xa hdi hpc, tdn giao la da cd sir tai cau hinh, phan anh diing dan ban chat da nguyen ciia ton giao nay" Ve phuong dien phap ly, Chi thi 01 (dau 2005) vdi chii truong "cdng nhan trpn gdi", da m d cho "the gidi Tin lanh" d nude ta mpt kha nang chua tung cd ve tu each phap nhan ciia toi ca cac he phai, khdng chi la cau chuyen ciia Tin lanh C M A , he phai " T i n lanh chinh thong" da trdn 100 tudi So - 2011 NGHIEN CLfU TRAO 0 N h u vay ve dai the budc d i hdm ciia T i n lanh Viet N a m cung tuong ddng vdi nhung nguoi anh em ciia hp thudc nhieu luc dia, nhieu k h u vuc Chung ta cung biet rang nhung thap k y gan day, tren the gidi da va dang cd sir "tai cau true ben the gidi T i n l a n h " n h u c h u dung ciia J.P W i l l a i m e " Tac gia cho rang, the g i d i T i n lanh hdm dang cd chieu hudng tang dan tam quan ciia loai hinh T i n lanh Phuc am va T i n lanh ngu tuan D d n g thoi cung la luc giam dan vai trd ciia T i n lanh "dupe thiet lap" da trd nen lac hau vdi tien trinh hien dai hda Theo nhung gpi y n h u the, chung toi cung mudn ndi them rang, the gidi T i n lanh d nude ta, chii yeu thupc he thong T i n lanh Phiic am da va dang cd sir thay ddi can ban ve tai cau true ben cung nhu sir hien dien ciia no d o i song xa hdi, quan he vdi nha nude, dan tdc Chung tdi chi neu tac ddng ddi vdi dao T i n lanh, phan v i sir bien ddi ciia tdn giao khoang hai thap k y gan day, hoan toan cd the' coi dd la mdt nhirng hien tupng tdn giao ndi bat nhai V d i nhieu tdn giao khac, so cac tdn giao m d i dupe cdng nhan, it hoac nhieu cung cd in dau ciia sic tdi cdu true ben Chang han, dupe cdng nhan, nhieu ton giao thupc loai hinh "ton giao nhdm n h d " nhu Phat dudng Minh su dao Minh Ly Turn tdng mieu hoac dao Baha 7, vdi so lupng tin it d i , nhung sir hien dien xa hdi ciia chung, hay cai tdn giao ciia chung da cd sir thay ddi ldn, ca ve mat xa hdi va phap ly I V N h i r n g t h a c h t h d c ve p h a p ly Day la van de rat thdi sir va m d i me Y kien ciia chung tdi dudi day cd the chi xem nhu nhung "gia thiet nghien ciru" Sau day la mdt so van de cu the IV Mdt he ludn the tuc vdi md hinh nhd nude Trong nhung nghien cuu trudc day, chung tdi da khiing d j n h rang, Nha nude Viet Nam tren thirc te da lira chpn m d hinh (thu ba), md li NGHIEN CUU TRAO D O I Tap chi Cong tac Ton giao hinh nhd nude tlie tuc itu tien cho sitda dang, ve ca ban la diing dan va phu hgp Chung toi cung da co nhan xet rang, truac nam 2005, mot thai gian dai k h i xay dung m o hinh nha nuac the tuc ay, Viet Nam da co "mot mon ng phap l y " la, k h i cong nhan tdn giao chi'nh vi nhieu ly chii quan va khach quan, da xem nhe ve phap ly "ton cac ton giao lai" Chi thi 01 (2005) da bu dap ca ban cho thieu hut 12 Van di horn la ve phuong dien phap ly, cac td chuc tdn giao duoc cdng nhan (vdi hai cap dd " c d t u each phap nhan" va "duoc dang k y hoat dong") se cdn bien difin nhu the nao? So lugng cac tdn giao dugc thua nhan ndi cho ciing la so n so hoc Ngay hien cung da va dang cd nhirng y kien tranh luan, 12 (hay 13) cac ton giao duoc thua nhan la nhieu hay Id sd thich hap? Theo chiing tdi, sir "tai cau hinh ton giao" da cho thay, viec lira chon m o hinh da nguyen ve ton gido khien Nha nude rd rang phai chap nhan so n ndi tren Van de la d chd quyen han phap ly, sir hien dien ciia cac td chirc tdn giao ay cung nhu iing xir vdi "nhung ton giao cdn l a i " cho phii hop vdi m o hinh da lira chon m d i la nhirng van de cd tinh quyet dinh IV.2 Ve the thuc