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IGNATIUS YARZA HISTORY OF ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY SINAG TALA PUBLISHERS, INC Manila © Copyright 1983 Ignatius Yarza Ediciones Universidad de Navarra, S A (EUNSA) Plaza de los Sauces, 1 y 2 Baranain, Pamplo.
IGNATIUS YARZA HISTORY OF ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY SINAG-TALA PUBLISHERS, INC Manila © Copyright 1983 Ignatius Yarza Ediciones Universidad de Navarra, S.A (EUNSA) Plaza de los Sauces, y Baranain, Pamplona, Spain © Copyright 1994 English translation Sinag-tala Publishers, Inc Translated by Fr Caesar Santos Translation editor: Fr M Guzman ISBN 971 117 216 X SINAG-TALA PUBLISHERS, INC P.O Box 536, Greenhills Post Office Metro Manila 1502, Philippines FOREWORD INTRODUCTION ORIGIN AND NATURE OF ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY 2 DIVISION OF ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY .5 PURPOSE OF OUR STUDY PART I - THE PRE-SOCRATICS CHAPTER I - THE IONIANS AND HERACLITUS .8 THALES ANAXIMANDER 11 ANAXIMINES .15 HERACLITUS .17 CHAPTER II - THE PYTHAGOREANS .24 PYTHAGORAS AND HIS SCHOOL 24 NUMBER, THE PRINCIPLE OF ALL THINGS 25 ELEMENTS OF NUMBER: EVEN-ODD; LIMITEDUNLIMITED 26 HARMONY 27 MAN AND THE SOUL 28 CHAPTER III - THE ELEATICS 30 PARMENIDES .30 THE ELEATIC SCHOOL 35 CHAPTER IV - THE PLURALISTS 37 EMPEDOCLES 37 ANAXAGORAS 41 THE ATOMISTS: LEICIPPUS AND DEMOCRITUS 44 PART II - GREEK HUMANISM .49 CHAPTER I - THE SOPHISTS .49 A PRACTICAL HUMANISM .49 TOWARDS NEW FORMS OF CULTURE 50 PROTAGORAS 51 GORGIAS 53 CHAPTER II - SOCRATES 55 THE SOCRATIC PROBLEM 55 SOCRATIC ETHICS 56 THEOLOGY 59 THE SOCRATIC METHOD 60 THE DISCIPLES OF SOCRATES 62 PART III - PLATO 63 CHAPTER I - HIS LIFE AND WORKS .63 PROFILE OF HIS LIFE 63 PLATO'S WORKS 64 CHAPTER II - METAPHYSICS AND THE PHILOSOPHY OF NATURE 68 THE IDEAS 68 COSMOLOGY .75 MAN AND HIS SOUL 77 CHAPTER III - ETHICS AND POLITICS 81 ETHICS 81 POLITICS .82 THE ALLEGORY OF THE CAVE 84 PART IV - ARISTOTLE 87 CHAPTER I - LIFE AND WORKS 87 LIFE OF ARISTOTLE 87 THE WORKS OF ARISTOTLE 88 ARISTOTLE AND PLATO 90 CHAPTER II - LOGIC 93 STRUCTURE AND CONTENT OF THE BOOKS OF THE ORGANON 93 INDUCTION: THE KNOWLEDGE OF PRINCIPLES .95 PREDICABLES .97 SCIENCES .98 CLASSIFICATION OF THE SCIENCES .99 CHAPTER III - PHYSICS 103 THE HYLEMORPHIC DOCTRINE 104 SUBSTANCE AND ACCIDENTS 105 CHANGE OR MOVEMENT 106 QUANTITY, PLACE AND TIME 107 ON THE HEAVENS 109 THE EARTH: SIMPLE ELEMENTS AND MIXED BODIES 111 CHAPTER IV - METAPHYSICS 112 NATURE OF METAPHYSICS 112 THE PRINCIPLE OF NON-CONTRADICTION 115 DIFFERENT MEANINGS OF BEING .116 CAUSES .123 CHAPTER V - THE FIRST CAUSE 126 THE EXISTENCE OF GOD .126 THE NATURE OF THE PURE ACT 128 THE UNITY AND THE MULTIPLICITY OF THE DIVINE 129 GOD AND THE WORLD 130 CHAPTER VI - LIVING BEINGS AND MAN 132 LIFE AND THE SOUL 132 SENTIENT LIFE 134 THE INTELLECTIVE LIFE .137 CHAPTER VII - ETHICS 141 THE GOOD AND THE END OF MAN .141 THE VIRTUES .144 THE VOLUNTARY ACT 147 CONCLUDING REMARKS ON ARISTOTLE .149 PART V - HELLENISM 151 CHAPTER I - EPICUREANISM 154 THE CANONICUM 155 PHYSICS 157 ETHICS 158 CHAPTER II - THE STOICS 160 PHYSICS 161 LOGIC 164 ETHICS 165 CHAPTER III - SKEPTICISM 169 PYRRHO 169 CARNEADES 170 SEXTUS EMPIRICUS 172 PART VI - NEO-PLATONISM 174 CHAPTER I - PHILO OF ALEXANDRIA 176 GOD 178 CREATION 179 CHAPTER II - PLOTINUS 182 CHAPTER III - THE NEO-PLATONIC SCHOOLS 190 PORPHYRY 190 PROCLUS 192 CHRONOLOGICAL CHART 197 BIBLIOGRAPHY 201 GENERAL WORKS 201 THE PRE-SOCRATICS .202 THE SOPHISTS AND SOCRATES 203 PLATO 204 ARISTOTLE 205 HELENISM 207 