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MAY VAN D E VE T H U C TRANG XAY D T O G GIA DINH VAN H A TAI DONG BANG SONG HONG (NGHIEN CtrU TAI HTJNG Y^N, VINH PHUC, HAI P H N G ) NGUYEN THI KIM HOA* L DAT VAN DE Phong trao xdy dung gia dinh van boa (GDVH) phdt tridn rgng khip trdn pham vi ca nudc tfl nam 1975 ddn Ngdy 23/6/2006, Bp tradng Bd Van hoa - thdng tin ban hanh Quy chd cdng nhan danh hidu GDVH Quy chd cung da quy dinh kha toan dien, ehi tidt cdc vin dd lidn quan ddn vide xay dung, edng nhan gia dinh dat danh hieu GDVH nhu: tham quydn cdng nhan, didu kidn cdng nhan; hd so dd nghi cdng nhan; quy trinh cdng nhan, cdng bd quydt dinh gia dinh dat danh hieu GDVH; khen thudng, xfl ly vi pham; thu hdi quydt dinh cdng nhan Nghi djnh 185/2007/ND-CP 25/12/2007 cua Chinh phu quy dinh chflc nang, nhidm vu, quydn ban vd td chflc bd may cua Bp Van hoa - thd thao du lich da giao bd "chu tri, phdi hgp vdi cdc bd, ngdnh lidn quan xay dung vd td chflc thuc hidn ndi dung GDVH" Day la mdt bdn nhidm vu co ban vd ITnh vuc gia dinh dugc nhd nudc giao cho Bd Van hod - the thao - du lich Trong nhung nam qua, phong trdo xay dung GDVH da dugc tridn khai manh me trdn pham vi toan qudc, da thu dugc kdt qud ddng kd, ddng gop tich cue vdo phong trao xay dung ddi sdng van hoa d co sd, tao ndn tang tdt dep cho su phdt tridn ben virng ciia gia dinh Viet Nam Tuy nhidn, thuc td "Qud trinh cdng nghidp hoa, hidn dai hoa, dd thi boa va hpi nhap qudc td tao nhidu co hgi va didu kidn, ddng thdi ciing dat gia dinh va cdng tac gia dinh trade nhidu khd khan, thach thflc Mat trdi cua co chd thi tradng va ldi sdng thuc dung tdc ddng manh tdi cac gia tri dao due tmydn thdng va ldi sdng lanh manh Sir phan hoa giau ngheo se tidp tuc tac ddng vao sd ddng cdc gia dinh." [2, 6] Vide xay dung GDVH da dat dugc nhidu kdt qud "Tuy nhien, cdng tac gia dinh hien nhieu yeu kem va dang ddi mat vdi nhidu thach thuc Vide thuc hien Luat Hdn nhan va Gia dinh nhidu thidt sot vd bat cap Tinh trang Iy hdn, ly than, chung sdng khdng kdt hdn, quan he tinh due vd nao phd thai trade hdn nhan gia tang Nhidu gid tri dao due traydn thdng tdt dep cua gia dinh nhu hidu nghTa, thuy chung, kinh trdn nhudng dudi dang co bieu hien xuong cip Nhung xung dot thd he ve loi song vd vide cham sdc, nudi dudng ngudi eao tudi dang dat nhung thach thflc mdi Td nan xa hdi nhu ma tuy, cd bac, ragu che be tha, mai dam vd nan dich HIV/AIDS dang tham nhap vao cdc gia dinh Bao hanh gia dinh, tinh trang budn ban phu nfl vd tre em, tre em bi xam hai, tre em phai lang thang kidm sdng, tre em vi pham phdp luat co chidu hudng phat tridn" [2, 8] Theo Bdo cdo ddnh gid tdng quan phong trao xay dung GDVH giai doan 2002 2006 cua Bd Van hod - thd thao- du lich (sd 15/BC-BVHTTDL 21/9/2007), thdng * TS.; Khoa Xi hoi hgc, Dai hgc KHXH vi Nhan vin- Dai hgc qu6c gia Hi Ngi Nghlin ciiu Con ngudt s66 (45) 2009 27 Mdy vdn de 12/2006, cd nudc cd 14.824.383/18.107.720 hd gia dinh dang ki xay dung GDVH (81,87%); cd 13.142.100 hd dugc cdng danh hidu GDVH (dat 88,65% tdng sd hg da dang ki; dat 72,58% so vdi tong so hd trdn dia bdn) Hien nay, theo ddnh gid cua mgt sd tinh, sd hd dat danh hidu GDVH tinh da trdn 80%, nhidn chit lugng boat ddng chua dugc chfl trgng, van cdn hidn tugng chay theo benh thdnh tich, chay theo so lugng ma khdng chu y ddn chit lugng cua cdc tidu chi GDVH Vide to ehuc dang ky, binh xet, khen thudng GDVH chua thudng xuydn, chua kip thdi hoac da ldm nhung cdn thidu nghiem tuc Mgt sd noi chua cd ke hoach cu thd dd chi dao, chua tao dugc dgng luc hap dan cudn hut mgi tang ldp xa hdi tham gia thuc hidn Cdc van dd vd gia dinh Id mdt dd tdi thu hut nhidu ngudi nghidn cuu tai Viet Nam, nhidu cdng trinh