Pham Thi Thu Huong vd dtg Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 84(08): 77 - 82 MOT SO GIAI PHAP D A Y MANH XUAT K H A U LAO DONG VIET NAM Pham Thj Thu Huong', Dinh H6ng Linh"* 'Khoa Kinh ti & QTKD - Tnrdng Dgi hgc Himg \ irong -Trudng Dgi hgc Kinh ti & QTKD - DH Thdi Nguyen TOM T A T Trong nhung nam gan day .xuat khau lao dgng (XKLD) dugc danh gia la mgt nhlj'ng nganh dich vu dem lai hieu qua cao ve mat kinh te - xa hoi doi vai moi qudc gia, dac biet doi vgi cac nuac kinh te kem phat trien Hoat dgng dem lai Igi ich cho tat ca cac ben tham gia: ben XKLD, ben nhap khau lao dgng va ban than nguoi lao dgng Tuy nhien boat dgng da gap khong it nhQng kho khan va chua phat huy het tiem nang von co Viet Nam la nuoc co nguon nhan lire doi dao Ket qua nghien ciiu la ca sa gop phan day manh boat dgng XKLD ctia Viet Nam boi canh nen kinh te quoc te hoa toan cau hoa - mgt nhung giai phap phat huy tiem nang nhan luc doi dao cua nuoc ta Til- khoa: Xudt khdu lao dang Ddy mgnh xudt khdu lau dung, Thi Inidng xudt khdu lao dung So lu-gng lau dgng xudt khdu, Thuc trgng xudt khdu lau dung DAT VAN DE Ngay voi xu the quoc te hoa va toan cau hoa nen kinh te, viec hop tae dua nguoi lao dong di lam viee a nuac ngoai (hay goi la XKLD) la hien tuong bien nhu mot tat yeu ciia xa hoi Giai quyet viec lam thong qua XKLD da tra mot linh vuc boat dong dem lai loi ich kinh te - xa hoi quan trcing cho nhieu quoc gia nhat la giai doan hien giai quyet van de viec lam va that nghiep dang la mot bai toan hoc biia doi voi cac nen kinh te Viet Nam la mot nuoc co nguon nhan luc doi dao, theo so lieu cua Tong Cue Dan so 01/04/2009 dan s6 Viet Nam la 85.789.573 trieu nguoi; tren 46 trieu nguoi tuoi lao dong, chiem gan 55% dan so ca nuac, voi ty le that nghiep nam 2009 la 4.66% Di CO the tao duoc su can bang giua lao dpng va viee lam tbi Viet Nam se phai tao them hang trieu cong an viec lam niia cho nguai lao dong Truac tinh hinh XKLD dong mot vai tro quan trong, vi no co the gop phan giai quyet dugc hai muc tieu quan cua dat nuoc ThtJ- nhat la muc tieu kinh te XKLD gop phan mang lai nguon thu ngoai te cho quoc gia tang thu nhap eho nguoi lao dgng va gia dinh hp Tbii bai la muc tieu xa 'iel: 0903468919: Emaii honglliihluiayahoo.com hoi, gop phan giai quyet viee lam eho mot bp phan khong nho lao dpng nuac tao su 6n djnh cho xa boi Theo Cue quan ly lao dpng ngoai nuac, vong ba thap nien qua da co hon mpt trieu nguoi Viet Nam di XKLD a 40 quoc gia tren the gioi tuong duong vol 21% tbi phan ctia Viet Nam tren thi truong XKLD Nhu vay, ta CO the thay lpi the cua mpt nuac dong dan chua duoc khai thac triet de Chii thich Viet Nam Cae nuac khac Bieu Thi phan xuat khau lao dgng ctia Viet Nam tren the giai Nhin tren bieu co the thay thj phan ciia Viet Nam chi chiem mpt ty le rat nho, 79% thj phan lai hoac la ctia quoc gia khac hoac la de Nhu vay co' boi cho chiing ta rat nhieu Van de la Iam the nao chiing ta gianh lai boiic chiem linh duac 79% thi phan lai? 77 Pham Thj Thu Huang va dig 84(08): 77 - 82 Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE MUC TIEU, DOI TUONG VA PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CUU Muc tieu nghien ciru Thong ke lao dong di xu^t khiu qua cac nam 100 S5 i P i t - Phan tich tbirc trang XKLD a Viet Nam 80 - De xuat mpt so giai phap gop phan day manh hoat dpng XKLD Viet Nam 60 V • *J ^ f ) > -Nj;.