NEO-PLATONISM 208 FOREWORD According to Aristotle, the history of philosophy should serve as a good preparatory study to philosophy proper We have kept this criterion in mind writing all of this throughout the brief history of ancient philosophy In introducing the student to the thoughts of the first philosophers, we wish to clarify the special nature of the knowledge that these thinkers endeavored to acquire, for philosophy continues to pursue this same knowledge to the present The Greek philosophers taught many things that remain valid; however, over and above the details of their respective doctrines, the principal lesson which they have to teach us is this: philosophy is the love of wisdom, it is the quest for the first causes and ultimate principles of all things Interest in ancient thought has never been as lively as it is today Bibliography on the subject is more abundant than ever However, there is a dearth of manuals on ancient philosophy which gather and synthesize the findings of the latest research on the subject Many of them are still based on the stereotyped picture of the ancient philosophers given by historians of the last century, and this picture has altered somewhat in recent years Since this book is intended to form part of a collection of introductory works on philosophy, we have limited our explanations to the essential points of the principal philosophers of the period Whenever possible, we have kept the original vocabulary of these philosophers; but when the obscurity of the texts and the absence of adequate philosophical terminology have made it necessary, we did not hesitate to introduce our own interpretation of the doctrine At all events, it has been our intention to faithfully transmit the central ideas of these philosophers with a view to making their doctrines more comprehensible INTRODUCTION ORIGIN AND NATURE OF ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY According to the testimony of Heracles Ponticus, the discovery of philosophy is to be attributed to Pythagoras It was Pythagoras who, in reply to someone who asked him which art he felt more at home with, said that he did not know any kind of art: he was only a philosopher We cannot say for sure whether or not this account is true However, what can be affirmed with certainty is that both the term and the notion of philosophy are Greek in origin Modern historical research has confirmed this Greek paternity, and has put an end to the long- debated question about whether philosophy actually emerged in the East or in the West This conclusion does not deny the possible role the Orient may have played in the birth of Greek philosophy, but what it does show is that such influence, if it does exist (especially in the field of mathematics, astronomy and to the practical sciences in general), does not in any way diminish the originality of the Greek genius What was the nature of this originality? What were the characteristics of this new kind of knowledge that emerged for the first time in Ionia, and which had important consequences for the entire tradition of Western culture? At the beginning, between the 6th and 5th C B.C., the term "philosophy” had a rather generic meaning It meant the intellectual activity which gave rise to culture as a rhetorical and literary phenomenon The specific meaning of philosophy which the Greeks bequeathed to posterity will be found later on, in the works of Plato and Aristotle For Plato, philosophy is the search for wisdom, a kind of knowledge which in itself is unlimited and which corresponds to the infinite