tdn gido N.2.1 cdng May kinh nghiem nhan cdc to chuc Au - My Tdng ket nhirng kinh nghiem cong nhan cac td chdc tdn giao cac xa hoi A u M y , E Caparros va L L e o n Christians, da khai quat dang thuc cu the sau day: Viec cdng nhan mang tinh hien dinh doe lap (La reconnaissance constitutionnelle de I'autonomie) ven cue id chdc tdn gido Cai dac biet ciia dang thuc d chd, nha nude thuc sir khdng can thiep vao m o i van de noi bd ciia cac tdn giao, tdn tinh tir chii ciia chiing nhung gia tri ciia tu each phap nhan lai khdng gidng Chang han, vdi Giao hdi Cdng giao, k h i thirc hien Luat Phan Ly hoan toan giua Giao hdi va Nha nude van giu tu each phap nhan cua minh theo luat 12 cdng (droit public) k h i dd cac cong ddng tdn giao, tin nguong khac lai hudng phap nhan theo quy che cua luat dan sir (droit civil) Viec cdng nhan cdc thoa udc qudc te bdng dudng ciia Cd the ndi che thoa udc (Concordataire) ' la mot ddng gdp quan ciia luat phap ton giao Chau A u k h i giai quyet van di K i - t d giao Cho den nhung thap k i gan day, che dd van td cdn tac dung vdi hang loat van ban dugc k y giua Toa Vatican va cac nude n h u Italia, Tay Ban Nha, Bd Dao Nha, Ba L a n , v.v Vice cdng nhan tu each phap nhan bdng dudng ddng ky: mdt dang thuc cd tinh phd bien va thich hgp Viec cong nhan cac td chuc tdn giao theo phuong thuc dang k y xem phii hop trudc het vdi m o i qudc gia cd he thd'ng luat phd thong (droit c o m m u n ) Tir than he thong luat A n h - M y ( C o m m o n L a w ) da ham chua each thuc dat dugc tu each phap nhan ton giao Phia cac ton giao, khdng chi cd ddi hdi dugc dang k y tuc la duoc hudng sir giam sat tu phap (controle Judiciaire) ma cdn ddi hdi su cdng quydn hoa (formalisation publique) sir tdn tai ciia m i n h T i n h phuc tap cua viec dang k y , trudc het d chd: td chuc ton giao la nhung thirc the phuc tap, nhat la cac tdn giao truyen thong, vdi giao hdi ca cau, cd k h i mang tinh toan cau hoac ngugc lai, nhirng tdn giao nhdm nhd, da nguyen ve ca cau td chuc M d t ca sd n h i n nhan khac, k h i thuc hien viec dang k y cac td chuc ton giao cac xa hdi hien dai duoc coi n h u nhung td chuc nhan dao (di lien vdi viec mien mot so khoan thue, hoac giam thue, hai dieu l g i dang ke cho cac td chuc ton giao) du khdng phai m o i hoat ddng tdn giao dem khdng cd muc dich sinh l g i ' Gan day hon, nha nghien ciru luat phap tdn giao ndi tieng ciia Phap va chau A u , So - 2011 Tap chi Cong tac Ton giao F.Messner da "torn tat" ba dang thdc cong nhan cac td chdc ton giao mdt each thuyet phuc hon Trong dd, F.Messner da ddi chieu cac m d hinh nha nude the tuc vdi viec van dung ba the thuc cong nhan cac td chdc ton giao ndi tren Ong cung cho ban doc nhung kinh nghiem cua Cong ddng chau A u , vdi hai "toa an ve ton giao" da dung dd vdi nhung van de phap l y nhu the nao k h i thuc thi viec cong nhan cac td chuc ton giao thuc tien da dang ciia cac nude vien 15 IV.2.2 Buy gid cluing la hay xem vice cdng nhan 13 td chuc ton gido dViet Nam dd dien nhu the nao Trudc het la su khac biet giua cac cap cd tham quyen cong nhan cac td chuc ton giao Van ban phap ly cho thay, loai td chuc ton giao dugc cong nhan trudc 2005 nhu sau: Thii tudng Chinh phii cdng nhan 03 td chuc: - Tdng hoi H d i T i n lanh Viet Nam (mien Bac): 1958; Giao hoi Cdng giao Viet Nam: 1980; Giao hoi Phat giao Viet Nam: 1981 Quyet dinh so 83/BT 29/12/1981 ciia Hoi ddng Bd trudng ve viec kip Giao hdi Phat giao Viet N a m Ban Tdn giao Chinh phii cdng nhan cac td chuc