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Nghien ciiu Qudc te so (83),, 12/2010: 75-96 QUA TRINH N H A T THE HOA LIEN MINH CHAU AU VA MOT SO KINH NGHIEM CHO VIEC XAY DITNG C Q N G D O N G C H U N G ASEAN VAO NAM 2015 Do Mai Lan' Lien minh chau Au (EU) la td chiic khu vuc dugc to chirc chat che va cdng nhat tren the gidi ve miic do, hinh thiic va phuong thirc hoat dong vdi qua trinh tir lien ket kinh te chuyen sang lien ket chinh tri - xa hoi ca chieu rgng va chieu sau, tir td chiic lien ket kinh te phat trien thanli to chirc vdi eac thiet che dugc xay dung theo md hinh "sieu quoc gia" Trong dd, Hiep hdi cac quoc gia Ddng Nam A (ASEAN) - gom 10 quoc gia vien - da va dang tich cue hoan viec lap Khu vuc Mau dich Tu ASEAN (AFTA) va Khu vuc Dau tu ASEAN (AIA), cung nhu tang cudng md rgng hgp tac vdi cac nude lang gieng Dong Bac A, dac biet, phan dau thuc hien muc tieu xay dung Cong dong ASEAN (AC) dua tren ba tru cot chinh: chinh tri - an ninh, kinh te va van h6a - xa hoi vao nam 2015 Do dd, viec nghien cuu, hgc hdi nhirng kinh nghiem qua trinh nhat the hda ciia EU la phii hgp cho cac nude vien ASEAN tien trinh xay dimg cdng dong chung eiia minh Qua trinh nhat the hoa ciia Lien minh chau Au Tiln than la Cdng dong Kinh te chau Au (EEC), hai 0910/12/1991, lanh dao cac nude vien EEC da thong qua ke hoach ve ' Nghien ciru vien, Vien Nghien ciru Chien luge Ngoai giao Hoc vien Ngoai giao 1212010 75 • • t Cdc vdn de Qudc te Hiep udc Ihanh lap Lien minh chau Au lai Masstricht (Ha Lan) va Hiep udc bat dau co hieu lire tir 1/1/1993 Vdi muc dich xay dirng mot "Dai chau Au nhat the hda" ve mgi mat cac nude Idn d chau Au (nhu Phap va D i r e ) ddng vai trd ndng cot, tiing budc gianh quyen chu dao cac cdng viec chau Au lii' tay My, nang cao vi the va vai tro ciia chau Au tren trudng qudc te, eac nude vien EU dang nd luc day manh viec hoan tat qua trinh thiet lap mot chau Au thdng nhat thuc sir nhu da dugc thoa thuan Hiep udc Maastrict No luc vi muc tieu lau dai eiia Lien minh chau Au - "Dai chau Au nhat the h6a" - dugc the hien ro ret qua hai tien trinh chinh dang dien sdi ddng hien tai khu vuc nay: Qua trinh md rgng EU va qua trinh nhat the hoa EU Qud trinh m& rgng EU ; Ke lir lap Lien minh chau Au da co lan md rgng ve hudng Ddng Ciing vdi qua trinh la sir gia lang dang ke cac nguon luc tuong quan so sanh luc lugng giiip EU tro mot thuc the rgng Idn gdp phan khong nho vao viec nang cao vj thi cua EU Irong quan he qudc le Sau hon 15 nam ihanh lap, sd vien ciia Lien minh da tang tii' len 27, dien lich cua EU da mo rgng hon khoang 40%, vl dan s6 khoang 20% va tdng GDP xap xi 10%.' Dan so cua EU tinh din thang nam 2007 vao khoang hon 490 trieu ngudi (gSp 1,5 lAn dan sd My), dien Dai hoc Ngoai giao Moscow (MGIMO) Quan he qudc te hien dai, Moscow 2001, tr 321 - Tran Hiep va Dinh Thanh Tii, "Su biln doi vl dia - chinh tri cua Lien minh chau Au va tac dong cua no den quan he EU - My sau Chiln tranh lanh", Nghien cihi chau Au No.8 (74) 2006, tr 23 : ' , ' 76 1212010 Nghien ciru Qudc te s6 (83) lich EU len tdi hon trieu k m l GDP han 13.000 ly USD (dat ngang My), binh quan dau ngudi tren 29.900 USD/nam ^ Qua trinh md rgng EU tao ngudn lire mdi dem lai cho Lien minh chau Au nhirng thuan Igi dang ke ca ve kinh le va chinh Iri Ve kinh le, qua trinh md rgng EU da md thi trudng rgng Idn cho cac nha dau tu cung nhu thuc day qua trinh trao doi khoa hgc - ky thuat cong nghe, tao ddng lire mdi cho sir phat trien kinh te eiia Lien minh, giup EU phue hoi va tiep luc la mot nhung nen kinh te hang dau gidi tu ban chii nghTa Sau nhieu nam dinh don, kinh te EU tang trudng trd lai vdi mire Irung binh hang nam eiia 25 nude la 2,8% (1996), dd khu vuc dong Euro la 1,4% va so vdi tang trudng GDP ciia My la 3,4% va Nhat Ban la 2,7% nam 2006.^ Ve thuong mai, nhd ket nap them 12 vien mdi, cac nude EU cung chiem uu the rd ret: EU la mot nhiing thi trudng Idn nhat the gidi, chiem 1/4 ty trgng vc xual nhap khau ciia the gidi,^ EU-15 nhap khau 1.570 ty USD (chilm 22.4%)), Nhat Ban nhap khau 477 ty USD, (chilm 6,8%),'' My nhap khau 1.517 ty USD (chilm 22,9% kim ngach nhap khau the gidi).^ Theo https://wvvw.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-faetbook/print/ee.html 29/2/2010 •* Theo http://epp.eurostat.cec.eu.int/portal/page?