LICH sir - VAN HOA PHUONG THAC CAU TAU TJJrxUNG H i GIA DINH TRDNG TIENG VIET, TIENG HAN VA SIT KHAC NHAU VE VAN HiA HAI NUtC TUf GiC Dt GlAl TINH LE QUANG SANG NCS Dgi hgc Trung San, Trung Quo'c P huang thirc cau tao tir xung hd gia dinh tieng Viet va tieng Han cd sir khac kha Idn Tir xung hd gia dinh dugc phan lam hai loai chinh: xung ho dan diing xung gpi rieng mpt hoac nhieu vien gia dinh nhu: dng, dng npi,v.v , va xung ho gdp hay cdn gpi xung hd kep gdm hai xung hd ding lap trd len, diing de gpi chung nhieu vien nhu: dng ba, cd bac,v.v Trong pham vi bai viet, chung tdi chu yeu nghien ciiu phuang thuc cau tao tir xung hd dan bang he, ngudi Viet mdi them cac tir td phan biet gidi tinh, ngi ngoai, huyet thdng, than sa, cau tao nen tir xung ho chinh phu, trung tam diing trudc yeu td phu diing sau va chi cd nhung tir khdng phan biet gidi tinh, npi ngoai, than sa mdi cd chirc nang Nhung tieng Han hien dai, tir xung ho gia dinh cd xu hu'dng chu yeu song am tiet, phan biet ro xung ho van phong va xung hd khau ngir, phan biet ro gidi tinh, ngi ngoai, tdng tpc, than so, huyet thdng day, chiing tdi chi so sanh cau tao tir xung hd gia dinh tidng Viet va xung hd van phong tieng Han, qua thay dugc sir khac giua hai ndn van hda Viet va Han Tir xung hd tieng Viet ve ca ban khdng phan biet xung hd van phong va xung hd khau ngu, chu yeu la xung hd dan am tidt, Xung hd vin phong tieng Han die biet each diing "xung" va "gpi" thudng dimg dan am tiet, trudng hgp tha thudng dugc ciu tao tir hai am tidt trd len xung hoac trudng hgp cin giai thich r5 vd Cach cau tao tir chu yeu dua vao xung hd gidi tinh, npi ngoai, huyet thdng, than sa goc (tir can), kdt hgp vdi cac tir td xung hd NGHIEN CllU TRUNG QUOC s d 2(114) - 2011 49 LE QUANG SANG khac, md rong ve trai hoac ve phai de cau tao nen tir Thdng thudng, cau tao ve ben trai de bieu thj gioi tinh, cau tao ve phia phai de phan biet tong tgc, ngi ngoai, than so, huyet thdng Khac vdi tidng Viet, nhimg tir xung ho gdc vdn mang y nghTa phan biet gidi tinh, ngi ngoai, than so, huyet thong khdng ket hgp dugc vdi cac tir to phan biet gidi tinh, ngi ngoai, than so huyet thdng, nhung tieng Han, nhimg tir xung ho goc lai van k8t hgp vdi nhimg tir to tren tao nen tir xung hd Mat khac, nhirng tir xung ho gdc tieng Viet ddng thdi la cac tir xung hd; nhung tir xung hd chinh phu ddi xiing ve gidi tinh, ngi ngoai Cach cau tao ciia cac tir xung hd nil giai va xung hd ben ngoai khdng lay cac tir xung hd gdc nam gidi va xung hd ben ngi de phat trien tir xung hd Trong do, nhung tir xung hd tieng Han hien dai khdng diing dgc lap dugc ma phai ket hgp vdi cac tir xung ho khac Phuang thiic cau tao tir chii yeu lay cac tir xung hd goc nam gidi va xung hd ben ngi lam gdc, ket hgp vdi cic tir td phan biet gidi tinh, ngi ngoai, tdng tgc, huyet thdng, than so, md rpng sang phai va trai Hai each cau tao tir phan anh sir khac biet ve van hda, xa hgi cua hai nuac Viet Nam va Trung Quoc Phirong thii'c cau tao tu xyng ho tieng Viet va tieng Han I.I Phuffng thitc cau tao tir xung ho tieng Viet So lugng tir xung hd tieng Viet kha it, biln the it, mgt tir xung ho cd the xung ggi nhidu vien gia dinh Theo Hoang 50 Anh Thi, xung ho gia dinh gdm 26 tir xung hd ca ban, cdn theo Truang Thj Diem thi cd 25 til- xung hd ca ban (khong cd tir xung ho "chit").