May dac diem cd ban ve ton giao, tin ngUdng cua ngudi Viet (Kinh) mien Tay Nam Bo N G U Y E N THI BAY* M ien Tay N a m Bd h a y edn ggi la eon chau Vi the, gia dinh nao cQng cd ban ddng b a n g sdng CQu Long, la thd td tien, egng ddng nad cQng cd dinh vung da't mdi d phia Tay N a m cua da't lang thd t h a n hdang va ed mieu thd thd nQdc ta TQ hdn 300 n a m qua, day la vQng dja NhQng dQ t r u n g t h a n h vdi truyen cdng cQ eua cac d a n tgc Viet (Kinh), thd'ng n h u the nae, eon ngQdi van bj ehi Khdme, Cham, Hda cQng tay gdp sQc xay phdi bdi hdan c a n h dja ly, dieu kien ljch diing dja d a n h mgt t r u phu Mdi sQ va phQdng thQc lam an, sinh boat phu dan tgc tren deu ed nhQng dQc tin t r u y e n hdp vdi mdi trQdng sd'ng DQc tin da trd thd'ng rieng, tao t h a n h nhieu kieu dang t h a n h t r u y e n thd'ng cua hg hien vQa tdn giae, tin ngQdng khac n h a u , song ta't m a n g theo dae diem Viet N a m vQa co ea deu hudng ve phUdng c h a m "td't ddi dep nhQng nghi thQc p h u n g thd it nhieu khac dao" Day dQdc xem la v u n g van boa vao vdi ndi edi ngudn td tien la dieu de hieu loai tieu bieu cua ca nudc ve m a t da nguyen ton giao tin ngQdng Sau thiie d a n P h a p dat dQdc ach thd'ng trj len toan bg da't nQdc Viet Nam, Trong p h a m vi bai chung tdi chi de dac Kitd cd dieu kien p h a t trien d ea ba cap den tdn giao tin ngQdng cua dan toe mien Bae - T r u n g - N a m Tai mien Tay Viet (Kinh) theo bdi c a n h Ijch sQ eua vung Nam Bg h a u n h u thi xa nao cung cd nha dat mdi mien Tay N a m Bg thd cdng giao, ma t r u n g t a m la thj xa Thud ngQdi Viet tQ cac dja phQdng Vinh Long Ndi day ed tda tdng Giam muc, mien Bac va chu yeu mien T r u n g ed eac td chQc tu h a n h quy md, n h u chung budi dau di cQ vao N a m Bd ndi chung, h a u vien, trudng hgc giao ly, n h a nguyen, nha n h u hg chQa y thQc dude mgt tdn giao nad tu kin Trong k h a n g chien chd'ng Phap khae ngoai cac dQc tin t r u y e n thd'ng ma trQdc day va ea chd'ng My sau nay, nhieu cha dng hg da t r a i qua va t r u y e n lai cho n h a n vat chinh trj, q u a n sQ thQdng lui tdi * TS Nguyen Thi Bay Trudng ban nghien cQu DSVH Vien Van hoa, Dai hoc Van hoa Ha Noi Nguyen Thi Bay - Mdy ddc diem cohdn ve ton giao, dn ngitdng 67 ndi day, xem dd n h u mdt nhQng dja chua Nguyen, hoac dd cae thien sU ngUdi diem t h u a n ldi de b a n viec chd'ng egng (Cd Trung Hoa xay diing va ban giad lai cho mdt thdi Ngd D i n h Thuc - a n h rudt cua eac n h a sQ Viet Nam cai quan Cae vj thien tdng thd'ng Ngd D i n h Diem - lam tdng sU dd trUde day h a n h dae ve phUdng Nam, giam muc dja p h a n Vinh Ldng) Cdng giao phat huy a n h hUdng Phat giao Trung Hda cac ddng ed ngQdi gdc tQ nhieu qud'c gia: tren nhQng dd thj mdi d Dang Trdng cua Bd Dao Nha, Tay