knowledge of God alone.2 To man it pertains to seek that wisdom, to raise questions about the totality of reality, and probe into its mysteries For Aristotle, too, philosophical knowledge was characterized by totality: it was an inquiry about the whole expanse of reality, without excluding any Cf Heracl Pont., fr 88; Diogenes Laertius, I,12 Cf Plato, Phaedrus, 278 c-d conceived as chronologically differentiated from each other, for they simultaneously take place during the whole process of production As regards ethics, Proclus retains the neo-Platonic ideal of uniting oneself with the divine Unlike Plotinus, however, he says that this union is not only achieved by way of intellectual effort Proclus believes in the efficacy of theurgic practices, as Marinus confirms in several places Moreover, Proclus believes in the soul's participation in the divine One, and it is this participation that makes union with the One possible Proclus exerts an enormous dialectical effort to explain the origin of all reality from the One He describes in detail the continuity that obtains between different beings, and the relationship between these beings and the First Principle His ideas, especially those contained in the Liber de Causis (a summary of the Elementaiio), will later on influence the development of philosophy during the Middle Ages.2 After Proclus, there was no other philosopher of merit among the neoPlatonists Neo-Platonism—and with it, the pagan philosophy of Greece— began its gradual decline until it eventually disappeared In the year 529, Justinian proscribes all pagans from holding any public office, including that of teaching This year is generally considered as the close of the period of ancient philosophy Justinian's edict, however, had another effect: juridically, it accelerated the growth of another phenomenon which had emerged as a consequence of a host of previous factors, the most important of which was the introduction and spread of Christianity The richness and depth of the new doctrine provided the pagan world with the true answer to the search for wisdom and moral renewal which the Greeks had begun but failed to bring to a successful conclusion Cf Plat Theol., I, St Thomas Aquinas wrote a commentary on the Liber de Causis, and incorporated some of its ideas into his doctrine Much of his knowledge about neo-Platonism comes from this book The vitality of the philosophy of Proclus extends far beyond the confines of the Middle Ages, however; modem dialecticians, especially Hegel, showed great appreciation for his doctrine 199 CHRONOLOGICAL CHART BC 585 570 550 546 545 540 538 st half of the 5th C 490 485 470 460 449-429 History of Philosophy Thales predicts a solar eclipse Birth of Anaximenes Arche of Anaximander Foundation of the the Pythagorean school Death of Thales Death of Anaximander Birth of Heraclitus Arché of Anaximenes Cyrus II, King of Persia End of the Babylonian captivity of the Jews Activity of Heraclitus Flowering of the Eleatic school (Parmenides, Zeno, Melissus) Activity of Empedocles Birth of Anaxagoras Birth of Leucippus Battle of Marathon Births of Gorgias and Protagoras Birth of Socrates Birth of Democritus Periclean age in Athens Sophocles writes his principal works Peloponessian War 442-429 431 427 427-388 Other events Birth of Plato Literary activity of Aristophanes Thirty tyrants of Athens 404 200 399 387 384 362 347 336 Trial and death of Socrates Foundation of the Academy Birth of Aristotle 335 334-323 Foundation of the Lyceum 324 Beginnings of Pyrrhonic scepticism Death of Aristotle 322 306 300 268 Battle