^" Khao sat 26 tir xung hd gdc cho thay, chiing deu cd the diing dgc lap thinh tir xung hd, nhit la trudng hgp "xung" va "ggi" Trong trudng hgp tha xung hoac can giai thich, nhung tir xung hd cd the chia lam hai loai chinh: Nhimg tir xung ho vdn mang y nghTa phan biet gidi tinh, ngi ngoai, than so, huydt thdng, thudng khdng ket hgp dugc vdi nhirng tir td chi giai tinh, ngi ngoai, than so, huyet thdng nhu: dng, ba, trai, gai, dau, re, ngi, ngoai, rupt, hg Vi du, chiing ta khdng the ndi "chu trai, chii ngi, cau ngoai, bd hp, hg, dng trai, ba gai Nhirng tir xung hd gdc ludn d dang don am tiet, khdng cd kha nang cau tir xung hd chinh phu NhiJng tir khong mang y nghTa phan biet gidi tinh, npi ngoai, than so, huyet thdng, cd the ket hgp dugc vdi cac yeu to tren'^\ tao cac tir xung hd chinh phu, trung tam dung trudc, to phu diing sau Xet ve gdc gidi tinh, 26 tir xung hd gdc cd 17 tir xung hd phan biet gidi tinh va tir khong phan biet gidi tinh Nhimg tir phan biet gidi tinh khong ket hgp dugc vdi cac tir phan biet giai tinh Nhiing tir khdng phan biet gidi tinh cd thd kdt hgp vdi tir td (dng, ba, trai, gai, dau, rd) diing dd phan biet gidi tinh Trong do, "dng", "ba" chi kdt hgp dugc vai hai tir "cu, ky" dd phan biet gidi tinh "Trai, gai, dau, re" ngoai chirc nang phan biet gidi tinh, cdn cd chirc ning phan biet huyet thdng va phi huydt thdng; "trai, NGHIEN CUfU TRUNG QUOC s o 2(114) - 2011 Phutfng thiib cau tao tir xung ho gia dinh gai" bidu thj huydt thdng, "dau, re" bieu thj hon nhan Trong 17 tir xung hd phan biet gidi tinh, ngoai hai tir "anh, chi" ra, 13 tir cdn lai khdng kdt hop dugc vdi cac tir phan biet gidi tinh, dd la "dng, ba, cha, me, chii, cd, cau, di, thim, mg, dugng, dau, re, vg, chong" Trong sd dd, mdt sd tir ket hgp dugc, nhung ngir nghla thay ddi, nhu: chii re, co dau, cd gai Sd dT hai tir "anh, chi" cd thd ket hgp dugc vdi cac tir "trai, gai, dau, rd", tao "anh trai, chi gai, anh re, chi dau", khong phai de phan biet gidi tinh, ma dd phan biet than so, huydt thong Rieng hai tir "thim, mg" dimg lam tha xung ciing cd the ket hgp vdi "dau", "mg dau, thim dau" dd nhan manh day la xung hd hdn nhan dem lai tir xung hd cdn lai khdng phan biet gidi: "ky, cu, bic, con, em, cbau, chat, chiit, chit"^^\ dd "ky, cu" chi ket hgp vdi hai tir "dng, ba", tir cdn lai kdt hgp vdi "trai, gai, dau, re" tao nen cac tir xung ho ddi xiing ve giai tinh, vira phan biet huyet thdng: "Ky dng - ky ba; cu dng - cu ba (khdng cd "cu trai, cu gai, ky