_pageid= 1996,39140986&_dad=portal& schema=F^ORTAL&scren=detailref&language=en&product=EU_MAlN_TREE&root=E U MAIN TREE%2Fbasic%2Fstrind%2FecoW%2Feb012, ngay/18'2/2010 ' Nguyen Danh Quynh, "Chinh sach doi ngoai ciia Lien minh chau Au nhung nam dau thi ki'xXl", Nghien ciiu chau Au, No (53), 2003 '' Theo http://oecd.org/dataoecd 29/2/2010 Theo http://ese.exporrt.gov/scripts 29/2/2010 1212010 77 ',' ^ ' Cdc van de Qudc te Rd rang, su md rgng Lien minh dii khdng tap trung vao muc tieu kinh tl song ciing dem lai cho EU mot sd Igi ich kinh te nhat dinh Vi chinh Iri, su kien EU md rgng ve phia Ddng vdi viec ket nap vien mdi tir Trung, Ddng Au va viing Ban-tich la su kien chinh tri ndi bat eiia EU qua trinh md rgng cua khdi nay, dua EU trd mot khIi lien minh chinh tri hang dau the gidi, dimg ngang hang va tra ddi trgng Idn nhat cua My Viec da dang vien tham gia EU tao dieu kien cho khdi md rgng quan he vdi cac nude khu vire va tren the gidi, vi moi nude tham gia vao EU se mang theo no nhiing mdi quan he ngoai giao vdi eac nude khac Nhiing quan he san c6 ciia cac nude vien Lien minh se tao dieu kien thuan Igi cho Lien minh ciing nhu cae vien kliac khdi thiet lap quan he ngoai giao Vi du, nude Anh co quan he chat che vdi Bac My; Tay Ban Nha, Bo Dao Nha eo quan he truyen thdng vdi Nam My, cac nude Ca-ri-be timg la thugc dia cua hai nude va cd ciing ngdn ngii; Phap Anh cd Igi the quan he vdi luc dia chau Phi va mot sd nude d khu vuc Dong Nam A Thdng qua cac cuoc gap thugng dinh vdi cae khu vuc nhu thugng dinh Phap - Phi, thugng dinh Tay Ban Nha, Bd Dao Nha vdi cac nude Nam My va Ca-ri-be, cac nude vien khac ciing cd co hdi thuan Igi hon thiic day cac quan he song phuang vdi cac nude ngoai khdi Nhd dd, nay, EU da thiet lap quan he ngoai giao vdi hon 135 qudc gia tren the gidi Ddng thdi, viec md rgng vien cdn giiip EU tang vi the ciia minh nhieu td chirc hgp tac qudc te khac nhau, tir nhiing td chiic tap hgp cac nude chauAu phuong Tay tdi cac td chiic da phuang mang tinh toan cau khac, dac biet td chiic Lien hgp Qudc (LHQ) Vdi 27 vien, EU chiem tdi 1/8 sd phieu ciia Dai Hdi ddng LHQ Nhieu qudc gia chau Au khac ciing cang chia se vdi cac quan dilm cua EU 78 1212010 Nghien ciru Qudc te so (83) da tuyen bd Dai Hdi ddng LHQ (udc tinh tdng cdng sd qudc gia vien ciia chau Au chiem tdi 1/6 LHQ) Ngoai ra, cac vien hien eimg vdi cac vien tuong lai ciia EU ciing se chiem 1/3 tdng sd vien cua Hdi ddng Bao an LHQ, dd cd hai vien thudng true la Anh va Phap Cd the thay, qua trinh md rgng EU da gdp phan khdng nhd vao viec nang cao vai trd ciia Lien minh quan he qudc te Sir md rgng ciia EU la qua trinh dac trung va manh me vdi xuat phat diem tir Cdng ddng chau Au Y tudng ve mot chau Au thdng nhat dugc phat trien vung chae va than trgng Chinh sir md rgng ciia EU khien EU cang trd nen da dang Vi the, nhu cau ciia mot sir lien ket chat che hon ve chinh tri cang trd nen cap thiet, bdi neu khdng tien tdi mot sir lien ket ve chinh tri, EU se trd nen khd kiem soat , J Qud trinh nhdt the hda Ben canh qua trinh md rgng, qua trinh nhat the hda Lien minh chau Au dang dien cang sau rgng tren khap cac ITnh vuc vdi nd lire dua nhirng chinh sach chung cho toan khdi da trd mot nhan td quan trgng cho sir phat trien tiep theo ciia lien minh Xin de cap den qua trinh nhat the hda tren ba ITnh vuc co ban chinh sach chung cua EU, dd la kinh te, chinh tri va an ninh - qudc phdng Ve kinh te, EU la mot td chiic khu vuc eo mire nhat the hda kinh te cao nhat, miic lien ket chat che nhat ke tir sau Chien tranh the gidi thir hai den Gideon Rachman, "The Death of Enlargement", The Washington Quarterly, Vol 29, No 3, 2006, tr 52 1212010 79 "iV* •• Cdc vdn de Qudc te Lien minh chau Au da thuc hien qua trinh nhat the hoa kinh te theo nhilu giai doan, tir "lien minh thue quan" den "thi trudng chung" va "lien minh kinh tl - lien te" Ve thuong mai, toan bd thue quan va cac rao can phi thue quan giira cac vien ciia khoi da dugc bai bo Hang hoa dich vu vdn, cong nghe, nhan cong cung nhu cac yeu td khac cua san xuat dugc tu luu thdng khoi Hon the nira Lien minh cdn thi hanh mot chinh sach thuong mai chung EU - cu the la Uy ban chau Au la dai dien nhat thuong lugng eac hiep dinh thuong mai vdi ben ngoai Bdi vay, EU - ma dai dien la Uy ban chau Au - ddng vai tro rat quan trgng tai To chirc Thuong mai the gidi (WTO), thay mat tat ea eac nude vien thuong lugng va ky kel cac thda thuan tai day Dac biet, viec EU dua vao sir dung ddng tien chung chau Au (Euro) danh dau mot budc tien sau rgng qua trinh nhat the hda kinh le Lien minh Ngay 1/1/2002, 12 nude ciia Lien minh chau Au dua vao liai hanh dong lien chung - ddng Euro Day la lan dau lien lich sir phat trien kinh te va tien te the gidi cd mot ddng tien chung sir dung cho ca mot cdng ddng khoang 300 trieu dan lite bay gid Dong thdi, day cung la lan dau tien quan he qudc te 12 qudc gia theo Hiep udc Masstricht tir bo chii quyen qudc gia ddi vdi dong lien rieng ciia nude minh de sir dung ddng tien chung nhat eiia ca Lien minh Qua viec sir dung dong tien chung Lien minh mudn tirng budc xay dung mot trung tam kinh te - tien le dii sire canh tranh vdi dong ddla ciia My Ddng Euro ddi tac ddng Idn len tinh hinh kinh tl - xa hdi eiia EU No lam giam nhieu chi phi va dich vu ciia cae nude khu vuc Mat khac nd ciing gop phan kich thich dau