NGHIEN CQU - TRAO DOI TANG CUiOfNG BINH D A N G Gidl VA N A N G CAO V | T H f CHO PHU NO V l | T NAM PGS.rs NGUYEN THI NGAN* ung vdi cdng dong cac nudc trdn the' gidi, Viet Nam dang tie'p tuc 'thuc hien cac cam ke't cua minh Tuyen bd Thien nien ki va long ghep cang ddy du ban cac muc tidu ke hoach phat trien Idnh te'- xa hdi gan liln vdi cdng cude ddi mdi ddt nudc Kd' hoach hanh ddng qud'c gia vi su tien bd cua phu nu da dl muc tidu tdng quat den het nam 2010: cai thien rd ret ddi sd'ng vdt chdt, van hoa, tinh than cua phu nfl; tao dilu kien dl thuc hien cd hieu qua cac quyin co ban va phat huy vai trd cua phu nfl mgi ITnh vuc cua ddi sd'ng chfnh tri, kinh td', van boa, xa hdi Thuc hien ke hoach hanh ddng vi su tien bd cua phu nu Viet Nam giai doan 2005-2010 da dem lai nhflng tuu mdi vl su tien bd cua phu nfl Chi sd phat trien ngudi (HDI) cua Vidt Nam da tang td vi tri thd 109 nam 2005 len 105 nam 2007 sd 177 nudc; ddng thd 116 tren 182 nudc nam 2009 C3ii sd phat trien lien quan den gidi (GDI) tang td vi tri 109/177 nudc nam 2004 len 91/157 nudc nam 2007 va 68/130 nudc ndm 2009 Theo danh gid cua Lidn hgp qud'c nam 2009, chi sd phat trien gidi cua Viet Nam dat 0,723 va bang 99,7% so vdi ciii sd phat triln ngudi, dilu dd chdng td bd't binh dang gidi (BDG) phat trien ngudi d Viet Nam la kha thdp Viet Nam dugc danh gia la mdt nhflng qud'c gia dat dugc su thay ddi nhanh nhd't ve xoa bd khoang each gidi 20 ndm qua b khu vuc Ddng Nam A 42 - Vexod bo khodng cdch gidi gido due, ddo tgo Theo danh gia cua Bd Ke hoach va Dau tu, Viet Nam se dat muc tieu xoa bd khoang each gidi cac cdp hgc trudc nam 2010 Tang cudng BDG va ndng cao vi the cua phu nfl viec cung cdp cho phu nfl kie'n thdc giao due co ban va b tdt ca cac cap hgc Ti le hgc sinh nfl da chie'm khoang 50% d cac bdc, cdp bgc Td nam 2005 de'n nay, sd lugng sinh vien nfl trung tuyen vao dai hgc tang nhanh (50,48% nam 2005 len 52,56% nam 2006; 53% nam 2007 len gdn 54% nam 2008) So ndm di hgc trung binh cua ddn sd dd tudi 20-24 cua nfl la 9,5 va nam la 9,6 Su chdnh lech vl ti Ie hgc sinh nam va nfl cdc bdc hgc da dugc thu hep, dac biet la bdc dai hgc - Phii nii tham gia lanh dgo qudn ly Trong gan hai thdp ki qua, Viet Nam ludn cd Phd Chu tich nudc la nfl Viet Nam hidn cd mdt Phd Chii tich nudc, mdt Phd Chu tich Qud'c hdi va mdt Bd trudng la nfl Do thuc hien td't Chien lugc qud'c gia Vi su tie'n bd cua phu nfl ndn ti le dai bieu nfl Qud'c hdi khoa XQ cliie'm 25,76% (tdng ban 20% so vdi nhiem ki Qud'c hdi dau tidn), thudc loai cao khu vuc Ddng Nam A Phu nfl tham gia Hdi ddng nhan dan cdp tinh: 23,8%; cap buydn: 23,22%; cdp xa: 20,1% * Hoc vi^n Chfnh trj - Hanh chfnh qude gia Ho Chf Minh TAP CHI QUAN LY NHA NUOC - SO 177 (10-2010) NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO DOI - Cahgi viec ldm cho nii gidi Viet Nam cd ti le lao ddng nfl tham gia boat ddng kinh td la 83% (so vdi nam gidi la 85%) Lao ddng nfl chie'm ti le cao ITnh vuc giao due, dao tao va mdt sd cac nganh khac Trong ITnh vuc hgc tap va ngbidn cdu khoa hgc, 25 nam qua da cd 15 tap thi va 31 cd nhdn cdc nha khoa hgc nfl xudt sdc, tidu bieu nhdt ITnh vuc khoa hgc tu nhien va dng dung dugc Uy ban Giai thudng Viet Nam trao giai Kovalevkaia (trong dd, cd 10 giao su, 17 phd giao su, 53 tien sT, thdy thudc nhdn ddn, nha giao nhdn ddn) - Tgo dieu kien giup phu nit tie'p can cdc ngudn luc De thuc day cac hoat ddng san xudt - kinh doanh, gdp phdn giam ngheo va ndng cao vi the' cua phu nfl, ndng cao quyin vl Idnh te' cho nfl gidi, Qud'c hdi Viet Nam da thdng qua Ludt siia ddi Ddt dai nam 2003, dd, gidy td lidn quan de'n quyin sir dung ddt diu phai dugc cdp bao gdm tdn cua ca vg va chdng, dam bao quyin va nghTa vu dd'i vdi tai san ddt dd (Ilung vdi cac chuang trinh, muc tidu qud'c gia vl viec lam, vl phdt trien kinh te' - xa hdi, chfnh sdch phat triln cac doanh nghiep, chfnh quyin cac cap da tao dilu kien cho phu nfl dugc binh dang tiep cdn ddt dai, tao dilu kien thudn lgi cho phu nfl viec vay vd'n de dau tu san xudt kinh doanh Day manh boat ddng day nghl, gidi thieu viec lam va cung dng lao ddng tai chd, giup phu nfl cd vide lam dn dinh Tap budn kien thdc, kT ndng quan ly doanh nghiep cho cac nfl chu doanh nghiep, bude ddu hinh lidn ket nfl doanh nhdn, thuc day bdi nhdp kinh te qud'c te' Hien nay, Viet Nam da dp dung nhilu bien phap nham lam giam tdi pham budn ban phu nfl, tre em va bao luc gia dinh Cung vdi tie'n trinh ddi mdi, Viet Nam da ed nhieu cd gdng viec hoan thien he thd'ng phap luat va thi che' BDG Cac luat ve BDG va phdng chd'ng bao luc gia dinh da dugc Qud'c hdi thdng qua va di vao cude sd'ng Td nam 2008, Viet Nam da cd ca quan quan Iy nha nudc ve BDG Chuong trinh hanh ddng phdng, chd'ng tdi pham budn ban phu nfl, tre em giai doan 20072010 da tdp trung vao cac giai phap truyen thdng, ddu tranh trd'n ap tdi pham, tiep nhdn va tai hod nhdp cho nan nhdn bi budn ban trd vl vdi cdng ddng Viet Nam da hoan thidn dugc he thd'ng phap ludt, td chdc dao tao tdp hud'n, hgp tac qud'c td' phdng chd'ng tdi pham - Thuc hien binh ddng nam nit cdc dieh VM ve y te, vdn hod, xd hgi Bao hiem y te' dugc coi la nhflng giai phap bd trg tdi chfnh, dam bao cho ngudi ddn cd kha nang tie'p can vdi cac dieh vu chdm sdc sdc khoe, dac biet, dd'i vdi nhihig ngudi cd thu nhdp tha'p va tre em dudi tudi Quyin va lgi fch cua ngudi lao ddng, nhat la lao ddng nfl cang dugc cac don vi sd dung lao ddng thuc hien theo dung phap luat Ti le lao ddng nfl tham gia bao hiem xa hdi b khu vuc Idnh td' nha nudc gdn tuong duong vdi lao ddng nam Ti le phu nfl tham gia cac boat ddng van