^ Doi tu'crng va pham vi nghien ciiu Bai nghien ciiu chii yeu di sau vao nghien ciiu thuc trang boat dpng XKLD a Viet Nam va tii- de eae giai phap nham day manh boat dpng XKLD Viet Nam giai doan - Phuang phap nghien ciru Bai nghien ciiu dupe tong hop tir nhieu phuong phap nghien eiiu khac nhu: Phuong phap thu thap thong tin, dir lieu; phuong phap tong hop va phan tich, phuong phap thong ke va so sanh, ket hop nghien ciiu ly luan voi phan tich thuc tien KET QUA NGHIEN CUU v A THAO LUAN Thuc trang hoat dong xuat khau lao dong 6" Viet Nam Nhung ket qud dgt dwac Phif nhdl Id dd giai quyit dugc viec ldm cho hdng chuc vgn lao dgng Hang nam, so nguoi den dp tuoi lao dpng a nuoc ta la tren duoi mpt trieu nguai Do nen san xuat nuoc chua phat trien va miic dp chenh lech giija phat trien kinh te giija cac viing tuong doi lan, tinh trang that nghiep 6' thj va ban that nghiep a nong thon ehira eo giai phap hiiu hieu de giai quyet XKLD da gop phan giai quyet viec lam cho hang chuc van lao dpng nuac Theo so lieu tong hap ciia Cue quan ly lao dpng ngoai nuoe, tinh den 8/2010, Viet Nam da dua duge 51575 lao dpng di lam viec a nii-oc ngoai; 11 thang dau nam 2010 cac doanh nghiep XKLD tren ea nuoc da dua dupe 75.850 nguai di lam viee a nuoc ngoai, Dai Loan van dung dau bang ve tiep nhan lao dpng Viet Nam va so lugng ehiem ho-n 1/3 tong so lao dpng di lam viec o nuoc ngoai, tiep den la Malaysia voi 9.479 nguai, Han Quoc 7.693 ngudi, Nhat Ban 4.215 nguai, Lao 5.447 nguoi, Cae tilu vuang quoc Arap thong nhat (UAE) 5.049 nguai, Libya 4.644 nguai, Campuchia 3.236 nguai, Arap Xeiit 2.511 nguai [4] 78 40 2(v,\h 2inr iiMf^ 2i'n" Tl m:: \ 2iii') Thir hai, thi trirang Hep nhgn lao dgng Viet Nam duac cung cd, dn dinh vd mdy rdng mdt cdch cd chgn lgc phii hap vdi sir van ddng cua thi Iruang Neu nhu truoc day, chiing ta chi dua lao dpng di lam viec a 10 - 15 nuac va viing lanh tho thi hien nay, lao dpng Viet Nam da co mat tai 40 nuoc va vung lanh tho Mac du eo nhung bien dpng lon ve kinh te va chinh trj a khu vuc va tren the gioi, cae thj truong truyen thong tiep nhan so lugng Ion lao dpng Viet Nam van dirge tang cuong va on djnh, nhu: Malaysia, Nhat Ban, Han Quoc, Dai Loan Dong thai, chiing ta da ma rpng dugc thj truong XKLD sang nhung thj truong, nhung nganh nghe it chju anh huong ctia suy thoai kinh te va phii hgp voi lao dpng Viet Nam nhu Cae Tieu vuong quoc A rap thong nhat (UAE) Ba Lan Cong hoa Ca-dac-xtan, Lybia Bao cao tir Bp Lao dpng - Thuong binh va Xa boi cho bigt, tinh den 30/7/2010, eo 169 doanh nghiep da dugc cap phep hoat dpng djch vu dua nguoi di XKLD Song song voi viee tien hanh tuyen dung, dao tao nh§m trien khai Quyet djnh 71/2009/QD-TTg ve viec phe duyet De an ho trg cac huyen ngheo day manh XKLD gop phan