of Mantinea Death of Plato King Alexander of Macedonia Conquests of Alexander in Asia Epicurus (d 270) opens the school of the Garden Zeno(d.262) opens the school of the Stoa Arcesilaus runs the Academy 264-241 262 232 218-201 212 200-197 156-137 60-55 58-51 57-35 50 Dissolution of the Macedonian Empire Foundation of the library in Alexandria Unification of Italy under Roman rule First Punic War Translation of the Bible (Septuagint version) Chrysippus heads the Stoic school Second Punic war Death of Archimedes First Macedonian War Carneades heads the Academy Lucretius: De rerum natura Caesar conquers Gaul Literary activity of Cicero Caesar assumes control of the: Roman Empire Pax augustea 48-44 ********************** A.D 30 Death and ressurection of, Jesus St Peter, first Pope 201 43-44 2nd half of the 1st century 63 64 Rome conquers Britain Philo of Alexandria Neo-Pythagoreanism Epictetus Seneca's Letter to Lucillus 70 1st half of the 2nd century 194 Sextus Empiricus' PyrrhonensesHypotyposes 197 1st half of the Beginnings of neo3rd century Platonism 203 Diogenes Laertius' Lives of the Philosophers 233 Plotinus, disciple of Ammonius in Alexandria 244 School of Plotinus in Rome 2nd half of the 3rd century 251-325 Neo-Pla tonic school of Syria: lamblicus 270 Isagoge of Porphyry 301 Publication of the Enneads 1st half of the 4th century 312 313 324 325 330 2nd half of the 4th 202 Burning of Rome and the persecution of Christians Destruction of Jerusalem by Titus Diaspora of the Jews First Christian apologists Tertulian's Apologeticum Crisis of the Roman Empire Arrian heresy First Roman basilicas Conversion of Constantine Edict of Milan Constantine, sole emperor of the Roman Empire Council of Nicea Byzantium is made capital of the Empire Greek fathers (Sts Gregory of Nazianzen, Gregory of century Nyssa, John Chrysostom) and Latin fathers (Sts Ambrose and Jerome) Pelagius Conversion of St Augustine Division of the Empire into its eastern and western halves Ravenna, capital of the Western Roman Empire Council of Ephesus 360-422 387 385 402 431 438 Proclus head of neoPlatonic school in Athens 476 510 529 End of the Western Roman Empire Boethius is made consul Justinian closes the schools of Athens 203 GENERAL WORKS BIBLIOGRAPHY1 CAPELLE, W., Die griechische Philosophie, de Gruyter, Berlin 1954 COPLESTON, F., A History of Philosophy, vol I: Greece and Rome, 4th ed., London 1956 FRAILE, G., Historia de la filosofia, vol I: Grecia y Roma, BAG, Madrid 1956 GOMPERZ, T., Griechische Denker, vols Leipzig 1896-1909 GRENET, P.B., Histoire de la philosophie ancienne, Beauchesne, Paris 1956 GUTHRIE, W.R.C., The Greek Philosophers from Thales to Aristotle, London 1950 JAEGER, W., Paideia, Die Formung des griechischen Menschen, Berlin 1933 LAERTIUS DIOGENES, Diogenis Laertii vitae philosophorum (critical ed of H.S Long), vols., Bibl Ox., Oxford 1964 NAPOLI, G DI, La concezione dell'essere nella filosofia greca, Marzorati, Milan 1953 REALE, G., Storia della filosofia antica, vols., Vita e Pensierd, Milan 1975-1980 ROBIN, L., La pensée grecque et les origines de I'esprit scientifique, Paris 1923 SEVERAL AUTHORS, Histoire de la Philosophie, vol I Encyclopédie de la Pléiade, Gallimard, Paris 1969 VOGEL, CJ DE, Greek Philosophy, vols 4th ed Brill, Leiden 1969 WERNER, C., La philosophie grecque, 3rd ed., Payot, Paris 1962 WINDELBAN, W., Geschichte der abendlandischen Philosphie im Altertum, 4th ed., Munich 1923 HIRSCHBERGER, J., Geschichte der Philosophie, vol I: Altertum und Mittelalter, Herder, Freiburg 1949 ZELLER, E., Die Philosophie der Griechen in ihrer geschichtlichen Entwicklung dargestellt, parts in vols., Tubingen and Leipzig 18591868 (reprinted in Hildesheim and Darmstadt 1963) The Italian (This bibliography, which contains only the essential works on the subject, can be complemented by the one found in Question! di storiografia filosofica, 1, La Scuola', Brescia 1975.) 