hoa, thd thao, vui choi, giai trf cung cao ban trudc Dilu kien kinh te' dugc cai thien, ddi sd'ng vat cha't dugc nang cao, phu nfl cd dieu Iden hgc tap, nghi ngoi, the thao, giai tri va lam dep cho ban than Tuy dat dugc nhieu tuu dang tu hao ve tien bd ciia phu nfl, song, trdn thuc te, phu nfl vdn cdn gap nhilu khd khan cugc sd'ng va nhflng trd ngai bude dudng phdn ddu trudng Kinh te cdn cham phdt trien, thu nhdp cdn thdp, tinh trang tbid'u viec lam, viec lam khdng dn dinh kbid'n cho cude sd'ng gap nhilu khd khan, nhdt la vung ddng bao ddn tdc thilu sd Nhflng ganh ndng khd'i lugng cdng viec gia dinh, nhflng lo toan nudi day cai, phung duang cha me vl gia vdn la trgng trach chfnh ciia ngudi phu nfl, dd, hg vdn phai dam duong cdng vide lao ddng san xudt, cdng tac nhu nam TAP CHI QUAN LY NHA NU6c - SO 177 (10-2010) 43 NGHIEN CLIU - TRAO DOI gidi, dilu dd lam trd ngai den su phat trien chdc nghiep ciia phu nfl Trong xa hdi, nhung dinh kien gidi, trgng nam khinh nfl vdn tdn tai va la rao can dd'i vdi su phat trien cua phu nu Ti le nu tham gia quan ly, lanh dao cdn thap, khdng ddng deu d cac cap, cac ITnh vuc va chua tuong xdng vdi luc lugng phu nfl Ti le nfl qua dao tao chi bang 30% so vdi lao ddng nam So phu nfl cd hgc ham, hgc vi cao cdn thdp so vdi nam gidi Trong gia dinh, phu nu vdn cd vi the thdp ban, tinh trang bao hanh gia dinh ma phu nfl va tre em gai la nan nhdn vdn cdn nhdc nhdi nhdt la d ndng thdn va vung sdu, vung xa Nguydn nhdn cua tinh trang tren cd nhilu, song phai ke den mdt so nguydn nhan CO ban sau: - Do nin kinh te Viet Nam cdn cham phat trien, Viet Nam vdn la mdt nudc ngheo, phdn ldn cu ddn sd'ng d ndng thdn dua vao san xudt ndng nghiep Id chu yeu, khu vuc ndng thdn cdn ngheo nan va lac hdu Ddy chfnh la ngudn gd'c phdt sinh niulu vdn dl bat binh dang va bdt BDG xa hdi; cdn thieu cdc dieh vu hd trg, giup phu nfl giam gdnh nang cdng viec gia dinh Dinh kiln gidi cdn tdn tai cdc tdng Idp xa hdi va nhdm ddn cu - He thd'ng chfnh sach, phap luat cua nudc ta cd nhflng quy dinh thidn vl bao ve quyin lgi cua phu nfl, nhung tren thuc te lai trd rao can khien hg khd tiep cdn vdi CO hdi binh dang cdng viec, cai thien thu nhdp va tham gia quan ly Nhflng quy dinh vl tudi dao tao, bdi dudng, dl bat, bd nhiem va nghi huu vd tinh ddt nfl gidi vao the bdt lgi so vdi nam gidi Cdc chi tidu vl CO cdu gidi da dugc dat ra, nhung cdn thieu quyet tdm cua cdc cdp lanh dao, can bd td chuc d nhilu co quan don vi - Bd may qud'c gia vl BDG va Ban Vi su tie'n bd cua phu nu mdi dugc hinh va cdn nhieu khd khan qua trinh trien khai boat ddng Co che phd'i hgp lidn nganh va ldng ghep gidi cac chuang 44 trinh phat trien kinh te - xa hdi chua cao Su kiem tra, danh gia cua cac co quan chdc nang vl boat ddng BDG cdn chua dat hieu qua - Ban thdn phu nfl cdn