Ban N h a da truyen ba ta, IQc da't nQdc Viet Nam edn phan tranh vao mien N a m tQ thdi cac chua N g u y i n Nam Bae NhQng ngdi chQa d dd thj mien thi lai cang dQdc cung ed' theo hoan Tay Nam Bd bien van hoat ddng deu dan, canh mdi Cd dieu la ndng thdn mien Tay Sdng Sdng vdi cae tdn giao khac Nam Bd khdng may ngUdi theo Thien Ndi ve tdn giao, tin ngUdng cua ngUdi Chua giao n h u nhieu vQng cdng giac tdan Viet (Kinh) d mien Tay Nam Bg, dieu tdng Dieu dd cd ngudn gdc sau xa, nhQ chQng ta mud'n n h a n m a n h la cac tdn giad Linh muc T r a n T a m Tinh da viet "ngQdi tin ngUdng ed tinh thudn dja phUdng va Viet r a t ten trgng thd cung td tien, hg cei mdi ddi sau nhieu bien ddi thdi nhQ la dac tinh rieng cua ddi sd'ng tdn eude Ggi tdn giao mang tinh dja phUdng giao Nd lan rdng r a t h a n h mdt thQ dao ly ehi la mgt each ggi tQdng ddi de ehi sQ khdng ghi t h a n h sach, nhQng r a t phd bien khac biet vdi cac tdn giao truyen thd'ng Mu khien toan dan chap n h a n nd mdt each tQ ddi c a e tdn giao ldn tren the gidi ban dau nhien TQ dd cd t h e hieu tai ngUdi Viet eung cbi pham vi hep eua Nam te r a ddi nghjch vdi eac dao "bat phUdng nao dd rdi lan truyen anh hUdng lUdng" dam tQ chdl ldng hieu thao vdi dng den nhieu khu vUe, cQ the lan truyen dan ba, va n h u the cQng mudn xda bd t a t ea va trd t h a n h tdn giao mang tinh qude te cac mdi q u a n he cua met dan tdc vdi qua An Do giad, P h a t giao Do Thai giad, Thien khQ cua minh, ngudi Kitd ludn bj xem la Chua giad Tin Lanh giao, Chinh thdng nhQng ngQdi p h a n bdi gia tde, ddng thdi giao, Hdi giao ke phan bdi que hQdng"*" T a t nhien day mQc dd va td'e khae nhau, vdi nhQng la chuyen qua khQ bien the va hinh thai cQng khac dja deu dien nhu the, thee Sau dd nhQng n a m 20 cua the ky XX, Ndi den tdn giao mang tinh dja phUdng dao Tin L a n h mdi truyen ba d mien Tay, d mien Tay N a m Be, ngQdi ta thQdng nghi song giao dan khdng nhieu va cung chi den cac dac Cad Dai va Hda Had la hai tdn quanh quan d may dd thj Trong dd, giad dUde phap luat cdng nhan giao ly tQ bi bac cua dao P h a t van sd'ng dd chi la hai sd cae tdn giad tQng mai ldng ndng dan va n h a n dan lad ddi d mien Tay Nam Be tQ dau the ky XX, ddng d day Nhieu dia phUdng d mien Tay ggi chung la phong trao tdn gido cUu the, Nam Be vhn cdn cac ngdi chua P h a t giao tQc mud'n thoat ly mgi sQ kiem che bang Dai thQa ngQdi Viet xay diing tQ thdi dQdng tdn giad Dd la cac dQc tin vQa Thiic ra, Nghien citu Dong Nam A 68 li/2010 t r a n tuc vQa h u y e n bi tdn giao, vdi cac ten nghia N a m Ky n a m 1940 Nghia la, trQdc ggi: Thien nhQng- bien ddi cua thdi eude, Idi dung dia hgi, Bitu SOn ky hUOng, Hieu An tU nghia, Cao Ddi, Hda Hao chinh sach cai lUdng eua thiic dan Phap c a c n h a