tu, lien kel, lien doanh, hgp tac ' Nguyen Xuan Son va Nguyen Van Du (dong chii bien), Chiin luoc doi ngoai cua cac nu&c Idn vd quan he vdi Viet Nam hai thap nien ddu thi ki XXI, N.xb Chinh tri Qu6cgia, 2006, trl39 80 1212010 Nghien ciiu Qudc te sd (83) EU, khong cdn ranh gidi ddng tien phai trao doi, khdng m4t dich vu chi phi va nhieu thii tuc khac Ngoai ra, ddng Euro cd anh hudng tich cue doi vdi loan quoc te rat nhieu nude tren thi gidi tuyen bd se diing dong Euro de du trir ngoai te Vdi viec ddi ding Euro, cac nude EU da trd mot khdi kinh te lien ket chat che hon, thong XMA hon va gdp phan tao cho EU mot vi tri cao hon tren ban cd chinh tri thi gidi Cd the thay, EU da cd nhiing cdng nhSt dinh qua trinh nhat the h6a nen kinh te khu vuc, tao dimg nilm tin cho cac nude khoi Cling nhu nang cao vi the ciia Lien minh chau Au quan he quoc te Ve chinh tri, sir kien danh dau budc tien qua trinh nhat the h6a ITnh vuc chinh tri ciia EU la viec ban Hiep udc Lisbon dugc tat ca 27 qudc gia vien EU phe chuan 04/11/2009 va chinh thirc c6 hieu lire tir 01/12/2009 Day la mot budc tien quan trgng viee tang them tieng ndi cung nhu lang cudng vi the ciia EU tren trudng quoc te, dong thdi giiip EU ddi phd hieu qua hon vdi nhiing \kn dl mdi nhu loan eau hda, thay doi ve nhan khau hgc, dam bao an ninh nang lugng va nhiing mdi de dga mdi ve an ninh the ky 21 Hiep udc Lisbon da thay ddi co ban eac co cau hoach dinh chinh sach ciia EU va gian luge nhieu quy dinh ve phap che nham tang cudng kha nang thdng qua va thuc hien cae chinh sach chung ciia Khdi Hiep udc mang lai ba thay ddi Idn Mot la, Hiep udc tang cudng sir kiem soat dan ehii cua Nghi vien chau Au, ma cac quyen chap thuan hay phan doi cac hiep dinh va luat mdi tang len dang ke, ddng thdi tao dieu kien cho nghi vien cac nude vien phat huy vai trd to Idn qua trinh quyet sach ciia EU Hai la, Hiep udc giup qua trinh quyet dinh ciia 27 quoc gia vien de dang hon bang viec giam so ITnh vuc can sir dong thuan eiia ca 27 qudc gia vien Phuong thire bau da sd phieu 1212010 81 ' ' Cdc vdn de Qudc te se trd each biln nhat de quyet dinh Nhd dd, qua trinh quylt sach, EU khong bi roi vao tinh trang mot vien cd the bat loan bd nhiing nude eon lai lam "con tin" bang la phieu phii quyet ciia minh Bdi theo van ban mdi nay, tdi nam 2014 (vdi mot thdi han qua din nam 2017), mot s6 chinh sach ciia EU cac ITnh vuc nhay cam nhu tu phap, ngi chinh se chuyen tir "co che bieu quyet da sd hiru hieu" sang "eo ehl bilu quylt da sd kep", nghTa la chi can 55%) so nude vien va 65%) ngudi dan EU iing hd thi se dugc thdng qua Ba Id, rat nhilu cdng cu chinh sach dii ngoai ciia EU dugc quy tu dudi sir lanh dao ciia mot eo quan: Cae chuong trinh vien trg phat trien va cae hiep dinh thuong mai se Lfy ban chau Au quan ly; Mot loat eac van de ve an ninh, khiing hoang, quan ddi va canh sat hien tai dang dugc dieu khien bdi 27 qudc gia vien thong qua Hdi ddng cac Bd trudng Viec Hiep udc Lisbon nhan dugc su ddng thuan eiia tat ca 27 nude vien c6 y nghTa quan trgng ddi vdi viec ket thuc cuoc khiing hoang hien phap EU, thiic day qua trinh nhat the hda cua khdi Hiep udc la tien de quan trgng tao co hoi thuc hien nhiing ke hoach day tham vgng cua td chire chau luc, dang dugc danh gia la cdng nhat Day la mot giai doan phat trien xa hon cua Lien minh chau Au: timg budc va dua hoan toan tren mong muon ciia cac nude vien, eac the che dang hoat ddng va cac nguyen tac dan chu manh me Ve an ninh - quan su Lien minh chau Au dang dan hinh mot rd net hon chinh sach chung ve an ninh - quan sir ciia minh, dieu dugc the hien qua ke hoach phdng thii chung chau Au va viec lap lye lugng phan iing nhanh cua khdi , , Nam 2000, cac nude vien EU quyet dinh lap lire lugng phan ling nhanh Luc lugng gom 60.000 quan thudng true, 400 may bay, 100 tau chien Luc lugng phan iing nhanh cd co che dieu hanh ve 82 1212010 Nghien cuu Qudc te sd (83) quan sir chinh tri rieng, ddc lap vdi khdi quan sir Bac Dai Tay Duong (NATO).'^ Ngay 28/11/2003, Anh, Phap, Diic da thdng qua Hiep dinh khdng chinh thire ve Van de phdng thu chau Au Ngi dung cua ban Hiep dinh la xay dung hgp tac an ninh toan chau Au va thiet lap cac tru sd quan doi thugc chau Au Muc tieu cua Hiep dinh nham lap mot lire lugng quan sir cd the tien hanh cac chien dich ddc lap vdi NATO Ban Hiep dinh da duge trinh tai Hoi nghi thugng dinh EU 12/12/2003 Dii de xuat gay nhieu tranh cai ddi vdi cae nude nhd cac nude khdng cd tham vgng quan su, Hiep dinh da the hien mong mudn ve mot chinh sach an ninh - quan su ddc lap, tu chii rieng ciia EU Ngay 20/02/2009, Nghi vien chau Au da thdng qua quyet dinh lap Quan ddi chau Au dat dudi sir chi huy ciia EU vdi hgc thuyet tac chien rieng va giao trinh huan luyen rieng, ddc lap vdi NATO Nhu vay, sau gan nira the ky lien hanh nhat the hda, EU mdi tien tdi