tu ti, nhieu chi em chua vugt qua dugc nhflng quan niem, chudn muc cu cua xa hdi; nhieu phu nfl chua tu tin, thieu tinh chu ddng, tfch cue cac boat ddng xa bdi va kha ndng quyet dinh kem Phu nfl Viet Nam hien chiem khoang 51% tdng dan sd (gdn 44 trieu ngudi), vdi luc lugng lao ddng chiem hon 40% ddn sd, phu nu cd vai trd quan trgng cugc chien chd'ng ddi ngheo Lien hgp qud'c ndu rd BDG va cai thien dia vi cho phu nfl la nhflng nhdn to quan trgng de phdt trien bin vflng Do vay, cdn tie'p tuc xdy dung va thuc hien chie'n lugc qud'c gia vl BDG giai doan 2011-2020 vdi mue tieu: thu hep khoang each gidi cdc ITnh vuc chfnh tri, kinh te, lao ddng va viee lam, gido due va dao tao, y te, van hod, gia dinh Phdn ddu dat chi sd phat triln gidi ldn mdc trung binh cao Trong linh vifc chinh tri: cdn tiep tuc tang cudng su tham gia cua phu nfl vao cdc vi trf quan ly, lanh dao nham tdng bude giam dan khoang each gidi ITnh vuc chfnh tri Cdn cd nhflng dl an sodt, danh gia tinh hinh can bd nfl quy hoach trdn toan qud'c Xdy dung chien lugc phdt trien ngudn can bd nfl den nam 2020 Can cd cac chuang trinh dao tao, bdi dudng dl phu nfl tham gia cang nhieu vao cac boat ddng xa hdi, cdc vi tri lanh dao quan ly cac cdp Trong linh vUc kinh te - lao dgng: phdn ddu giam khoang cdch gidi ITnh vuc lao ddng - viec lam Hd trg phu nfl ngheo ndng thdn, phu nfl ddn tdc thieu so cd viec lam, thu nhdp dn dinh va tham gia vdo thi trudng lao ddng Cdn tiep tuc nghien cdu, ban hanh cdc quy dinh uu dai vl thue va tai chfnh cho cac doanh nghiep sd dung nhilu lao ddng nfl; cdn cd cae quy dinh hd trg tin TAP CHI QUAN LY NHA NUOC - SO 177 (10-2010) NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO DOI dung cho cac boat ddng khuyen ndng, khuyen lam, khuyen ngu cho lao ddng nfl d khu vuc ndng thdn, dac biet la ndng thdn mien nui, vung dan tdc thieu so Tao dilu kien de ngudi lao ddng cd co hdi tiep can bao hiem xa hdi vd bao hiem y te Trong linh vUc gido due, ddo tgo: tich cue xdy dung vd thuc hien cdc bien phap thuc day BDG, nang cao chdt lugng ngudn luc lao ddng nfl, tdng bude dam bao BDG, tham gia tfch cue vao ITnh vuc khoa hgc va cdng nghe Tiep tuc ldng ghep gidi vao cdc chuong trinh giao due ddo tao he thd'ng giao due qud'c dan Trong ITnh vuc y te: cdn cd cdc chfnh sach miln phf va tao dilu kien cho phu nfl, phu nfl ngheo, vung ddn tdc thilu sd cham sdc sdc khoe ban ddu, chdm sdc sdc Idioe sinh san Tang cudng nhan thdc vl BDG ve sdc khoe sinh san va phdng chd'ng HIV, AIDS cho ca phu nfl va nam gidi Trong linh viic vdn hod, thong tin, gia dinh, xod bd bao luc tren casdgidi: cdn td chdc cac boat ddng truyin thdng de ndng cao nhdn thdc cua toan xa hdi vl BDG; xay dung cac cau lac bd gia dinh "no dm, binh dang, tidn bd, hanh phuc", phdt trien eac loai hinh dieh vu dl giai