204 translation begun in 1932 by R Mondolfo envisaged a collection of 18 vols including important historiographical data that complete the Zeller text As of the moment, 10 vols of the Italian translation have appeared: E Zeller-R Mondolfo, La filosofia dei greci nel suo sviluppo storico, La Nuova Italia, Florence 1932f THE PRE-SOCRATICS A Sources COLLI, G., La sapienza greca, vols (up to Heraclitus), Adelphi, Milan 1977-80 DIELS, H.-KRANZ, W., Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, vols., 6th ed (subsequently re-printed), Weidmann, Berlin 1951- 52 GARCIA BACCA, J.D., Los Presocráticos, vols Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico 1943-44 B Studies ALFIERI, V.E., Gli atomisti, frammenti e testimonianze, Laterza, Bari 1936 (included without notes in I Presocratici) BIGNONE, E., Empedocle, Studio critico, traduzione e commento delle testimonianze e frammenti, L'Erma di Bretschneider, Rome 1963 (reprinted edition) BURNET, J., Early Greek Philosophy, London 1892 CHERNISS, H., Aristotle's Criticism of Pre-socratic Philosophy, J Hopkins Press, Baltimore 1935 GARCIA BACCA, J.D., El poema de Parménides (transl and commentary), Imprenta universitaria, Mexico 1942 GENTILE, M., La metafisica presofistica, Cedam, Padua 1939 JAEGER, W., The Theology of the Early Greek Philosophers, Oxford 1948 KIRK, G.S.-RAVEN, J.E., The Pre-Socratic Philosophers, Cambridge 1957 LAURENTI, R., Introduzione a Tale, Anassimandro, Anassimene, Laterza, Bari 1971 MONTERO MOLINER, F., Parménides, Gredos, Madrid 1960 205 SEVERAL AUTHORS, I Presocratici, Testimonianze e frammenti, vols., Laterza, Bari 1969 SEVERAL AUTHORS, Los filósofos presocráticos, vols., Gredos, Madrid 1979-81 TIMPANARO CARDINI, M., Pitagorici, Testimonianze e frammenti, vols., 2nd ed., La Nuova Italia, Florence 1969 VOGEL, C.J DE, Pythagoras and Early Pythagoreanism, Assen 1966 ZAFIROPULO, J., Empédocle d'Agrigente, Les Belles Lettres, Paris 1953 Anaxagore de Clazoméne, Les Belles Lettres, Paris 1948 Uecole eléate, Les Belles Lettres, Paris 1950 THE SOPHISTS AND SOCRATES A Sources DIELS, H.-KRANZ, W., Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, cited above SEVERAL AUTHORS, Socrate, Tutte le testimonianze da Aristofane e Senofonte Padri cristiani, Laterza Bari 1971 UNTERSTEINER, M., Sofisti, Testimonianze e frammenti, vols., 2nd ed., La Nuova Italia, Florence 1967 (the last volume was written in collaboration with A Battegazzore) B Studies FESTUGIÈRE, A.M., Socrate, Paris 1932 GUTHRIE, W.K.C., History of Greek Philosophy, vol Ill, Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge 1969 MAGALHÃES-VILHENA, V DE, Le problème de Socrate, P.U.F., Paris 1952 MAIER, E., Sokrates, sein Werk und seine geschichtliche Stellung, Tubingen 1913 SARRI, F., Socrate e la genesi storica dell’idea occidentale di anima, vols., Abete, Rome 1975 TAYLOR, A.E., Socrates, London 1933 El pensamiento de Sócrates, Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico, 1961 TOVAR, A., Vida de Sócrates, 2nd ed., Rev de Occidente, Madrid 1966 206 UNTERSTEINER, M., I sofisti, vols., Lampugnani Nigri, Milan 1967 PLATO A The Dialogues a) Original versions BURNET, J., Platonis Opera, vols., Scriptorum Classicorum Bibliotheca Oxoniensis, Clarendon Press, Oxonii 