mot quan diem chung ITnh vuc lien ket ve an ninh - quan sir, mot ITnh vuc vdn dugc coi la nhay cam trudc day, thdng qua viec quyet tam xay dung mot chinh sach doi ngoai va an ninh chung nham tao cho EU kha nang doc lap hon vdi My ve an ninh - quan sir, timg budc tien tdi mot khu vuc thdng nhat ve mgi mat, trd mot trung tam quan trgng trat tu the gidi da cue Ciing vdi sir phat trien cua Lien minh, nhu cau nhat the hoa cang trd nen quan trgng hon Nhat the hda Lien minh - sir phat trien theo chieu sau - chinh la co sd cho sir tdn tai hieu qua ciing nhu phat trien ve chat cua Lien minh giai doan hien ' Nguyen Danh Quynh, "Chinh sach doi ngoai cua Lien minh chau Au nhirng nam dau thi ki XXI", Nghien ciru chau Au, No (53), 2003 1212010 Cdc vdn de Qudc te Qua trinh nhat the hda ve kinh te, chinh tri, an ninh - quan sir cua EU da lam cho khdi trd mot lien ket khu vuc dat trinh cao nhat tren thi gidi hien Dieu khien EU trd mot "hinh mau" cdng vl lien ket khu vuc de eac td chire khu vuc khac nghien ciiu, hgc tap Mot so kinh nghiem cua qua trinh nhat the hoa EU cho viec xay dyng cong dong chung ASEAN vao nam 2015 Dii dugc hinh tir nhiing muc dich rat khac va dang d nhiing miic phat trien khac nhau, mo hinh ciia EU va ASEAN hien lai cd nhung net tuong ddng EU la lien ket khu vuc d trinh lien ket cao nhat: md hinh "sieu qudc gia" vdi mot lien minh kinh te va tien te, mot chinh sach ddi ngoai chung, mot chinh sach chung ve an ninh - quan sir, nhieu edng cu chinh sach ddi ngoai ciia EU dugc dat dudi su lanh dao ciia mot co quan, nhat la cd mot Chii tich Lien minh' chau Au nhiem ky nam rudi va mot Dai dien cap cao phu trach chinh sach ddi ngoai cua EU, chiic vu duge xem nhu "Ngoai trudng EU" ASEAN hien dang xiic tien budc phat trien ve chat quan he giiia cac nude vien - xay dung Cdng ddng ASEAN dua tren ba tru cot: (i) Cdng dong An ninh ASEAN (ASC) - cdng cu de nang cao hgp tac ve chinh tri va an ninh eiia ASEAN len mot tam cao mdi, dam bao cac vien chung sdng hda binh de giai quyet cac xung dot khu vuc, an ninh mdi nude gan vdi cac nude vien khac muc tieu chung; (ii) Cdng ddng Kinh te ASEAN (AEC) - nhSm hinh mpl khu vuc kinh te ASEAN on dinh, thinh 'vugng, ed kha nang canh tranh cao vdi cac nude khu vuc dua tren viec tu luu chuyen hang hoa nham phat trien kinh te ddng deu, ddi ngheo va chenh lech kinh tl - xa 84 1212010 Nghien ciiu Quoc te sd (83) hoi dugc giam thilu; (iii) Cdng ddng Van hda - Xa hdi ASEAN (ASCC) nham hudng tdi mot Ddng Nam A gan ket quan he ddi tac, diim bgc lan nhau, thiic day hgp tac phat trien, vdi muc dich bao dam hoa binh, dn dinh va thinh vugng khu vuc Ben canh d6, Hien chuong ASEAN sau dugc chinh thirc thong qua 15/12/2008 dang trd mot hanh lang de 10 nude vien ASEAN ciing tien budc Day la sir kien khdng chi danh dau ve tinh nghiem tiic ciia ASEAN hien thuc hda cac ke hoach da cam ket hudng tdi AC, ma cdn khang dinh ASEAN thuc sir la mot to chiic ed tu each phap nhan, dai dien quyen Igi hgp phap cho 10 nude vien quan he ddi tac vdi cac nude ngoai khu vuc Ro rang, dinh hudng phat trien eiia cac nude Ddng Nam A ve mot Cong ddng ASEAN cd nhieu diem tuong ddng vdi qua trinh phat trien cua Lien minh chau Au Do vay, nhirng kinh nghiem ciia EU qua trinh nh4t thi hda cd the ggi md nhieu bai hgc quy de cac nude ASEAN suy nghT va nghien ciru qua trinh xay dung mot cdng dong chung vao nam 2015 Tir viec nghien cim qua trinh nhat the hda eiia Lien minh chau Au, cd thi nit ba bai hgc kinh nghiem co ban nhat gay trd ngai cho sir phat triln sau rgng ciia EU va cd lien quan nhieu nhat den viec xay dung Cdng dong ASEAN tuong lai Dd la: dung hda Igi ich qudc gia vdi Igi ich ca khoi, tao dugc sir ddng thuan xa hdi ciia timg quoc gia va giai quylt mau thuan giira md rgng va nhat the hda Dung hda loi ich qudc gia v&i loi ich cd khdi Lgi ich quoc gia ludn la van de chi phoi quan diem va chinh sach doi ngoai cua mdi nude Viec bao ve lgi ich quoc gia vdn la muc tieu quan trgng hang dSu ciia cac nude Do d6, van de nao phii hgp vdi lgi ich 1212010 85 '' ' • • Cdc vdn de Qudc te chung se de dang di den lap trudng thdng nhat, cdn van de nao xung dot vdi lgi ich qudc gia se ludn can phai nga gia, tham chi, mdi vien tir y lam theo y minh gay mau thuan, xung dot ndi khdi Tuy nhien, muon c6 sir lien ket chat che, eac nude mot khu vuc lien ket phai cd sir gan ket ve chinh tri thdng qua he thdng eac the che Qua trinh lien ket tat yeu dan den sir hy sinh nhat dinh ve quyen lgi, tham chi chii quyen quoc gia Phiic tap hon la sir hy sinh giiia cac nude vien la khdng ddng deu eac yeu to nhu trinh phat trien, tam vdc, vi the ciia mdi quoc gia qua trinh hdi nhap Ngugc lai, nhirng ket qua thu duge qua trinh lien ket ciing khong dong deu cho tat ca eac qudc gia vien Nhiing trd ngai da anh hudng den qua trinh lien ket Do vay, neu khong