nghien cQu tdn giao da n h a n dd toan quyen Ddng Dudng chu trUdng, djnh rang, cac tdn giao t r e n day khdng cac h i n h thQc tdn giao r a ddi vdi ddng ed hoan toan la h u y e n bi m a cd nhQng tien cQu the Bieu hien tdn giao rd nha't eua de kinh te, xa hgi va ljch sQ eua chinh thdi bay gid la cau cd va lan truyen cac vQng da't tao n e n ddng b a n g sdng CQu cau sam Long Lang xa d day xa coi ngudn phcng kien va de dac diem dja ' ;•, • •• ] : TrQdc day Thien dja hgi d T r u n g Qude hinh, chd lat dd trieu dai M a n T h a n h , thi khdng cd be day dn djnh nhQ lang xa Bac Thien dia hdi eua ngUdi Viet d mien Tay Bg va Bac T r u n g Bg, nen mud'n tao mgt N a m Bg eung tin tUdng ke cam dau la cd cau mdi eua cac v u n g sdng nude mien P h a n Xich Long se trd t h a n h P h a t cQu Tay treng hoan c a n h bj thiic dan P h a p the NgUdi cam dau dao BQu Sdn ky thdng trj va sii bde Idt n a n g ne cua dien hUdng la Ddan M i n h H u y e n cQng tii nhan ehu B Q U Sdn ky hUdng va Hieu An tQ minh la " P h a t t h a y cQu the cQu ddi" edn nghia ddi sau t h a t bai cua khdi nghia ngudi cam dau dae Hda Had la Huynh TrQdng Djnh d Gd Cdng n a m 1864, eua P h u Sd tii cci minh la cQu chung sinh khdi nghia Thien Hg DQdng d Ddng T h a p vi long tQ bi bac Bam vao ndng thdn, MQdi luc giac P h a p chiem ba tinh mien lay ldi sd'ng ndng nghiep lam mau mQc Tay Nam Ky (1867) Phong t r a e Thien dja van la y tQdng ma ea Cao Dai va Hda Had hgi cua ngudi Viet (anh bUdng ten ggi cd deu thed dudi H u y n h P h u So r a t de eac ngucn gdc tQ T r u n g Qud'c) vdi ten ehi viee k h u y e n ndng, chu trUdng lap "ddn "Phan P h a p phuc N a m " va cd a n h hQdng dien qud'c gia, lap lang kieu m i u " Cac ldn cac t a n g ldp ndng dan N a m Bg dien chu vdi tU each la "dau hg" Cae TQ dau the ky XX, cae pheng trad tdn Dai cung quy t u nhQng ta dien lam giao cQu the xua't hien bdi canh dac nhQng egng ddng rieng ndng thdn biet Dao Cao Dai dQdc t h a n h lap n a m ddng bang sdng CQu Ldng 1926 d Tay Ninh, sau sQ kien P h a n Chu Phong trao tdn giao cQu t h e d mien Tay Trinh tQ P h a p trd ve nQde tuyen truyen N a m Bd cd ndi d u n g yeu nQdc, diia tren thuyet dan trj*^' Day cQng la thdi diem dao dQc phdng kien, keu ggi tin dd trd ve P h a n Bdi C h a u hi thiie dan P h a p dQa di vdi dad dQc "tam cQdng ngu thQdng", an tri d Hue, va Viet N a m T h a n h nien nhQng dQdm tinh c h a t t h a n bi, dd la dac each m a n g ddng chi hdi ddi NgQde lai, tinh ndi rd eua phong trao Do b a t liic dao Hda Had d An Giang r a ddi trdng bdi trQdc sQng dan eua thQc dan, phong trao canh 1939 - n a m md d a u cugc Dai chien ben tin vao h u a ngai, hy vong dd la the gidi lan thQ hai, va sau dd la cugc khdi phQdng tien h n h t h i e n g giQp hg dQng Nguyen