1900-1907 HERMANN, C.F., Platonis Dialogi secundum Thrasylii dispositi, vols., Bibliotheca Scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana, Teubner, Lipsiae 1851-53 SEVERAL EDITORS, Platon Oeuvres complètes, texte établi et traduit, Collection des Universités de France publiée sous le patronage de 1'Association Guillaume Budé, Les Belles Lettres, Paris 1920f b) Translations JOWETT, B., The Dialogues of Plato, vols., 3rd ed., Oxford Univ Press, Oxford 1892 B Studies CONFORD, F.M., Plato's Theory of Knowledge, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London 1935 CHERNISS, H.F., Aristotle's Criticism of Plato and the Academy, J.Hopkins Press, Baltimore 1944 DIÈS, A., Platon, Flammarion, Paris 1930 Autour de Platon, vols., Beauchesne, Paris 1972 FESTUGIÈRE, A.F., Contemplation et vie contemplative selon Platon, 3rd ed., Vrin, Paris 1975 GOLDSCHMIDT, V., La religion de Platon, 2nd ed., P.U.F., Paris 1971 KRAMER, H., Platone e i fondamenti della metafisica, Vita e Pensiero, Milan 1982 PATER, W„ Plato and Platonism, London 1893 PÈPIN, J., Mythe et allégoric, 2nd ed., Paris 1976 PIEPER, J., Uber die platonischen Mythen, Munich 1965 207 REALE, G., Per una rilettura e una nuova interpretazione di Platone, Cusl, Milan 1984 ROBIN, L., La theorie platonicienne des Id'ees et des Nombres d’après Aristote, Alcan, Paris 1908 La théorie platonicienne de I'amour, 3rd ed., P.U.F., Paris 1964 Platon, 2nd ed., P.U.F., Paris 1968 ROSS, W.D., Plato’s Theory of Ideas, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1951 STEFANINI, L„ Platone, vols., 2nd ed., Cedam, Padua 1949 TAYLOR, A.E., Plato, the Man and his Work, 6th ed., Methuen, London 1949 ARISTOTLE A Corpus aristotelicum a) Original texts ALLAN, D.J., Aristotelis De Caelo, O.C.T., Oxford 1955 Aristoteles Opera edidit Academia regia Borussica, Berolini 1831-1870 (vols I-II, Aristoteles Graece, I Bekker; vol Ill, Aristoteles latine, several editors; vol IV, Scholia in Aristotelem, C.A Brandis; vol V, Aristotelis fragmenta, V Rose; Index aristotelicus, H Bonitz) (a revised edition was made by O Gigon, Berlin 1960- 61) Aristotelis Opera omnia graece et latine, cum indice nominum et rerum absolutissimo, A.F Didot, vol I-IV, Parisii 1848-1869 vol V Index, 1874 Moreover, many of Aristotle's writings have been published separately in Greek and Latin in various collections; for example: Bibliotheca Teubneriana; Collection des Universités de France; Oxford Classical Library; The Loab Classical Library The following are some of the better-known editions of individual works: BURNET, J., The Ethics of Aristotle, Methuen, London 1900 JOACHIM, H.H., Aristotle on Coming-to-be and Passing Away, Oxford 1922 ROSS, W.D., Aristotelis fragmenta selecta, O.C.T., Clarendon Press, Oxford 1955 Aristotle's Metaphysics, vols., O.C.T., Oxford 1924 Aristotle's Physics, O.C.T., Oxford 1950 208 Aristotle, De Anima, O.C.T., Oxford 1961 WAITZ, T., Aristotelis Organon, Leipzig 1844-1846 (re-printed by AalenScientia 1962) b) Translations The Oxford translation of the works of Aristotle is published in eleven volumes, under the editorship of J.A Smith and W.D Ross B Studies ALVIRA, R., La noción de finalidad, Eunsa, Pamplona 1978 AUBENQUE, P., Le problème de L’être chez Aristote, 2nd ed P.U.F., Paris 1966 La prudence chez Aristote, 2nd ed., P.U.F., Paris 1976 BERTI, E., L’unità del sapere in Aristotele, Cedam, Padua 1965 Aristotele: Della dialettica alia filosofia prima, Cedam, Padua 1977 Profilo di Aristotele, Studium, Rome 1979 BIGNONE, E., L'Aristotele perduto e la formazione filosofica di Epicuro, vols., 