ton giao (thua liy quyen cua Thii tudng Chinh phii): 09 td chuc: - Hoi Cao Dai Tien Thien: 1995 Quyet dinh so 51/QD-TGCP 29-71995 ve viec cdng nhan tu each phap nhan ciia H d i Cao D a i Tien Nhien; - H d i Cao Dai M i n h Chon dao Hau Giang: 1996 Quyet dinh so 39 Q D / T G C P 02-81996 ve viec cdng nhan t u each phap nhan ciia H d i Cao D a i M i n h Chon dao Hau giang; - Giao hdi D a i dao Tam k y Phd dd Cao Dai Tay Ninh: 1996 Quyet dinh so 10 Q D / T G C P 24-9So - 2011 NGHIEN CLTU TRAO DOI 1996 ve viec cdng nhan t u each phap nhan cua Giao h d i D a i dao Tam k y Phd dd Cao D a i Tay N i n h ; - H d i Truyen giao Cao D a i : 1996 Quyet dinh so 40 Q D / T G C P 24-91996 vi viec cong nhan t u each phap nhan cua H d i Truyen giao Cao D a i ; - Giao hdi H d i Cao D a i Ban Chinh dao: 1997 Quyet dinh so 26 Q D / T G C P 08-81997 ve viec cong nhan t u each phap nhan ciia Giao hoi H o i Cao Dai Ban Chinh dao; - H o i Cao Dai Chon ly: 2000 Quyet dinh so 16/2000/QD-TGCP 14-3-2000 ve viec cdng nhan td chuc va hoat dong cua H o i Cao D a i Chon l y ; - H d i Cao Dai Cau K h o - Tam Quan: 2000 Quyet dinh so 199/2000/QD-TGCP 28-4-2000 ve viec cdng nhan td chuc va hoat ddng cua H d i Cao D a i Cau K h o - Tam Quan - Ban D a i dien Phat giao Hda Hao (nay la Ban tri su Trung uong Phat giao Hda Hao): 1999 Quyet dinh so / Q D / T G C P 11-61999 ve viec cong nhan td chuc va hoat ddng ciia Ban Dai dien Phat giao Hda Hao - Tdng Lien hoi H o i Tin lanh Viet Nam (mien Nam): 2001 Quyet d i n h so 15 Q D / T G C P 16-32001 ve viec cdng nhan t u each phap nhan cua H d i T i n lanh Viet N a m (mien Nam); U B N D tinh, p h d true thudc Trung uong cdng nhan td chuc tdn giao: 04 td chuc: - Ban D a i dien cdng ddng H d i giao Thanh phd H d C h i M i n h : 1992 Quyet dinh so / Q D - U B 07-011992 ciia U B N D p h d ve viec cdng nhan danh sach cac vien Ban D a i dien cdng 13 NGHIEN CLTU TRAO OOI dong H o i giao Thanh H o C h i M i n h ; - H o i Cao D a i Chieu M i n h L o n g Chau: 1996 Quvet dinh so 1562/QD.CT.HC.96 27-7-1996 ciia Chu tich U B N D tinh Can T h o ve viec cong nhan t u each phap nhan ciia H o i Cao D a i Chieu M i n h Long Chau; - H o i Cao D a i Bach y Lien doan Chon ly: 1998 Quyet dinh sd / T B - U B 08-7-1998 ciia U B N D tinh Kien Giang ve viec cong nhan tu each phap nhan td chuc H d i Bach y Lien doan Chon l y ; - Ban Dai dien cdng ddng H d i giao tinh A n giang: 2004 Quyet d i n h so 7 / Q D - C t U B 1712-2004 cua Chii tich U B N D tinh A n Giang ve viec chap thuan ket qua D a i h o i dai bieu Hdi giao tinh A n G i a n g lan I nhiem k y 2004-2007 T u k h i cd C h i thi 01/2005 den nay, viec cdng nhan cac td chuc tdn giao dieh nhu sau: Loai td chuc ton giao Ban T d n giao Chinh phii cap Giay chung nhan dang ky hoat dong hoac cong nhan vi to chuc, bao gdm: - H o i Truyen giao Co ddc Viet Nam, dang k y 01-9-2006 (Gia'y chiing nhan so 146/2006/GCN-TGCP); cdng nhan 2210-2007 (Quyet dinh so 175/QD-TGCP); - Tinh cu si Phat hoi Viet N a m , dang ky 01-9-2006 (Giay chung nhan so 147/GCN-TGCP); cdng nhan 27-112007 (Quyet dinh so 207/QD-TGCP); - Giao hoi Co ddc Phuc lam Viet Nam, dang ky 18-12-2006 (Gia'y chung nhan so 215/2006/GCN-TGCP); cong nhan 04-12-2008 (Quyet dinh so 235/QD-TGCP); - Tdng hoi Bap-tit Viet Nam ( A n dien Nam phuong), dang kv 18-12-2006 (Gia'y chung nhan so 214/2006/GCN-TGCP); cdng nhan ngav 07-5-2008 (Quyet dinh so 109/QD-TGCP); 14 Tap chi Cong tac Ton giao - Cong ddng Bahah d Viet N a m , dang ky 