giam ngheo nhanh va ben viTng giai doan 2009 - 2020, cac doanh nghiep ciing da tien hanh nhung buoc tham doi voi mpt so thj truong lao dgng moi, kho tinh nhu Anb, Australia, My, Sip, Cong boa Sec Tai thj truang Australia, bien CO - doanh nghiep tham gia thi diSin khai Pham Thi Thu Huang va dig Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 84(08): 77 - 82 thac; tai My co doanh nghiep Tuy so qua it oi nhung no ciing la nhung hat mam cho viee ma rong thj phan XKLD cua Viet Nam tren the giai thu nhap cao nhu My Anh Phap thi chiing ta moi chi dang tim hieu mpt each de dat chii' chua CO nhung chinh sach mang tinh chien luge, biit pha Thir ha, xudt khdu lao ddng ciia Viet Nam ngdy cdng dugc cdi thien vi chdt luang lao ddng vd da hinh thdnh mgt lire lircmg lao dgng cd ky ndng, tay nghi vd ldi sdng cdng nghiep Nganh nghe XKLD ciia chiing ta chi ban che nhu nganh xay dung, van tai bien, giiip viec gia dinh, thuyen vien tau ca det may khan hp cong vien duong lao ; cac nganh nghe doi boi tay nghe va trinh dp nhu cac nganh cong nghe thong tin tai ehinh, ngan bang thi so lupng lao dpng cua chiing ta khiem ton Theo thong ke, lao dgng xuat khau qua dao tao cang tang, nam 2006 la 31,9%; nam 2007 la 34,5%, lao dpng co tay nghe tang tir 35% (nam 2003) len 50% (nam 2008) Cac boat dpng ve xuat khau lao dgng tii-ng buoc CO hieu qua va di vao ne nep, da tao cho nguoi lao dgng xuat khau co thu nhap gtii ve gia dinh, tinh binh quan moi nam, nguoi lao dpng Viet Nam a nuac ngoai gui ve nuoc tir 1,6 ty USD den ty USD, rieng thj truong Han Quoc voi gan 50.000 lao dgng, moi nam gui ve nuoc tren 700 trieu USD, Nhat Ban ban 300 trieu USD [3] Phan lan nhung nguoi di lam viec a nuac ngoai thai gian qua la lao dgng thong, lao dgng co tay nghe thap chi co mgt so lao dgng la chuyen gia, ky thuat vien Thong qua XKLD, tiep xiic voi khoa hgc cong nghe tien tien, lao dgng Viet Nam voi diic tinh can cii va tri thong minh da tiep thu dugc trinh dp chuyen mon, ky thuat tien tien, nang eao trinh dp ngoai ngfr va nang cao ky luat lao dpng, tac phong eong nghiep, day cung la dieu kien tot de tung buac dap iing cac yeu cau ciia su nghiep cong nghiep boa, hien dai hoa dat nuoc hp tra ve nuac Hp la nguon von quy cho nuac ta viec gop phan xay dung dat nuoc Nhfrng han che Ben canh nhiing ket qua dat dupe, truoc nhu cau hoi nhap va canh tranh gay gat thi cong tac XKLD eua Viet Nam van eon ton tai nhung ban che can tap trung giai quyet: Thir nhat, thj truang xuat khau lao dpng ctia Viet Nam tap trung chu ylu vao mpt so thj truang cu nhu Malaysia, Han Quoc, Dai Loan do, cac thj truong tiem nang co Thir hai mac dii ty le lao dpng dirpe dao tao da tang len nhung trinh ky nang chuyen sau ciia nhieu lao dgng Viet Nam ehiia thich ling voi yeu cau cang cao ciia thj truang lao dgng nuoc ngoai lao dpng ctia chiing ta xuat khau chu yeu la lao dpng thii cong tay nghe chua cao, ngoai ngfl- chua dap ting duge yeu cau ciia cac doi tac nuac ngoai Theo bao eao ciia Cue Quan ly lao dgng ngoai nuac ty le lao dgng da qua dao tao xuat khau di cac nuoc ctia nuac ta uac