dau, ky re ") "Bic trai - bae gai; bic dau - bae re; trai - gii; diu - re; em trai - em gai; em dau - em re; chau trai - chau gai; chau dau - chau re; chat trai - chit gai, chat dau - chat re; chiit trai - chut gai; chut dau chiit re; chit trai - chit gai; chit dau - chit re" Ve gdc phan biet ngi ngoai, 26 tir xung bd nay, cd 18 tir khdng ket hgp dugc vdi hai tir "ndi, ngoai" vi bin than nhimg tir hoac co sir phan biet npi ngoai nhu "ehii, CO, cau, thim, mg, di, dugng", hoac chi quan NGHIEN cum TRUNG QUOC so 2(114) - 2011 he hat nhan nhu "cha, me, con, anh, chi, em", hoac chi quan he hdn nhan nhu "dau, re, vg, chdng" Rieng tir "bic" tuang ddi dac biet, khdng cd sir phan biet ngi ngoai, nhung lai khdng ket hgp dugc vdi hai tir "ngi, ngoai" Tir "bic" la tir dugc mugn tir tieng Han chi ngudi anh cua bd, mang y nghTa nam gidi, xung ho ben ngi, tdng tgc, huyet thdng, be tren, bang he Khi dugc mugn sang tieng Viet, anh hudng van hda Vi^t khdng cd su phan biet ro rang ve gidi tinh, ngi ngoai, nen tir "bae" mat di y nghia nam gidi, xung ho ben ngi, tdng tpc, nhung van khdng ket hgp dugc vdi hai tir phan biet ngi ngoai gidng nhu tir "chii" tir khdng cd sir phan biet npi ngoai: cu, ky, dng, ba, chau, chat, chiit, chit, cd the ket hgp vdi cac tir "ngi, ngoai" tao nen sir ddi xiing xung hd npi ngoai: "Ky ngi - ky ngoai; cu npi - cu ngoai; ong npi - dng ngoai; ba ngi - bi ngoai; chau ndi - chau ngoai; chat npi - chat ngoai; chiit npi - chiit ngoai; chit ngi - chit ngoai" De phan biet than sa, ngudi Viet cdn diing hai tir "rugt, hg" de phan biet, ngoai nhirng tir xung ho "than" nhat nhu "cha, me, con" va nhung tir mang nghTa gdc "so" chi quan he hdn nhin nhu "thim, mg, dugng, dau, re", khdng ket hgp dugc vdi hai tir nay, nhimg tir xung hd khic deu cd the diing hai tir de phan biet than sa, so sanh: "chu rupt - chii hg; bic rugt - bae hp, chau rupt chau hp " Tat ca nhirng tir xung ho gdc (tir can) tieng Viet deu cd the dung dgc lap cau tao nen tir xung bd, xung hd nam gidi va nir gidi khdng phu thude nhau, binh dang Han 51 Lt QUANG SANG niia, ngoai nhiing tir xung ho ddc lap, nhimg tir xung hd tha xung, ty le ximg nam nQ, npi ngoai ciing luon can bang, ddi xung nhau, thd hien sir binh ding nam nu:, binh dang quan he ngi ngoai 1.2 Phuffng thirc cdu tao tir xung ho tieng Hdn Xung hd gia dinh tieng Han sd lugng nhieu, bien the nhieu Theo Ho ST Van khao sat ban 1900 tir xung hd, khoang 90% la xung hd chinh phu^''\ Khac vdi tidng Viet, ban 1900 tir xung hd deu cd sir phan biet ro rang ve gidi tinh, ngi ngoai va tong tgc Theo khao sat ciia chung tdi, xung hd chinh phu dugc cau tao tir xung hd goc, md rong ben phai phan biet gioi tinh, md rdng sang ben trai de phan biet ngi ngoai, than so, tdng tgc Khac vai tieng Viet, ban than nhimg tir xung hd goc tieng Han deu cd phan biet nam nil, ndi ngoai, tdng tgc Trong 22 tir xung ho gdc gdm cd i§.(t 6), ?/|^ (tdn), 3