28-2-2007 (Gia'y chung nhan so 105/TGCP): cong nhan 14-7-2008 (Quyet dinh so 150/QD-TGCP); - Giao hoi Phat dudng N a m tong M i n h su dao, dang k y 17-8-2007 (Giay chung nhan so 694/GCN-TGCP); cong nhan 01-10-2008 (Quyet dinh so 196/QD-TGCP); - M i n h ly dao Tam tong mieu, dang ky 17-8-2007 (Gia'y chung nhan so 693/GCN-TGCP); cong nhan 01-102008 (Quyet dinh so 195/QD-TGCP); - H d i Bap-tit V i e t N a m ( N a m phuong), dang k y 26-9-2007 (Gia'y c h d n g nhan so / G C N - T G C P ) ; cdng nhan - - 0 ( Q u y e t d i n h sd 199/QD-TGCP); - H o i Mennonite Viet N a m , dang ky 26-9-2007 (Gia'y chung nhan so 811/GCN-TGCP); cdng nhan 05-022009 (Quyet dinh so 12/2009/QD-TGCP); - H o i T i n lanh Trudng lao Viet Nam, dang k y 05-10-2007 ( Gia'y chung nhan so 843/GCN-TGCP); cong nhan 04/12/2008 (Quyet dinh so 234/QD-TGCP); - H o i L i e n huu Co ddc Viet Nam, dang k y 05-10-2007 (Gia'y chung nhan so 844/GCN-TGCP); cdng nhan 14-62010 (Quyet dinh sd 84/2010/QD-TGCP); Loai td chuc tdn giao U y ban Nhan dan, Ban T o n giao, Sd N d i V u cac tinh cap dang ky hoat dong ton giao va cdng nhan vd td chdc, bao gdm: - Dao T u A n Hieu NghTa, B T G A n Giang cap dang k y 04-8-2006 (Gia'y chung nhan so / G C N - T G T ) ; U B N D tinh A n Giang cong nhan 16-6-2010 (Quyet dinh so 1114/QD-UBND); - H o i ddng Su ca H d i giao Bani tinh N i n h Thuan B T G N i n h T h u a n chap thuan lap 06-9-2006 (Cong van so 150/BTG-VP); U B N D tinh N i n h Thuan cdng nhan 01-10-2007 (Quyet dinh so 4106/QD-UBND); So - 2011 NGHIEN CQU TRAO DOI Tap chi Cong tac Ton giao - Ban Dai dien (lam thai) cong ddng Islam tinh Tay N i n h U B N D tinh Tay Ninh cong nhan 30-12-2008 (Cong van so 4400/UBND-VXNV); - Dao Bun Son K y Huang: Tay A n cd tir, xa NghTa Thanh, huyen Chau Due, tinh Ba Ria V u n g Tau, Ban T o n giao va Dan tdc tinh cap dang k y 05-9-2007 (Giay chung nhan so / G C N - T G D T ) ; Sd N o i vu cong nhan 25-3-2009 (Quyet d i n h so 581/QD-SNV) Qua tu lieu chinh thdc tren day ciia Ban Tdn giao Chinh phii, cd the nhan xet rang, viec cong nhan cac td chuc ton giao d Viet Nam hien nay, pham vi chii the' cong nhan la chua cd su quy chuan thong nhat Mot "tdn giao m d i dugc cong nhan" cd k h i cap cong nhan lai thap hon nhung he phai cua mdt ton giao khac, k h i nhung he phai dd lai dugc cap tham quyen cao hon cdng nhan Ddng thai, hai mdc phap ly "cong nhan t u each phap nhan" va "dugc dang k y hoat d o n g " cung chua thuc sir cd quy chuan phap ly chat che thong nhat P/.2.3 Van de "the nhan" ton gido va "phap nhan" Day la mot phuong dien phap ly quan ddi vdi cac td chuc cung nhu vdi ca nhan ton giao Dieu cung cd lien quan chat che vdi viec cdng nhan cac td chuc ton giao Thong thudng, luat phap qudc te cd sir phan biet rd rang giua cac the nhan (les personnes physiques) va cac phap nhan (les personnes juridique), nghia la chii the quyen loi (les subjets de droits) ca ban thudng dugc nha nude bao hd ve quyen lgi cho cac ca nhan xa hoi va cac hdi doan the - xa hoi hay doan the dugc phap luat cdng nhan v d i d i i t u each phap ly de lam chii the cac quyeh l g i Han the nua, cac phap nhan vd'n cd nhieu loai V d i van de cac td chdc tdn giao, theo thong le, chii yeu thudc linh vuc phap nhan t u phap (les pesonnes morales de droit prive) Cac loai phap nhan chii yeu nganh tu So7 - 2011 phap thudng gdm: cac hoi - xa hoi (les societes) nhu cac hdi dan sir, hdi budn ; cac hiep hpi (les associations) ma dac tinh chii yeu la khong vu l g i , hudng