phdng sdc lao ddng gia dinh Cdc cbdong trinh tuydn truyin cua cdc co quan truyin thdng, bao chf d trung uong vd dia phuong phai cd su long ghep gidi nham ndng cao nhdn thdc vl BDG va khdc phuc dinh kien gidi xa hdi Cdn chu trgng hinh thdc truyen thdng phu hgp vdi ddn tdc thieu so Tdng cudng ndng life qudn ly nhd nudc ve BDG: ndng cao vai trd, trach nhiem cua Ban Vi su tien bd phu nfl cac cdp Cdn tiep tuc cung CO ea vl sd lugng va nang luc quan ly cua ddi ngu can bd lam cdng tdc BDG td trung uong din dia phuong Cdn xay dung tieu chf gidm sat, ddnh gid vl BDG va khoang each gidi tren toan qud'c, nang cao nang lue kiem tra viec thuc hien phdp luat vl BDGQ NHIN LA110 NAM THirC HIEN (Tiep theo trang 37) gia manh vl biln, giau len td bien, dam bao vung chdc chu quyen qud'c gia trdn bien, gdp phdn quan trgng su nghiep CNH,HDH va phdt trien bin vflng ddt nudc b Gidi phdp Mgt Id, hodn thien he thd'ng phap ludt vl tai nguydn va mdi trudng theo hudng thd'ng nhdt, ddng bd, hgp ly va kha thi Day manh kinh te hod QLTK&BVMT de ngdnh cd the ddng gdp nhilu ban cho cdc gia tri gia tdng cua nin kinh te va thu ngdn sdch nha nudc Hai Id, tang cudng cai each hdnh chfnh manh me de nang cao hieu luc va hieu qua cua cdng tac QLTN&BVM'T Tang cudng phd'i hgp lidn nganh vd thuc day xa hdi hod de phat huy sdc manh cua toan xa hdi QLTN&BVMT Ba Id, ddo tao, phat trien ngudn nhdn luc va kien toan bd may QLNN ve tdi nguyen va mdi trudng Da dang hod cac ngudn ddu tu va tang chi td ngdn sach cho nganh Tai nguydn va Mdi trudng Dilu tra, quan trdc, xay dung co sd dit lieu ve tai nguyen va mdi trudng phuc vu cdng tdc hoach dinh chfnh sdch phdt trien Idnh te - xa hdi va phuc vu cdng ddng Hinh phuong phdp, xdy dung ndng luc du bdo, canh bdo vl tai nguydn va mdi trudng cung nhu cung cap cdc du bao vl tai nguydn, mdi trudng, khf hdu phuc vu phat triln kinh te - xa hdi Bao dam khai thdc, sd dung cdc ngudn tai nguydn thien nhien tilt kiem va hieu qua, bao ve mdi trudng vd thdc ddy an sinh xa hdi de phat trien bin vung ddt nudc Bdn Id, ddy manh dng dung tien bd khoa hoe kT thuat, cdng nghe thdng tin QLTN&BVMT Thue day hgp tac qud'c te QLTM&BVMTa TAP CHI QUAN LY NHA NU6C - SO 177 (10-2010) 45 ... doanh, gdp phdn giam ngheo va ndng cao vi the' cua phu nfl, ndng cao quyin vl Idnh te' cho nfl gidi, Qud'c hdi Viet Nam da thdng qua Ludt siia ddi Ddt dai nam 2003, dd, gidy td lidn quan de'n... CLTU - TRAO DOI - Cahgi viec ldm cho nii gidi Viet Nam cd ti le lao ddng nfl tham gia boat ddng kinh td la 83% (so vdi nam gidi la 85%) Lao ddng nfl chie'm ti le cao ITnh vuc giao due, dao tao... duong vdi lao ddng nam Ti le phu nfl tham gia cac boat ddng van hoa, thd thao, vui choi, giai trf cung cao ban trudc Dilu kien kinh te' dugc cai thien, ddi sd'ng vat cha't dugc nang cao, phu nfl cd