giai quyet trd ngai nay, lien ket khu vuc giiia cac nude ciing chi la mot td chiic Idng leo • Cac nude EU khdng phai trudng hgp ngoai le Tuy nhien, EU da c6 nhiing bien phap tuong ddi hieu qua viee dung hda giiia lgi ich qudc gia vdi lgi ich ea khdi Dieu dugc the hien rd qua trinh EU tim kiem sir ddng thuan eiia cac nude viec thdng qua Hiep udc Lisbon Ngay 19/10/2007, Hiep udc Lisbon, mot hiep udc cai each nham thay the Hien phap chau Au bi cir tri Phap va Ha Lan bac bo cuoc trung eau dan y nam 2005, dugc dua vdi nhiing quy dinh nham don gian h6a quy trinh quyet dinh bang each hiiy bd quyin phii quyet cua cae nude vien khoang 50 ITnh vuc, dd gdm ca nhiing van de nhay cam nhu hgp tac ve canh sat hay phap luat va nhimg quy dinh nham lang cudng kha nang thue hien cac chinh sach chung da khien nhieu nude khdi lo ngai ve viee phai hy sinh chu quyIn quoc gia phai nhugng lai qua nhieu quyen lire nha nude cho Bnic-xen nlu tham gia ban Hiep udc • • 86 1212010 Nghien cdu Qudc te sd (83) , Trudc nhirng lo ngai cua cac nude vien, EU da co nhiing "nhugng bg" nhat dinh nham khai thdng qua trinh thdng qua ban Hiep udc cd y nghTa quan trgng vdi qua trinh nhat the hda ciia khdi Ngay 18/10/2008, EU da chap thuan mot sd yeu cau eiia cac nude vien nham dung hda lgi ich cae qudc gia vien vdi lgi ich ciia ca khdi: I-ta-li-a se ed them ghe dai bieu d Nghi vien chau Au; Ba Lan dat dugc su bao dam rang mot nhdm cae nude nhd ed the tri hoan cac quyet dinh chung ciia EU neu eac nude khdng ddng y - mot thang lgi chi xay trudc cuoc bau cir Qudc hdi Ba Lan mot ngay; Ao dat yeu eau ve han ngach sinh vien nude ngoai; Bun-ga-ri cd quyen ggi ddng Euro la Evro theo mau tu Cyrillic nhu da yeu cau Ngay 29/10/2009, lanh dao EU ap dung "chien thuat nhugng bd" nhat tri dua vao van ban Hiep udc Lisbon phan phu luc theo de nghi ciia Tdng thdng Sec Vaclav Klaus, theo d6, nhirng ngudi Diic bi true xuat khdi Tiep Khac cii, ma Cdng hda See la mot bd phan, tir sau Chieri tranh the gidi thii hai khdng dugc quay trd lai See doi tai san nham dam bao rang Tdng thdng Sec se phe chuan van ban da dugc ea hai vien Quoc hdi Sec thdng qua Ben canh do, ban Hiep udc Lisbon nay, EU ket hgp viee sir dung nguyen tac bo phieu "da sd kep"" va nguyen lac dong thuan qua trinh dua quyet dinh ciia ca khdi tiiy vao tirng trudng hgp cu the nham dam bao hai hda lgi ich ciia cae nude vien song tranh bd Id CO hdi hoac lam phuong hai den quyen Igi chung eiia loan khoi Bdi viee "hy sinh" mot sd quyen lgi va tham quyen quoc gia phue vu lgi ich chung ciia td chiic bao gid ciing la viec khd khan cac nude vien " B6 phieu theo "da so kep" nghTa la dira tren hai tieu chi: da so quoc gia vien va da so dan so ciia Lien minh, cu the la: 55% so luo'ng eac quoc gia vien (tiic la it nhat phai co 15 quoc gia dong y) cQng nhu 65% tong dan so EU - nhu da de cap phan nhat the hoa mang chinh trj a phia tren 1212010 87 ' '• *'>> V Cdc vdn de Qudc t xuat phat khac ve trinh phat trien thi sir hy sinh dd cang kho khan hon Trong cac nguyen tac ddng thuan tao sir binh dang giiia cac qudc gia vien thi nguyen tac lai la mot trd ngai Idn qua trinh quyet dinh chung, nhat la nhiing van de lgi ich ciia khoi khdng song triing vdi lgi ich cua mot nhdm cac qudc gia vien Do dd, thue hien cac ITnh vuc ap dung lien quan den chinh sach kinh te, Lien minh chau Au quy dinh nhiing van de chinh sach ed the ap dung phuang thiic bd phieu theo "da sd kep" thdng qua d cac the che nham tao dieu kien hoach dinh chinh sach dan chu va minh bach va phan dinh nhiing ITnh vuc thugc tham quyen eiia cac the che khdi Chinh nhd nhiing "nhugng bd" qua trinh thdng qua Hiep udc Lisbon va viec ap dung nguyen tac bd phieu mot each khdn kheo va hgp ly, EU da dung hoa dugc lgi ich ciia cae qudc gia vien vdi lgi ich ciia ca khdi Mot mat, EU van dam bao dugc lgi ich ciia ca khdi lam cho Hiep udc Lisbon hien thuc Mat khac, EU dam bao duge sir ung hd ciia eac qudc gia vien bao dam dugc nhung lgi ich chinh dang ciia eac quoc gia vien qua trinh nhat the h6a Viee EU dung hda cdng lgi ich ciia cae qudc gia vien vdi lgi ich ciia ca khdi la mot kinh nghiem dang quy cho ASEAN qua trinh xay dung Cdng ddng ASEAN Vl mat phap ly, ASEAN thuc chat chi la mot td chiic lien chinh phii, ma d dd, cae quylt dinh dugc cac Bd trudng Ngoai giao dua tren co sd nguyen tie ddng thuan ASEAN dugc lap va hoat ddng chi tren co sd tuyen bd chung, khdng co tinh rang budc chat che nhu nhiing hiep udc dan tdi sir ddi eiia EU Do vay, de cd the xay dung cdng Cdng ddng ASEAN vao nam 2015, mot mat, ASEAN can day manh viee thue hien nghiem tiic va cd hieu qua khung the che va cac thiet che co ban Co quan C4p cao ASEAN, Hoi ddng Dieu phdi ASEAN, Cac hdi ddng Cdng ddng ASEAN (bao gim 88 1212010 Nghien ciru Qudc te sd (83) Hdi ddng Cong ddng Chinh tri - An ninh ASEAN, Hdi ddng Cdng