2nd ed., La Nuova Italia, Florence 1973 BRENTANO, F., On Several Senses of Being in Aristotle, Univ, of California Press, Berkeley 1975 CALOGERO, G., fondamenti della logica aristotelica, 2nd ed., Le Mounier, Florence 1968 CENCILLO, L., "Hyle," Origen, concepto y funciones de la materia en el Corpus aristotelicum, CSIC, Madrid 1958 CUBELLS, F., El concepto de acto energético en Aristóteles, Imp José Macher, Valencia 1960 DURING, L, Aristoteles Darstellung und Interpretation seines Denkens, Heidelberg 1966 GAUTHIER, R.A., La morale d'Aristote, 3rd ed.,'P.U.F., Paris 1973 GÓMEZ MORALES, S., Horizonte de la metafisica aristotelica, Col Max Ona, Madrid 1955 HARDIE, W.F.R., Aristotle's Ethical Theory, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1968 JAEGER, W., Aristoteles, Grundegung einer Geschichte seiner Entwicklung, Berlin 1923 209 MANSION, A., Introduction la physique aristotélicienne, 2nd ed., Institut superieur de Philosophic, Louvain 1946 MANSION, S., Le judgement d'existence chez Aristote, Institut superieur de Philosophie, Louvain-Paris 1946 MIGNUCCI, M., La teoria aristotelica delle scienze, Florence 1965 NATALI, C., Cosmo e divinità La struttura logica della teologia aristotelica, Japadre, L'Aquila 1974 NUYENS, F., L' évolution de la psychologic d'Aristote, Institut superieur de Philosophie, Louvain 1948 OWENS, J., The Doctrine of Being in the Aristotelian Metaphysics, 2nd ed., Institute of Mediaeval Studies, Toronto 1963 SEVERAL AUTHORS, Autour d'Aristote, Melanges A Mansion, Nauwelaerts, Paris-Louvain 1955 SEVERAL AUTHORS, Articles on Aristotle, vols., Duckworth, London 1977 REALE, G., Il concetto di filosofia prima e l'unitá della Metafisica di Aristotele, Vita e Pensiero, Milan 1967 Introduzione a Aristotele, Laterza, Bari 1974 ROSS, W.D., Aristotle, London 1923VANIER, J., Le bonheur, principe et fin de la morale aristotélicienne, Desclée de Brouwer, Paris-Bruges 1965 HELENISM A Sources ARNIM, VON H., Stoicorum Veterum fragmenta, Teubner, Lipsiae 19031924 ARRIGHETTI, G., Epicuro, Opere, 2nd ed., Einaudi, Turin 1973 BAILEY, C., Epicurus, The Extant Remains, with short critical apparatus, translation and notes, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1926 BALDASSARI, M., Plutarco, gli opuscoli contro gli Stoici, vols, Pub di Verifiche, Trent 1976 BIGNONE, E., Epicuro, Opere, frammenti e testimonialize sulla sua vita, tradotti introduzione e commento, Laterza, Bari 1920 BREHIER, E., Les Stoiciens Textes, édités sous la direction de P.M Schuhl, Gallimard, Paris 1962 210 EMPIRICUS, SEXTUS, Los tres libros de hipotesis pirroniccas, ed Reus, Madrid 1926 FESTA, M., I frammenti degli Stoici antichi, vols., Laterza, Bari 1932-35 (re-printed in one volume, Olms, Hildesheim 1971) MUTSCHMANN, H.-MAU, J., Sexti Empirici Opera, vols., Teubner, Lipsiae 1912-52 USENER, H., Glossarium Epicureum, edendum curaverunt M Gigante et W Schmid, ed dell'Ateneo e Bizzarri, Rome 1977 Epicurea, Teubner, Leipzig 1887 (re-printed, Rome 1963) B Studies BAILEY, C., The Greek Atomists and Epicurus, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1928 BIGNONE, E., L’Aristotele perduto e la formazione filosofica di Epicuro, vols., 2nd ed., La Nuova Italia, Florence 1973 BROCHARD, V., Les sceptiques grecs, 3rd ed., Paris 1932 BRUN, J., Le Stoicisme, P.U.F., Paris 1958 CAPONE BRAGA, G., Studi su Epicuro, Milan 1951 EDELSTEIN, L., The Meaning of Stoicism, Harvard University Press, Cambridge (Mass.) 1966 FESTUGIERE, J., Epicure et ses dieux, P.U.F., Paris 1947 MIGNUCCI, M., 11 significato della logica stoica, Patron, Bologna 1965 MOREAU, J., L'ame du monde de Platon aux Stokiens, Les Belles Lettres, Paris 1939 POHLENZ, M., Die Stoa, Geschichte eineo geistigen Bewegung, vols., Gottingen 1948-49 PRA, M DAL., Lo scetticismo greco, Bocca, Milan 1950 RIST, J.M., Epicurus, An Introduction, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, London-New York 1977 ROBIN, L., Pyrrhon et le scepticisme grec, Paris 1944 RUSSO, A., Scettici antichi, Utet, Turin 1978 SEVERAL AUTHORS, Problems in Stoicism, ed by A.A Long, London 1971 NEO-PLATONISM A Sources 211 ARNALDEZ, R.