khoang 25 30%, y thirc ky luat lam viee chua cao, y tbii-e tuan thii hop dong ciia nguoi lao dpng yeu kem nen van ton tai tinh trang lao dpng Viet Nam a mpt so thj truang (Dai Loan, Nhat Ban, Han Quoc ) pha va hgp dong lao dgng de lam viec ngoai Day la dieu dang bao dgng vi no anb huong xau den hang chuc nghin nguoi lao dgng dang lam viec nghiem chinh theo hgp dong va lam eho gioi sir dung lao dgng e ngai tuyen lao dgng Viet Nam Bin cgnh dd nhieu ban che anh buong tai su phat trien eong tac XKLD ciia Viet Nam nhu su canh tranh khong lanh manh eiia mgt so doanh nghiep xuat khau lao dgng, chua eo chinh sach va su gan ket cac to chirc viec bo tri sir dung so lao dpng da hoan hgp dong ve nuac, chua co mgt chien luge toan dien va lau dai cho linh vuc Nguyen nhdn Thirc trang xuat phat tir nhieu nguyen nhan Tuy nhien, co the neu mgt so nguyen nhan chinh sau; 79 Pham Thj Thu Huang vd dig Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 84(08): 77 - 82 Mgt la chiing ta chua tao dugc mgt ca che thuan lgi de nguoi lao dgng tiep can dugc cac nguon thong tin ve eac van de lien quan den hoat dgng XKLD Su thieu thong tin khien cho nhfl-ng nguoi lao dgng de bj lira dao va khong can nhac dugc bet cac lgi ich va rui ro ciia minh ciia hg lam viee a nuoc ngoai; can lam gi ung xii- the nao de giQ- uy tin va phat huy truyen thong, ban sac dan tgc Viet Nam truac ban be quoc te Ben canh can long ghep dao tao ngoai ngfr qua trinh dao tao nghe eung cap von tir vung sat voi eong viec nguoi lao dgng se dam nhiem Hai Id viec lap cac trung tam cac to chirc CO chirc nang XKLD tang nhanh khien eong tac quan ly eiia cac co- quan co chiic nang gap nhieu kho khan Hien ea nuoc CO 169 doanh nghiep co chiic nang XKLD cae doanh nghiep ma cae trung tam cac CO- so tran lan va ban giay phep XKLD khien cho viec kiem tra, giam sat cang tra nen kho khan va tinh trang vi pham phap luat xay cang bien Mae dii day la giai phap lau dai nhung chimg ta CO CO- so de thuc hien tirng buoe vi Nha nii'O'c da co quy djnh ehuan boa he thong cac Truong cac Trung tam day nghe dang ehuan hoa chimg chi nghe pham vi ca nuoc Tai Quyet djnh 33/2006 QD/TTg 07-022006 ciia Thu tuong Chinh Phii da khang djnh can phat trien eong tac XKLD mgt each co bieu qua va ben vung voi miie tieu cho nam 2010 va 2015 la hang nam Viet Nam dua 10 van lao dgng di lam viee a nuac ngoai, den nam 2010, so lugng lao dgng co nghe dat 70%o cac nghe cao tra len dat 30%) va tai nam 2015 so tuong irng la 100% va 40% [1] Hon nu'a nang luc va trinh ciia cac doanh nghiep XKLD Viet Nam hien thap Trong tong so 169 doanh nghiep XKLD thi chi CO 1/3 doanh nghiep dam bao duge mgt so tieu chi chinh nhu: tim kiem dugc cac don hang hap dan tao nguon nhanh va phii hgp voi yeu cau eiia doi tac co cac co- so dao tao nghe hoac chii dgng hgp tac voi co- sa dao tao nghe de tao nguon Con lai 2/3 doanh nghiep nang kic va trinh o- mirc trung binh va thap Hai Id phdt triin ihl trirdrng Trong cong tac phat trien thj truong Dang va Nha nuac ta da CO djnh hii-ong chung la phai co chien luge mo rong thj truong