dong Kinh te ASEAN va Hdi dong Cdng ding Van hda - Xa hdi ASEAN) duge quy dinh Hien chuong ASEAN Mat khac, ASEAN can tim each dung hoa dugc lgi ich eiia cac nude vien vdi lgi ich ciia ca Hiep hdi nhu each EU da lam Nhd dd, cac nude vien cd the "yen lam" "hy sinh" mot phan chu quyen ciia minh vi lgi ich cua ca Hiep hdi ciing nhu Hiep hdi se dam bao lgi ich ciia moi qudc gia vien Viec ap dung kinh nghiem nguyen tac ddng thuan nhirng van de lien quan den chii quyen qudc gia (thugc Cdng ddng An ninh va Van hda - Xa hoi cua ASEAN) va nguyen tac bd phieu theo da sd ddi vdi nhirng chinh sach kinh te tuong tu nhu ciia EU cd the la mot kinh nghiem hay de ASEAN tham khao Neu giai quyet khdng tot van de dung hda giira lgi ich qudc gia vdi lgi ich cua ca Hiep hdi, van de se trd trd ngai gay anh hudng khdng nhd den qua trinh xay dung mot Cdng ddng ASEAN thong nhat, hieu qua, cdng, phat huy vai trd chii dong, tich cue tren trudng qudc te Tao dugc sir ddng thuan xd hdi cdc nu&c thdnh vien Dii ban du thao Hien phap chung EU bi cir tri Phap va Ha Lan ndi "khdng" nam 2005 va ban Hiep udc Lisbon bi 53,4%) cir tri Ai-len "quay lung" lai cuoc trung cau dan y dien vao thang 6/2008, EU ludn CO nhiing bien phap tich cue nham tao dugc sir ddng thuan xa hdi cac nude vien ddi vdi nhiing van ban phap ly khdi soan Khi chua nhan duge sir ung hd can thiet, EU tiep tuc chinh sira van ban phap ly va phan tich nhung lgi ich ma ngudi dan cae nude vien se dugc hudng ban van ban dd duge dua vao thuc hien Diln hinh la trudng hgp thdng qua Hiep udc Lisbon tai Ai-len Ban dau, ngudi dan Ai-len cho rang tieng ndi va sir dai dien cua Ai-len 1212010 89 Cdc vdn de Qudc te EU se bi xdi mdn, dac biet thdng qua viec mat quyen dai dien luan phien eiia nude Uy ban chau Au Lanh dao EU mot mat khang dinh rang dieu khoan cua Hiep udc Lisbon ed tinh den viec se ban hanh nguyen tac "mdi qudc gia mot cao iiy" ma theo dd Ai-len duge phep tri vi tri thudng true va cac tuyen bd chinh tri ve nhiing van de dugc neu se dugc dang ky nhu nhiing hiep udc qudc te tai Lien Hgp Quoc de dua siic manh phap ly rang budc Mat khac, cac nha lanh dao Ai-len ndi rieng va EU ndi chung da dua nhimg phan tich rd rang ve eac van de then chdt khac, gom quyen rieng eiia Ai-len viee quyet dinh chinh sach ve cae van de ndi bd ciia qudc gia (chinh sach thue ddi vdi cac cdng ty, chinh sach cam nao pha thai, ) ciing nhu viee tham gia cac hoat ddng an ninh va qudc phdng chau Au, ddng thdi, nhac nhd cir tri ve "cai gia dat" bi loai khdi eac phan then chdt ciia thi trudng chung va ca cac CO cau hoach dinh chinh sach quan trgng Hdi ddng Bd trudng va Ngan hang Trung uong chau Au Cuoc khiing hoang ciia cac thi trudng tai chinh toan cau cang khang dinh vdi cu tri Ai-len ve tam quan trgng va nhirng lgi ich nude cd duge tham gia EU tuong lai kinh te ciia Ai-len khong the dimg ngoai eo cau ciia Lien minh Nhd nhirng bien phap het siic tich cue, EU da Idi keo su iing ho manh me cua ngudi dan va ngoai Lien minh cho tiln trinh nhat thi hda Ddi vdi cac qudc gia da bd phieu ban Hien phap, cd din 15 quIc gia chap thuan so vdi hai qudc gia phan ddi Mat khac, cae qudc gia chip thuan vdi ty le nhat tri rat cao hai qudc gia phan ddi thi ty le chenh lech khong phai qua Idn (55%) d Phap va 61%o d Ha Lan bd philu chdng) " Dieu cho thay da sd dan chiing EU tan ddng ndi dung ban Hien phap Cac euge tham du luan khac cung khing dinh tinh tich cue ciia tien trinh hdi nhap EU Dieu tra du luan eiia Eurobarometer cho thiy '^http://news,bbe.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8288181.stm 90 ' ( .< ^ r 1212010 Nghien ciiu Qudc te sd (83) cong dan EU cdng nhan va ung hd viec xay dung EU nhu mot nhan td chinh trj the gidi, 65%) cdng dan EU nam 2004 tan viec xay dung chinh sach ddi ngoai chung va 72%) tan viec xay dimg chinh sach phong thii va an ninh chung Cung theo Eurobarometer, tir thang den thang nam 2007, ty le iing hg ban Hien phap da tang len den 66%) so vdi 63% vao miia thu nam 2006 Rieng d Ai-len, cuoc dieu tra gan day (giira nam 2009), sd ngudi iing hd Hiep udc Lisbon la 57%o, so ngudi phan ddi chi chiem 27% C6 the thay, qua trinh nhat the hda nham dua EU trd mot to chirc khu vuc thdng nhat va hoat dong hieu qua hon, EU da trien khai nhiing bien phap nham lam tang nhan thirc ciia ngudi dan eac nude vien ve nhiing lgi ich EU mang lai nham tao su dong thuan xa hoi nhiing quyet dinh quan trgng ciia td chiie nay, dii rang dieu doi can phai cd thdi gian Day la mot bai hgc quan trgng ma ASEAN can luu y, nhat la qua trinh Hiep hdi dang hudng tdi xay dung Cdng dong chung Bdi cung nhu mgi quyet sach khac, mac dii cac nha hoach dinh, lanh dao la nhung ngudi dua cae chinh sach, cae quyet dinh, viec lieu cd thuc hien ihanh cong cac quyet sach dd hay khdng lai phu thugc phan nhieu vao sir iing hg eiia dan