-POUILLOUX, J.- MONDÉSERT, C„ Les Oeuvres de Philon d'Alexandrie, publiées sous le patronage de 1'Universite de Lyon, ed du Cerf, Paris 1961f BRÉHIER, E„ Plotin, Ennéades, vols., Coll Bude, 2nd ed., Les Belles Lettres, Paris 1954-63 CILENTO, V., Enneadi, vols., Laterza, Bari 1947-49 COHN, L.-WENDLAND, P.-REITER, S.,Philonis Alexandrini Opera quae supersunt, vols., Reimer, Berlin 1896-1915 (2nd ed., De Gruyter, Berlin 1962) COUSIN, V., Prodi Opera, vols., Parisiis 1920-27 DODDS, E.R., Proclus, The Elements of Theology, 2nd ed., Clarendon Press, Oxford 1963 HENRY, P.-SCHWYZER, H.R., Plotini Opera, vols., Desclée de Brouwer, Paris, Brussells 1951 MIGUEZ, J.A., Plotino, Eneadas, vols., Aguilar, Buenos Aires 1963- 67 NAUCK, A., Porphyrii philosophi Platonici Opuscula selecta, 2nd ed., Teubner, Lipsiae 1886 (re-printed, Olms, Hildesheim 1963) Commentaria in Aristotelem Graece, edita consilio et auctoritate Academiae Litterarum Regiae Borussicae, apud G Reimerum, Berloni 1882-1909 (re-printed, De Gruyter, Berlin 1954f): vol IV Porphyrii Isagoge et in Aristotelis Categorias commentarium, edidit A Busse, 1887 (re-printed 1957) SAMARANCH, F.P., Proclo, Elementos de Teologfa, Aguilar, Buenos Aires 1965 B Studies BASTID, P., Proclus et le crepuscule de la pensee grecque, Paris 1969 BIDEZ, J., Vie de Porphyre La philosophic néoplatonicienne, 2nd ed., Olms, Hildesheim 1964 BRÉHIER, E., La philosophic de Plotin, Boivin, Paris 1928 Les idees philosophiques et religieuses de Philon d'Alexandrie, 3rd ed., Paris 1950 DANIÉLOU, J., Philon d’Alexandrie, Paris 1958 GARCÍA BACCA, J.D., Introduction general a las Enéadas, Losada, Buenos Aires 1948 212 HADOT, P., Porphyre et Victorinus, vols., Paris 1968 MADDALENA, A., Filone Alessandrino, Mursia, Milan 1970 MERLAN, P., From Platonism to Neo-Platonism, M Nijhoff, Den Haag 1953 PÉPIN, J., Mythe et allégoric, Les origines grecques et les contestations judeo-chrétiennes, 2nd ed., Paris 1976 ROSAN, L.Y., The Philosophy of Proclus, the Final Phase of Ancient Thought, Cosmos, New York 1949 SANTINELLO, G., Saggi sull'umanesimo di Proclo, Patron, Bologna 1960 SEVERAL AUTHORS, Le néoplatonisme, ed du Centre national de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris 1971 SEVERAL AUTHORS, The Significance of Neo-Platonism, ed by R Baine Harris, International Society for Neo-Platonic Studies, Old Dominion University Norfolk, Norfolk 1976 213 ... Aristotle, the history of philosophy should serve as a good preparatory study to philosophy proper We have kept this criterion in mind writing all of this throughout the brief history of ancient philosophy. .. Greenhills Post Office Metro Manila 1502, Philippines FOREWORD INTRODUCTION ORIGIN AND NATURE OF ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY 2 DIVISION OF ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY .5 PURPOSE OF OUR STUDY... emergence of another This alternation of worlds, a consequence of the eternal movement of the ápeiron, is a never-ending process Genesis of the world On the basis of the above description of the