vao cac muc tieu van hoa, ton giao, t u thien Trong thuc tidn ddi sdng tdn giao d Viet N a m , nhat la trudc nam 2005, nhieu to chuc tdn giao, tin cac tdn giao ay k h i chua dugc "cdng nhan" (ve ca ban hp thupc ve thi trudng xam ma chung tdi da phan tich d phan tren) thudng van dung quyeh the nhan ton giao, sinh hoat tai gia dinh hoac cdng ddng vdi quyen phap ly han che Hien van di lai la, vdi 13 td chuc ton giao dupe cong nhan da cd sir thong nhat hay chua giua quyen the nhan va quyen phap nhan? Dieu di thay la phan ldn cac td chuc ton giao d Viet N a m , du dupe cdng nhan cung chua thuc sir cd day d i i quyen " t u each phap nhan" ve tdn giao L y don gian la hien he thong phap l y , cac bp luat cd lien quan den ddi sdng ton giao (nhat la Luat Dan sir) chua he cd sir quy dinh chd dung cho cac td chuc ton giao Hoac Luat Giao due, chi cho phep cac td chdc ton giao hoat ddng linh vuc "tien phd t h o n g " Giai quyet m d i quan he giua the nhan va phap nhan luat phap ton giao d Viet Nam, theo chung tdi hien la mdt nhirng van de phap ly quan nhat Tren day la mpt so van de dat ve phuong dien phap ly ddi vdi ddi sdng ton giao d Viet N a m k h i no dupe "tai cau hinh" D i nhien cdn cd nhung van de khac, nhirng bai vie't khdng the d i i kha nang bao chua Ket luan D d i sdng tdn giao d Viet N a m nhirng nam gan day da hpi du nhirng dien kien de xuat hien mdt " t h i trudng tdn giao", tuong ddng vdi nhieu nude khu vuc La mpt qudc gia ma sir da dang ve tdn giao da va dang the hien rd ret vdi nhieu chieu kich Ciing vdi viec chuyen ddi nen kinh te thi trudng, m d cua hdi nhap cung nhu sir ddi m d i ve dudng ldi chinh sach tdn giao, sir "thdc 15 NGHIEN CUU TRAO OOI tinh ton giao" Viet N a m cung the' hien rat r5 net dai sdng tinh than, xa hdi cua ca nhan va cong ddng V i the su xuat hien cua "thi trudng tdn giao" la tat yeu, no cung tao kha nang de mot bo phan ngudi Viet N a m tu thi den thon que t u vung ddng bang ven bien den vung cao cd the lira chon cho minh nhu cau ton giao can thiet Day cung la ca hpi xuat hien hien tupng cai dao (convertir) kha rd net nhung nam gan day D d i m d i dudng ldi chinh sach ton giao dac biet la sir m d rpng viec cong nhan cac ton giao cung nhu cac to chuc ton giao - ve khach quan da tao mpt su "thiet che hda ton giao" - da gdp phan quyet dinh tao nen hien tupng "tai cau h i n h " ddi sdng tdn giao Sir kien tdn giao quan da m d hai chieu kich: thd nhdt, vdi nhiSu ton giao da cd su tdi cdu tnic hen trong, thay ddi the gidi ciia cac ton giao ay, tieu bieu la trudng hpp dao Tin lanh; thd hai, d tang vT m d , sir "tai cau h i n h " da khien cho cai ton gido cung thay d d i can ban Khai niem phap ly cai tdn gido dupe m d rpng, khien cho sir hien dien ciia ton giao ndi chung xa hpi cung nhu cac m d i quan he chinh tri, van hda xa h p i vdi tdn giao cung trd nen phong phu, da dang va phuc tap hon Tdi cdu liinli din sdng tdn gido cung dan den nhung he luan m d i me, tham chi cd tinh thach ddi vdi he thong phap ly cd lien quan den van de ton giao Cd le day la thai diem ma Nha nude can tiep tuc cd nhung giai phap sau sac va toan dien hon nhieu ITnh vuc phap ly lien quan den viec tiep tuc hoan thien m d hinh nhit nude the tuc, phuong thdc cdng nhan cac td chuc tdn giao hay ndi chung la can cd mpt Luat phap nhan tdn gido Dii day cung la nhung thach thdc ciia sir phat trien ciia sir d d i m d i dudng ldi chinh sach ton giao da di viio chieu sau va mat khac cung dang ddng trudc nhirng ca hdi