XKLD, cung co thj truong truyen thong, gifl' va phat trien thj truong hien CO khai thong cac thj truong moi Ba Id he thong phap luat dieu chinh ngi dung XKLD ban che dac biet la van de xir ly cac sai pham Cac che tai to thieu manh me va cimg ran khien cho viec ton trpng phap luat yeu Cac doanh nghiep can can cir vao dieu kien cu the cua minh de lira chgn va quyet djnh dau tu vao nhiing thj truong thich hop va co hieu qua, khong nen dau tu dan trai se dan den tinb trang lang phi nguon lue [5] Mot so giai phap day manh xuat khau lao dong Viet Nam Ba Id cdn dua vdn di ndy vdo mgl tdng thi cua chiin lucre phdt trien kinh ti, dd diim mdu chdt Id giai quyet cdng dn viec lain cho mgi ngirdi cd kha ndng lao ddng Viec xay dung ca sa tang, viec thu hut FDI viec dung ngan sach de yem trg cae du an phat trien cong nghiep phai huong vao diem mau chot Viec hoach djnh chinh sach theo hirong va cong bo rong rai chinh sach se lam nguoi dan tin tuong vao tuong lai dat nuoc thay an tam la minh se khong bj bo rai qua trinh phat trien va nhu vay giam dugc ap lire tham gia XKLD [2] Bdn Id vdi ca quan qudn ly vi XKLD Can co mgt to chirc nghien ciru \h thj truang lao Mdt Id cdn ndng cao chdt luang ngudn lao dimg Cac doanh nghiep XKLD can dau tu chuan bj tot nguon lao dgng co nghe va trinh nghe cao cac doanh nghiep can thuc hien tot cong tac dao tao ngiroi lao dgng truoc di lam viec a nuoc ngoai dam bao tat ca nguoi lao dgng truoe di lam viec a nuoc ngoai deu dupe tham gia cac lop boi duong kien thiic ve phong tuc, tap quan phap luat co lien quan ciia nuoc tiep nhan lao dgng quyen nghia vu ciia nguoi lao dgng di lam viec theo hgp dong de eho nguoi lao dgng nhan tbirc sail sac ve vj tri vai tro qiiy-en va nghia vu 80 Pham Thi Thu Huang vd dtg Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE dgng ngoai nuoc cung cap cho cae doanh nghiep XKLD va cac truang day nghe ve du bao nhu cau lao dgng thugc cae nganh nghe cua cac nuoc va khu vuc Tinb toan va cung cap ket qua nghien ciru ve hieu qua kinh ti cho tiing dja ban, eho tung loai viec de cac doanh nghiep XKLD va nguai lao dgng hieu va can nhac nen lua chgn di theo don hang nao de co hieu qua nhat, pbii hgp voi kha nang kinh te va trinh tay nghe, sire khoe ciia minh Nam la ddi vdi viec ihdnh kjp cdc td chirc hogt ddng XKLD phai co nhung quy djnh chat che ban de ban che nhung don vj khong CO dii dieu kien, khong diing chu-c nang Viec lgc cac don vj se giiip ban che cac hanh vi tieu cue Cac doanh nghiep can phai cong bo thong tin mgt each cong khai minh bach ve cac dieu kien, thu tuc, tieu chuan tuyen chgn mirc luong va nhat la chi phi XKLD doi voi tiing thi truang; chi dao va quan ly chat che cac chi nhanh trung tam hoat dgng theo dimg quy djnh ciia phap luat Sdu Id hogt ddng XKLD la mdt hocit ddng cdn cd sir phdi ht/p giua cdc cdc qudc gia cd mdi quan hi XKLD Trong qua trinh hgp tac chiing ta can phai ky ket cac dieu uoc quoc te de tao su thuan lgi eho boat dgng XKLD cung nhu co nhung co- che huu bieu nhat de bao ve quyen va lgi ieh ciia nguoi Viet Nam lao dpng a nuoc ngoai KET