Thi Bay - Mdy ddc diem cohdn ve ton gido, tin ngifdng 69 vQng t r e n dQdng h a n h dae Rd nha't la la "Dai dae t a m ky phd do" Thee dd, day Thien dja hdi, da vien d i n du Idai t h a n la tdn giad "Ket tinh kim cd dung hda linh hdn tap de t h u h u t cac tin dd nhe da Ddng Tay", chia t h e gidi lam ba thdi ky ea tin Thiic each chia khdng khac gi may Vdi tin dd dao Hda Hao thi tin tUdng sc vdi each p h a n ky ljch sQ van minh loai hau n h u tuyet ddi ngUdi cam dau la ngQdi da tQng dQdc biet nhieu cdng Huynh P h u Sd q u a nhQng h a n h dgng eu trinh sQ hgc trUdc day the Chang b a n ngai t h u y e t p h a p nhieu Ky 1: Xua't hien cae tQ tudng triet hgc lan trudc cQ tga la nhQng ngudi cd hgc va tdn giae: Kinh Djch d Trung Qud'c, thQc ve dQc tin vao le huyen bi eua dieu Balamdn giao d An Dg va Do Thai giao d chUa n h a n thQc dUdc, nhUng lai ec p h a n Trung Can Ddng thile te ngai Qng k h a u sang tac nhieu Ky 2: Xuat hien Nho giad va Lao giao d thd ea ve thdi cugc va chinh phuc ngQdi Trung Qud'c, P h a t giao d An Dg, Kitd giad nghe NgQdi ta d a n h gia Ngai la mgt nha d Gierusalem, va sau dd vao the ky thQ each t a n ten giao vi cat bd mgi phien toai VII ddi Hdi giao d Arap CQng vd'n khdng phai dd dQc Thich Ca ehu thdi ky 2, tQ cudi the ky thQ VII trd di, tai trQdng Cung dd dd dad Hda Had ggi la Hy Lap xua't hien cac tQ tQdng triet hgc Phat giad Hda Hao tQc P h a t giao theo cua Thales, Pithagore, Anaximene kieu cai each d mien Tay Nam Bg Giai doan dau cua eude k h a n g chien ehohg Phap, H u y n h P h u So t h a m gia Mat tran lien hiep cae xu hudng chinh kien vac mue dich giai phdng dan tgc Ngai cQng dQng t h a n h lap Phdt gido lien hiep de doan ket tin dd ddng h a n h vdi dan tgc treng sii nghiep chung T r u n g t h a n h vdi giae ly eua Ngai, tin dd P h a t giao Hda Had cang ddng Phat giad Hda Had cd khdi ngudn tQ An Ky 3: dd la nen van minh eua the gidi hien dai Theo cac nha sang lap dao Cao Dai ba nen van minh: An Do, Trung Quoc va chau Au (hay phUdng Tay), Viet Nam deu tiep thu nen ed dieu kien lap mgt td ehQe "dung hda va hda hdp tQ tQdng Ddng Tay" Dad Cao Dai tii cho la td chQe "sieu tdn giao, nhUng khdi dau xay dUng tang ed sd khdng the khdng mUdn hinh thQc tdn giad"*'^' Giang, sau dd lan rdng nhieu tinh t h a n h NhQ the, khdi dau eua dad Cao Dai mien Tay N a m Bd, Ddng Nam Bd va ea nam trdng phong trao tdn giao CQu the d cQc Nam T r u n g Be Day la mdt tdn giao mien Tay Nam Bg hoan canh da't mang tinh dja phQdng nhQng la tdn giad nQde bi thiie dan P h a p thd'ng trj va ndng cd so'tin dd ddng den hdn trieu ngQdi dan bi ap bQc, bde let nang ne; sau dd tdn Rieng dae Cad Dai, t h e e giad ly eua hg, giad tU chd minh chi "mugn hinh thQc ed but t h a n linh Qng nghiem, tii xQng