m d i nhu dudng l d i chinh sach tdn giao m i l Dai hdi Dang Cong san Viet Nam lan thd X I vua qua da chi ro Trong N g h i quyet cd khiing dinh dudng hudng tiep tuc hoiin thien chinh 16 Tap chi Cong tac Ton giao sach ddi m d i ve tdn giao, hoan thien luat phap tdn g i a o Tir khoa - Su thdc tinh ton gido (reveil reiigieux): Thuat n g u xa hdi hpc ton giao m d ta hien tupng "tam thdc tdn giao, tin nguong quay t r d l a i " vdi nhi£u bp phan dan chung, ca nhan d cac nude xa hpi chu nghia k h i cd sir dieu chinh "he tu tudng vd thiin", tao mpt khong gian tain linh, tu ton giao cdi m d hon - Thi trudng ton gido (marche religieuse): Thuat ngu de chi trang thai dan chung mdt qudc gia da xuiit hien kha nang tir lira chpn cac hinh thdc tam linh, tin nguong, ton giao den mdt mdc dp kha cao, cung nhu kha nang cai dao da t r d phd bien - Tdi cdu trite hen interne): (recomposition Thuat ngu chi sir bien ddi cau true ndi tai cua mpt tdn giao, khien cho cai the gidi npi tai cua no trd nen khac trudc - Tdi edit hinh ddi song tdn gido figuration re I igie ux) : (recon- La mpt phdc the cua "cai ton giao" k h i cd sir tdi cdu trite hen the gidi m d i ton giao va sir bien ddi he thong tdn giao dupe cdng nhan ve mat phap ly, dan den sir bien ddi phuong thuc hien dien cua chung ddi sdng xa hdi cung n h u sir thay ddi m d i quan he cua Nha nude vdi cac Giao hdi, phu hop vdi sir bien ddi cua thi trudng tdn g i a o Chu thich: Xem Phillip Taylor, Modernity and Re-enhantment in Post-revolutionary Vietnam, 2007, p.7-15 Xem bai cua Duong Phupng Cuong (Feng Gang Yang): Thi trudng ba mau sdc ton giao ciia Trung Qudc, nguyen ban tieng Trung dupe dang tai tren Tap chi Xa hoi hoc, so 47, 2006, tr 93122 Trong cuoc Hpi thao qudc te Ton giao va Phap quyen d Dong Nam A - tiep tuc thao luan, cua Vien Nghien cuu Ton giao td chuc tai Ha Noi thang 11-2007; nha nghien cuu Luu Banh bai: Cac van de ton giao ciia Trung Qudc (nguven ban tieng Anh) cung da gan nhu gidi thieu tinh Sd 7-2011 Tap chi Cong tac Ton giao hinh "thi truong ton gicio" theo each phan tich cua Duong Phuong Cuong Dong thai Luu Banh ciing phan tich ro hon ve so lieu tin cac ton giao thuoc ba thi trudng ay ddng thdi ong nhan manh "su ludng phan: su ciing ton tai hai giao hoi" nhieu ton giao ldn d Trung Qudc hien nay, mot phan chinh viec Chi'nh phu Trung Qudc da no luc va kien tri chi'nh sach lap cac "Giao hoi yeu nude" Chi'nh phu true tiep bao trp Xem David A Palmer, Les danwei religieuses L'institutionalisation de la religion en Chine populate, (tam dich: Cac td dpi ton giao Thiet che hda ton giao d nude Cpng hda nhan dan Trung Hoa hien nay); Tap chi Perspectives, No 4-2009, Paris, p.21-22 Benoit Vermander, nguyen ban tieng Phap Reveil reiigieux et sortie de la religion en Chine contemporaine; Perspertive, No 4-2009, Paris, p.4-17 Tuong tu nhu nhan xet tren, bai vie't Les danwei religieuses: L'institutionnalisation de la religion en Chine populaire cua David A Palmer, Tap chi Perspective, so da dan, p 19-33, tac gia phan tich sau sac hon su "hpp phap hda" cac td chuc tdn giao d Trung Qud'c theo chi'nh sach cua Chinh phii da trd mdt cdng cu phap ly quan lam thay ddi cau hinh ddi sdng tdn giao d Trung Qud'c va cac he luan ciia no Benoit Vermander, Reveil reiigieux et sortie de la religion en Chine contemporaine; Perspertive, bai da dan, p 10 Chia se nhan dinh quan nhieu nha nghien cuu ve Tin lanh Trung Qudc nhu Don Snow da de xuat phan loai cac nhom dia phuong phan ldn thudc thi