chiing Neu mot quyet sach dugc dan chiing iing hg thi nd se de dang hoat ddng hieu qua va dem lai cdng Ngugc lai, dii mot quyet sach co diing dan song khong lam cho ngudi dan hieu va iing hd thi rat kho dem lai cdng, nhat la ngudi dan d day khdng chi la ngudi dan mot quoc gia ma d nhieu qudc gia khac mot " Jens Peter Bonde, From EU Constitution to Lisbon Treaty Forlaget Notat Publisher, 2007 '^ Phan Dang Dire Tho, "Hiep uoc Hien phap va Hiep uae Lisbon - Thuc chat va trien vpng", Nghien ciru chau 4u, s6 10 (109), 2009, tr32 1212010 91 '\ Cdc vdn de Qudc te khu vuc, khac ve chiing tgc, ngdn ngii, tdn giao va van hda, vdi trinh phat trien khac nhau, dudi nhimg che chinh tri khac Do vay, nhiem vu cua ASEAN la ben canh viec thiic day gan ket manh me hon ve kinh te, chinh tri, van hda, ASEAN cdn can chu trgng tdi viec tuyen truyen nhiing quyet sach va nhirng lgi ich cua nhiing quyet sach tdi ngudi dan ciia cae nude vien nham tao sir ddng thuan xa hoi - nhan td quan trgng vira la ddng lire, vira la muc dich ma Hiep hoi dang hudng tdi, dii rang chae chan se mat nhieu thdi gian de lam duge dieu Gidi quyet mau thuan giira qud trinh m& rgng vd qud trinh nhat the hda Qua trinh md rgng cua EU dem lai nhiing thuan lgi cho khdi ve kinh te va chinh tri (nhu da phan tich d tren) song ciing tao cho khoi khdng it khd khan phai giai quyet nhimg van de tieu cue ma nd dem lai, lam cho qua trinh nhat the hda Lien minh chau Au cang trd mot qua trinh phiic tap ed sir tham gia ciia them 12 nude vien mdi tir Trung, Ddng Au va viing Ban-tich, nhirng nude vdn cd xuat phat diem rat thap so vdi nhdm 15 nude vien ban dau cua EU Su md rgng EU khdng phai chi la phep cong ddn eac chi sd kinh te hay tinh toan tiem nang cua cac vien gia nhap, ma ben canh chiia dung nhieu phiic tap cho khdi Khoang each vl trinh phat triln giiia cae nude vien la mdi lo ngai Idn cho sir phat triln dn dinh ciia ea khoi Tai san ciia 12 nude vien mdi khdng bing 5%) cua cai vai chat cua 15 nude vien cii Thu nhap GDP binh quan diu ngudi ciia 12 nude Ddng Au chi bing 45%) thu nhap GDP binh quan diu ngudi ciia 15 nude Tay Au Du ea nhan dugc sir giiip dd diy dii ciia Tay Au thi 12 vien mdi ciing phai mat it nhat 15 nam mdi dat dugc mire sing 92 1212010 Nghien citu Quoc ti so (83) ngang vdi phan cdn lai cua td chire khu vuc nay.'^ Dieu tu nd da ehira dung nhiing nhan td kim ham EU Sir bat binh ding vl kinh tl giira cac nude vien ed the dan tdi sir khdng ddng thuan viec dua cac quyet sach eiia EU Hon niia, ngudn vdn tai trg cho sir chuyin doi ciia eac nude Ddng Au se tiep tuc lam ngheo ngan sach eac nude Idn, khien cac muc tieu khac khdng thuc hien duge Tir dd tao nen mdi bit binh cua cac nude giau co hon d Tay Au Dieu cd anh hudng khdng nhd tdi sir doan ket ndi khdi ciia Lien minh Mat khac, cae nude vien mdi gia nhap EU dii ve eo ban da thoat khdi tinh trang suy thoai, khd khan va dang chuyen ddi the che, nhung lanh dao cac nude van ndi rang hg chua thiet lap dugc nen kinh te thi trudng hoan chinh, tinh hinh kinh te, chinh tri chua that sir on dinh, the che phap luat cdn chua duge kien loan, tinh trang buon lau va toi pham gia tang dan den nhieu van de xa hdi Do vay, cd e ngai rang, tinh hinh xa hdi d day se anh hudng tieu cue tdi tinh hinh xa hdi ciia EU noi chung Ro rang, nhiing trd ngai ve trinh chenh lech kinh te, phat trien va nhan thirc cung nhu hoan canh ciia rieng moi qudc gia khien cac nude vien EU khdng phai nude nao ciing cd the de dang tim duge tieng noi chung cho su ddng nhat ve chinh tri, sir phan chia, tranh gianh quyen luc giira cac nude Idn, giiia nude Idn vdi nude nhd, giiia nude giau vdi nude ngheo, giiia vien cii vdi vien mdi Nhirng yeu td khien qua trinh nhat the hda EU thuc sir trd mot edng viec phiic tap va khd khan, anh hudng den tien trinh xay dung EU trd mot Lien minh manh '^ Bill H6ng Hanh, "Vai tro ciia kinh tl Lien minh chau Au nen kinh te thi giai Thirc trang v^ nhirng van de", Nghien cuu chau Au, No (68), 2006 1212010 93 ' i- Cdc vdn de Qudc te Nam 2009 ciing la ky niem nam EU thue hien budc tien Idn ve phia Ddng vdi viec ket nap them 10 vien mdi Nam nam sau "vu nd Idn", EU dudng nhu ngai md rgng Vi tren thue te phan dugc lgi thudng nghieng ve nhiing nude mdi, cdn chau Au cii ddi phai mat them cdng hd trg va thuyet phuc cac vien mdi Giira Dong va Tay Au van cd sir khac biet rd ret ve miic sdng, van hda, quan diem chinh tri va cuoc khiing hoang kinh te, nhiing khac biet thue su trd mot trd ngai Idn Kinh te cac nude EU d Trung va Dong Au kho khan den mire nhiing nude Idn nhu Phap, Diie, Anh va 1-ta-li-a bat dau lo sg phuong Dong se keo toan bg tau EU xudng vuc tham suy thoai kinhtl.'