LUAN Doi voi nuoe ta nguoi luon la mpt von quy, la Igi the, la nguon lire quan trgng nhat 84(08): 77 - 82 cua su phat trien dat nuoc La mgt quoc gia Cli nguon nhan luc doi dao, nguai Viet Nam can cu sang tao co kha nang tiep thu nhanh khoa hgc cong nghe, dieu kien hien nay, nen kinh te quoc gia gap nhieu kho khan, nguon von dau tu ban hep, co- so ky thuat vat chat cu ky va chua dugc dau ttr dung mue, voi lgi the ve nhan lire chimg ta hoan toan co the phat trien nang cao nen kinh te - xo hoi thong qua XKLD, coi day nhu la mpt the manh ciia quoc gia XKLD da va dang dong vai tro quan trpng phat trien kinh te va giai quyet cac nhu cau xa boi Chinh vi vay, viec nghien ciru linh vuc XKLD la mpt van de phirc tap va cap bach hien TAI LIEU THAM KHAO [ I ] Bg Lao dgng thuong binh va xa hoi Di dn ddy mgnh xudt khdu lau dung vd ehuyin gia glal dogn 1999 - 2010 24/08/1999 [2] Nguyen Phiic Khanh (2004), Xudl khdu lao dung vol chuong trinh quuc gia vi viic ldm - Thire Irgng vd glal phdp De tai khoa hgc cap Bg [3] Nguyen Thi Phugng, Trung tam Luat so sanh, Khoa Luat, Dai hgc Quoc gia I la Ngi "Hoat dgng xuat khau lao dgng a Viet Nam: Thirc trang va mgt s6 khuyen nghi" 18/11/2010, www.diendan.az24.vn [4] Nguyen Son, "Xuat khau lao dgng Viet Nam: chua xung tiem nang", Bdo Kinh duanh sg 60, 04/10/2010 [5] Vu Lam Thai (2008) "XuSt khau lao dgng Viet Nam: Thirc trang va giai phap" Chuyin di Cung thuang - Nung nghlip Tgp chi su 81 Pham Thj Thu Huong vd dig Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 84(08): 77 - 82 SUMMARY SOME MEASURES TO IMPROVE LABOUR - EXPORTING IN VIETNAM Pham Thi Thu Huong'", Dinh Hong Linh^ f'acuity oJ Economics and Business Adininlstratlon - Hung I 'uong University - Thai Nguven University of Economics and Business Administration In recent years Vietnam's labour-expgrting activities have made some considerable progress It bring benefits for export partner, import partner and include employee However, these activities have faced difficulties and haven't made full use of their own potentiality The research's result is the foundation of promoting the labour-exporting activities of Vietnam in such an age of internationalized global ecgnomy one of the sglutions to develgp the abundant human resource potentiality of our country Keys -words: Labour export, develop labour expart Labour export market The number of labour expurt The real situation of labour export Tel: 0903468919: Email: 82 hongllnhhdidyahoo.com ... miie tieu cho nam 2010 va 2015 la hang nam Viet Nam dua 10 van lao dgng di lam viee a nuac ngoai, den nam 2010, so lugng lao dgng co nghe dat 70%o cac nghe cao tra len dat 30%) va tai nam 2015 so... xuat khau qua dao tao cang tang, nam 2006 la 31,9%; nam 2007 la 34,5%, lao dpng co tay nghe tang tir 35% (nam 2003) len 50% (nam 2008) Cac boat dpng ve xuat khau lao dgng tii-ng buoc CO hieu qua... trang hoat dong xuat khau lao dong 6" Viet Nam Nhung ket qud dgt dwac Phif nhdl Id dd giai quyit dugc viec ldm cho hdng chuc vgn lao dgng Hang nam, so nguoi den dp tuoi lao dpng a nuoc ta la tren