trudng den va xam gdm loai: a) Nhirng Hdi dia phuong cd dang ki vdi Tin lanh "tam tu lap", tu tri va chinh thd'ng; b) Cac giao doan cd dang ky hop phap song khdng tap hpp lai mdt Hoi thanh, mot nha thd cu the ma la ton tai nhung dia diem va cau true to chuc khac; c) Cac nhdm van giu nguyen ten Hpi nude ngoai (chang han Evantist Seventh day), hay tu nguyen mang ten gpi Trung Qudc, cd diing ky dia diem sinh hoat ton giao vdi ca quan quan ly dia phuong; d) Cac "Hdi tai gia", phan ldn tai cac phd ma hp khdng can sir cdng nhan ciia Hdi Tin lanh yeu nude; e) Cac nhdm phai Tin lanh d ndng thon, phan ldn khong dang So 7- 2011 NGHIEN CUU TRAO 0 ki, hdn tap Day ciing la van de xa hdi hpc ton giao Tin lanh dupe nhieu nha nghien cuu Trung Qudc hien chii tam Khong cd vf du nao sinh dpng han Sac lenh 234 (1955) ve tdn giao ciia Chinh phii Ho Chi Minh, dd ghi rd, dd'i vdi Cdng giao Viet Nam, Chinh phii hoan toan tdn quan he ciia ho vdi Toa Vatican Handbook of Denominations in the United State, Nxb Abingdon, Press, 1995, p.28 '• Xem cudn, Xa hdi Han Qud'c hien dai, Giao trinh Han Qud'c hpc ciia Dai hpc Qud'c gia Seoul, ban dich, Nxb Dai hoc Qud'c gia Hii Ndi, 2008, tr.185 10 Sau nhirng chuyen di Viet Nam nam 2005 va 2007, lam viec d Vien Nghien cuu Tdn giao d Ha Ndi, GS J.P Willaime cd viet it nhieu ve nhdm Tin lanh (xem: Le Vietnam au defi de la diversite protestante, Sicial Compass, No September, 2010 11 Xem J.P Willaime, Les recompositions internes au monde protestant: protestantisme "etabli" et protestantisme "evangelique" (Tai cau true ben the gidi Tin lanh: Tin lanh "dupe thiet lap" va Tin lanh "Phiic am"), cudn La globalisation du reiigieux (Toan cau hda tdn giao), chii bien J.P Bastian, F.Champion va K Rousselet, ed L'Harmattan, Paris, 2001, p.71-182 12 Nhirng nam gan day, sau han mdt tram nam xay dung md hinh nay, ngudi Chau Au da "tong ket" md hinh kha thi (modele possible) ciia nha nude the tuc, cho den la: 12.1 M d hinh qud'c giao (ethno-religion), cho nhung nude nhu Biic Au vdi Tin lanh, Y, Tay Ban Nha, Bd Diio Nha vdi Cdng giao, Hy Lap vdi Chi'nh Thd'ng giao Vdi nhung nude nay, Nha nude cdng nhan, dua vao mdt tdn giao chii luu nhung van tdn cac tdn giao lai 12.2 M d hinh tdn giao dan sir (religion civile) cho nhirng nude thirc hien hda nhap cac gia tri ton giao vao xa hdi dan su (tieu bieu nhu My) 12.3 Mo hinh da nguyen tdn giao (pluralisme), danh nhieu sir uu tien cho sir da dang ciia cac tdn giao ciing cd vj tri phap ly vdi sir md rdng cang ldn cho cac tdn giao (Due, Bi, Ha Lan ) 12.4 M d hinh the che the tuc trung lap (laicite), mo hinh dac biet nhat, tieu bieu nhu d nude Phap, 17 NGHIEN CLfU TRAO 0 Tap chi Cong tac Ton giao contemporaine; Perspertive, No 4/2009, Paris nha nuoc khong "cong nhan" bat cu mot ton giao nao, moi ton giao ldn nhd trudc nha nude deu phai thuc hien luan ly the tuc (moral laique) (J Bauberot, Tdn giao va tinh hien dai, the che the tuc trung lap va the tuc hda cudc khung hoang ciia tinh hien dai d Chau A u , Paris, nguyen ban tieng Phap, 2005) B Basdevant- Gaudemet et Francis Messner Les origines historigres du Statut des Confessions religieuse dans les pays de l'Union europeene, Puf, Paris, 1999 13 Dang luu y la, 9-12-1905 nude Phap cdng bd Bd luat Phan Ly ndi tieng (Loi la Separation des eglises et de LEtat), da xoa bd che dd bang Dieu 44, huy bd nhirng dieu luat duoc ky giua Giao hoang vdi Chinh phii Phap trudc dd Duong Phuong Cuong (Feng Gang Yang), Thi trudng ba mau sac