^ Ben canh dd, viec ket nap them mot sd lugng Idn cae vien mdi vdi nhiing khoang each Idn phat trien kinh te, nhiing khac biet ve chinh tri, the che, he thdng luat phap khien khong chi cac vien mdi can phai nd lire de hda nhap vao "ngdi nha chung chau Au" ma ban than Lien minh ciing phai cd nhirng dieu chinh, sira ddi chinh sach cua minh ca ve kinh te ciing nhu chinh tri Mot Lien minh vdi 27 vien ngoai nhiing mat song triing ve lgi ich cdn rat nhieu nhirng diem bat dong, nhiing khac biet Idn tir kinh te, chinh tri tdi van hda se la mot khd khan Idn cho Lien minh viec hoach dinh chinh sach Mot chinh sach mang tam khu vuc, vira dai dien cho toan Lien minh, thiic day qua trinh tang trudng va hdi nhap cua Lien minh song lai khdng lam lu md hinh anh va lgi ich ciia cac qudc gia vien, mot chinh sach co the dung hda dugc lgi ich cua cac nude Idn, ed tiem lire kinh tl manh nhu Anh, Dire, Phap vdi nhiing nude nhd, tilm lire kinh tl ylu nhu Cong hoa See rd rang la mot viec lam khdng don gian vdi EU TTXVN, "Lien minh chau Au qua mot nam song gio", http://www.cpv.org.vn/cpv/ Modules/Preview/PrintPreview.aspx?coJd=30127&cn_id=380280, 28/12/2009 94 1212010 Nghien ciru Quoc ti sd (83) ,' Cd the ndi, van de md rgng Lien minh chau Au khong chi tao nhirng tac ddng ddi vdi EU ndi chung, vdi cac vien ciia td chiic noi rieng, ma cdn la mot trudng hgp de td chirc lien kit khu vuc khac hgc tap thiic day qua trinh md rgng va nhit thi hda eiia minh bdi canh the gidi hien Hiep hdi cac qudc gia Dong Nam A, dii cdn d giai doan dau ciia qua trinh lien ket khu vuc, ciing nen luu tam din bai hgc xem xet de nghi xin gia nhap Hiep hdi cua Ddng Ti-mo Cac nude ASEAN cin can nhac ky ve nhiing mat "dugc" va "mat" neu Dong Ti-mo trd thanh vien ciia Hiep hdi Hien nay, ASEAN van dang phai ddi mat vdi rit nhieu khd khan ndi tai Hiep hdi nay: khoang each Idn vl phat triln giiia cac nude vien (nam 2009, thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi ciia Xinh-ga-po - mot nhiing nude giau nhat the gidi - la 52.200 U S D ' ^ thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi d Mi-an-ma - nude ngheo nhat Irong ASEAN - la 1.100 USD,'** thu nhap ciia Lao vdi Cam-pu-chia chi cao hon Mi-an-ma khdng nhieu);'^ sir da dang ve chiing tdc, ngon ngir, ton giao va van hda, the che va che - trd ngai Idn ddi vdi viec xay dung ASEAN theo md hinh lien ket khu vuc chat che nhu EU; nhiing hiep dinh cd tinh phap ly va rang huge cao Vay mot cac nude vien ASEAN hien van cdn dang rat "chat vat" de giiip lan nhau, tim kiem mot sir "dong thuan" xay dung mot cam ket phap ly CO tinh rang huge cao va giai quyet nhirng van de ndi tai ciia Hiep hdi, lieu ASEAN ed nen ddng y ket nap them mot qudc gia nhu Dong Ti-mo? Doi vdi cac qudc gia nhd, ngoai van de hdi nhap ve kinh te thi viec tao Theo http://cia.org, truy cap 12 thang nam 2010 Theo http://cia.org , truy cap 12 thang nam 2010 Thanh Tiing, "Se cd mot EU a Ddng Nam A?", dang tai http://www/nguoidaibieu com.vn/Trangchu/VN/tabid/66/CatID/38/ContentID/8758/Default.aspx 12120^10 95 Cdc vdn de Qudc ti lap cho minh nhiing lien ket chinh tri la dieu rat quan trgng Tuy nhien, vdi vi the la eac nude vira va nhd, tiem lire kinh te chua manh, cac nude vien ASEAN can cd nhirng budc di Id trinh hgp ly de cd the xay dung mot lien ket khu vuc thuc su va hieu qua cho minh ; ;, , Tdm lai, nhiing budc lien quan trgng cua EU qua trinh nhat the hda gan day da mang lai cho lanh dao va ngudi dan khdi hy vong ve mot td chirc lien minh khu vuc chat che hon, cdng hon va hien qua hon niia, giiip EU cang trd mot thuc the chinh tri co vi the to Idn ve kinh te, chinh tri, quan sir, van hda va cd vai trd khdng nho tren trudng qudc te Ddng thdi, qua viec nghien ciiu md hinh kinh nghiem quy ciia EU - mot lien ket khu vuc edng dau tien va nhat tren the gidi hien - cac td chiic lien ket khu vuc khac, cd ASEAN, cd the riit rat nhieu bai hgc kinh nghiem bd ich cho qua trinh phat trien ciia minh Dac biet la ba bai hgc co ban ve hai hda lgi ich quoc gia vdi lgi ich ca khdi, tao dugc ddng thuan xa hoi va xir ly mau thuan giiia md rgng va nhat the h6a Khi ASEAN cd the img dung nhiing bai hgc kinh nghiem cua EU vao thuc tien cua Hiep hoi, ngudi ta hoan toan cd co sd de tin rang ASEAN se trd mot to chiic khu vuc cd tinh lien ket cao, hieu qua, mang lai phdn vinh, an ninh, on dinh va hda binh cho khu vuc./ : • [: 96 1212010 ... Cdc vdn de Qudc te Lien minh chau Au da thuc hien qua trinh nhat the hoa kinh te theo nhilu giai doan, tir "lien minh thue quan" den "thi trudng chung" va "lien minh kinh tl - lien te" Ve thuong... dong lien rieng ciia nude minh de sir dung ddng tien chung nhat eiia ca Lien minh Qua viec sir dung dong tien chung Lien minh mudn tirng budc xay dung mot trung tam kinh te - tien le dii sire... ddng Cong ddng Chinh tri - An ninh ASEAN, Hdi ddng Cdng dong Kinh te ASEAN va Hdi dong Cdng ding Van hda - Xa hdi ASEAN) duge quy dinh Hien chuong ASEAN Mat khac, ASEAN can tim each dung hoa dugc