tdn giad" de thee dudi giad ly dung hda cac 70 Nghien citu Dong Nam A li/2010 tu tudng triet hgc va ten giao t r e n t h e gidi + Dac biet, phong trao nao cung it Nhieu n h a nghien cQu khdng hieu tai nhieu dUa vao giao ly tQ bi bac cua dao t h a n h t h a t dao Cao Dai thd ca Phat, ben c a n h nhieu thQ giao ly md hd: Khdng TQ, Lao TQ, T h a i thQdng lao quan, Dad Cad Dai tiep t h u nhieu nghi thQc eung Giesu va thd ea cae n h a van had nhQ le n h a chua; dad Hda Had vQa tin vad Phat Victdr Hugd, L Tdnxtdi, Ld T a n va nhieu vQa nudi y dd cai each giad ly; dao Hieu An d a n h n h a n Viet N a m n h u Nguyen Binh tin nghia neu cao bdn thQ dn ma ngQdi Khiem, Nguyen Trai va Le Qui Don, phai cd t r a c h n h i e m g a n h vac: dn td tien seng hieu ro giao ly d u n g hda Ddng va cha me, dn ddng had, dn n h a n Idai va dn Tay cua tdn giao vao loai dae biet t a m bad (Tien, P h a t , T h a n h than); cdn khdng phai b a n t a m suy nghi ngQdi dQng dau tin ngUdng Buu Sdn ky Dao Cao Dai vdi t h a m vgng la "tdn giao hUdng t u chd minh la "Phat t h a y cQu the^' toan cau" nen de r a tdn chi la "Tam giao Chi ed Thien dja hdi dd a n h hUdng tQ quy nguyen, ngu chi hdp n h a t " nghia la Thien dja hdi cua T r u n g Qud'c trQdc day, trd ve vdi ba tdn giao Idn; Lao giao, Khdng nen thien ve cac thQ me tin cd truyen giao, P h a t giao, ddng thdi hdp nha't ngu Do hoan c a n h lich sQ t h a y ddi, cac hinh dad la: P h a t dao, Tien dao, T h a n h dao thai tdn giao tin ngQdng trdng phdng trad T h a n dao va N h a n dao Su hdn d u n g tdn giad cQu t h e t r e n day da thay ddi va the hien qua Ie nghi, each thQc thd cung, rdi r u n g nhieu Rieng hai dae Cad Dai va kien true t h a n h t h a t , td chQc giao hdi, Hda Had da trd t h a n h nhQng tdn giad be t r a n g phuc chQe sac the, quy t u ddng dao tin dd, dUde n h a nUdc Ddi vdi mgi tdn giao, khdng ly giai dung sai ve tdn chi giao ly ma tdn trgng tU tin ngUdng dUdc p h a p l u a t bad ve Qua mdt sd net ve cac tdn giao m a n g cdng n h a n c a c tdn giao m a n g t i n h dia phQdng Tay N a m Bd la mdt net dac thQ nen van hda Viet N a m thd'ng nha't va da dang./ tinh dia phUdng d mien Tay N a m Bd neu tren cd t h e r u t r a mdt sd' n h a n djnh + Cac tdn giao phong t r a o cQu the la mdt dang phong trao dau t r a n h CHU THICH cua ndng d a n N a m Bg chdng ap bQc, hdc lot, vQa t u p h a t , vQa tU giac, vQa cd td chQc + TrQdc sQc m a n h cua vu k h i va cUdng quyen, cac phong t r a o t r e n deu dUa vao mdt niem tin h u y e n bi, lay dd lam sQc m a n h che chd Thap gid vd lUdi gUOm, Nxb Tre Thanh phd Hd Chf Minh, 1988 Dao Cao Dai ddi d Tay Ninh la mgt tinh mien Dong va hoat dgng manh d ca hai vung Ddng Tay Nam Bg Theo Lich sddgo Cao Ddi Nxb Thuan Hoa 1996