tdn giao ciia Trung Qud'c, nguyen ban tieng Trung dupe dang tai tren Tap chi Xa hdi hpc, Bac Kinh, so 47, 2006 14 E Caparros, L Leon Chistians La religion en droit compare a V aube du XXle siecle, ed Bruylaut, Bruxeelle, 2000 Phau ndi dung tren day la sir tdm tat bai viet tdng luan cudc Hdi thao qud'c te ve~ luat phap tdn giao chau A u nam 2000 tai Bi 15 Xem: B Basdevant- Gaudemet et Francis Messner Les origines historigres du Statut des Confessions religieuse dans les pays de l'Union europeene, Puf, Paris, 1999 Dac biet cudn: Francis Messner, PH Prelot, J.M Woehiiing, Traite de droit francais des religions Ed Litec, Paris, 2003 Tai lieu tham khao: Benoit Vermander, nguyen ban tieng Phap Reveil reiigieux et sortie de la religion en Chine DE XUNG DANG LA Cd QUAN (tiep theo trang 5) David A Palmer, Les danwei religieuses L'institutionalisation de la religion en Chine populate, Tap chi Perspectives, No 4/2009, Paris E Caparros, L Leon Chistians La religion en droit compare a V aube du X X l e siecle, ed Bruylaut, Bruxelles, 2000 Francis Messner, P H Prelot, J.M Woehrling, Traite de droit francais des religions Ed Litec, Paris, 2003 J.P Willaime, Les recompositions internes au monde protestant: protestantisme "etabli" et protestantisme "evangelique", chii bien J.P Bastian, FChampion va K Rousselet, ed L'Harrnattan, Paris, 2001 Phillip Taylor, Modernity and Re-enhantment in Post-revolutionary Vietnam, 2007 Xa hdi Han Qud'c hien dai, Giao trinh Han Qud'c hpc ciia Dai hoc Qud'c gia Seoul, ban dich, Nxb Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Ndi, 2008 tam chi dao cua lanh dao Ban, sir giup d d cua cac vu don vi, dac biet sir cpng tac cua dpi ngu cpng tac vien - ngudn dpng lire co ban cua m o i td bao Tai H d i nghi nay, T C C T T G va Trang cd noi dung phe phan, dau tranh vdi cac bieu hien tieu cue cua cac phan tu xau Ipi dung tir tin nguong, tdn giao, cd nhurig viec lam sai trai, v i pham phap luat, d i ngupc lai truydn thd'ng dan tdc Tang cuong cdng tac phat hanh va nang so lupng ngudi truy cap de td bao den dupe vdi ddng dao cdng chung va thuc sir trd mdt nhu cau, mdt mdn an tinh than cua T T D T se can nghiem tuc linh hdi, tiep thu ban doc tac quan ly nha nude vi ton giao ciia Ban Ton Tiep thu y kien cua cac dai bieu, dng Nguy6n Thanh Xuan cho rang de lam dupe chi Cach mang Viet N a m va H d i nghi Cdng tac nhirng viec tren day ddi hdi sir nd lire het minh ciia can bp, phdng vien, bien tap vien, sir quan vien da dien cdng va de lai nhieu ah tupng tot d e p 18 nhirng y kien ddng gdp cua quy v j dai bieu, tiep tuc cai tien nang cao chat lupng ndi dung va hinh thdc trinh bay de to bao cang hay hon, dep hon, phuc vu tot hon yeu cau ban doc, gdp phan tich cue vao viec hoan nhiem vu chinh tri dupe Dang va Nha nude giao phd, xdng dang la co quan truyen thong cdng giao Chinh phu L i k y niem 86 nam Bao So - 2011 ... tai cau hinh tdn giao d Viet Nam nhirng nam gan day K h i cong bd so lieu ve ton giao nam 2001, vdi tdn giao dugc cong nhan, ngudi ta dua mdt "con so trdn trTnh", Viet Nam cd 15 trieu tin cac tdn... loai nay, nhung chiing toi khong di cap d day, x i n danh cho mpt chii de khac) Thu ha, he thong ton giao "dupe thira nhan" d Viet Nam cang lam rd dac tinh xi dia ton giao: Nam Bp Tay Nguyen, Nam. .. da so ngudi Viet Nam chi la H o i cung mpt goc: Tong Hpi T i n lanh Viet Nam (mien Bac) so Ngo Tram, Ha N p i , cong nhan 1957 va Tdng Lien hpi H p i Tin lanh Viet Nam (mien Nam) , cong nhan 2001,