nghien cuu vd gia dinh da dugc thuc hidn vdi nhidu phdt hien quan trgng Mac du vay, chua cd nghidn cflu ndo hodn todn tap trung vao phan tich, md td thuc trang phong trdo GDVH dang dugc tridn khai thuc hidn khap cd nudc, didu dd dat nhu cau nghidn cflu todn didn vd phong trdo, nham dua nhiing kdt qud vd chat lugng boat dgng cua phong trdo GDVH • Ddng bang sdng Hdng Id khu vuc cd ti Id cao ve don vi hdnh chinh vd dan sd cua qudc gia; cd vi tri va ddc didm quan trgng ddi vdi qud trinh phdt tridn cua dit nudc, dac bidt la bdi cdnh dat nudc thdi ky hdi nhap, diy manh cdng nghidp hda - hidn dai hoa (CNH - HDH) Vide xay dung GDVH tai khu vuc da dat dugc nhidu t\m va kdt qud, nhung thuc tien, chit lugng hoat ddng, chit lugng danh hi$u GDVH cua cdc gia dinh cdn chua.cao Do vay, vide khdo sdt, ddnh gid thuc trang va de xuit mdt sd giai phap nhim nang cao chit lugng xay dung GDVH d khu vuc ddng bdng sdng Hong* thdi ky hgi nhap, diy manh CNH - HDH dit nudc thuc sir Id vide cin thiet Cdc tinh Hung Ydn, VTnh Phuc vd Hai Phdng vdi muc do thi hda khdc da dugc lira chpn de thuc hidn nghidn cflu tfl thdng 5-8/2009 Trong dd, Hdi Phdng di diu vdi toe do thi hda manh, tinh VTnh Phuc, vdi dia bdn nghidn cflu Id thdnh phd VTnh Yen dang qud trinh bidn ddi manh me vd vdi hai dia bdn trdn, tinh Hung Yen dugc lira chgn nhu mgt khu vuc didn hinh thuin ndng vdi nhung dae trung cua ndng nghiep Vide lira chgn ba dia bdn nghidn cflu cd sir khdc bidt nhdm chung td mdi quan he giua qua trinh CNH - HDH va vide xdy dung phong trdo GDVH, hudng tdi vide de xuit nhung gidi phdp nang cao chit lugng phong trdo phu hgp Tai cd b.a dia ban, chinh quydn dia phuong da cd nhiing van ban hudng dan thuc hidn xay dimg phong trao, cdc bdo cdo ddnh gid boat ddng, td chflc cdc boat ddng phdt dgng phong trdo, ddnh gid boat ddng, bidu duong, khen thudng cdc dien hinh tidu bidu Cac cau hdi nghidn cuu dugc dat Id: Thuc trang xay dimg GDVH tai cdc hd gia dinh la nhu thd nao? Cdc boat ddng tridn khai thuc hidn tai dia phuong vd chit lugng GDVH tai ddng bing sdng Hdng bao gom nhung boat ddng gi? Chit lugng GDVH vd cdc hoat dgng tridn khai thuc hidn nhu thd ndo? Trade tidn hdnh khdo sdt, mdt gid thuyet da dugc dat Id: phong trdo xdy dung GDVH tai dia phuang vd co ban tot, vin tdn tai mgt vdi nhugc diem vd cdn mdt sd han chd vide thuc hidn vd nhan thuc cua ngudi dan vd cac cdn bd phu trdch vd cac tidu chuin 2g Nghlin ciiu Con ngudt sd6 (45) 2009 Nguyin Thi Kim Hoa Dd trd ldi cdu hdi vd kidm chung gid thuydt trdn day, nghidn cflu cua chflng tdi da sfl d\mg cdc phuong phdp nghidn cflu: phdn tich tdi lieu vd phdng vin theo bdng hoi, sd lugng bang hdi dugc thuc hidn tai cdc gia dinh d moi tinh, thdnh phd Id 200 II KET QUA NGHIEN ClTU Thuc trgng thiic hipn nhung t i ^ chuin cdng nhan GDVH tai cdc hd gia dmh Cdc tidu chuin cdng nhdn danh j^du GDVH bao gdm nhom tidu chuin vdi cdc tidu chi cu thd Ba nhdm tidu chuin bao gdm [3, 2]: 1) Guong mdu chip hdnh chu Uuong, chinh sdch cua Ddng, phdp luat Nhd nudc, tich cue tham gia cdc phong trdo thi dua cfla dia phucmg 2) Giafflnhhda thuan, hanh phfle, tidn bd, tuong trg giup mgi ngudi cdng ddng 3) Td chflc lao ddng, sdn xuit, kinh doanh, cdng tdc hpc tap dat nang suit, chit lugng, hidu qud Ndi dung chinh cua nhom tieu chudn thii: nhdt cua GDVH Id: a Thuc hidn day du nghTa vu cdng dan, khdng vi pham phdp luat Nhd nudc va quy ude, hucmg ude cdng ddng; b Gift gin an ninh, chinh tri, trat tu an todn xa hdi; vd sinh mdi tradng; ndp sdng van hda noi cdng cdng; c Khdng sfl dung van hda phim thugc loai cim luu hdnh; khdng mdc cac td nan xa hdi; khdng vi pham cdc quy dinh vd thuc hipn ndp sdng van minh vide cudi, vide tang vd Id hdi; d Tham gia thuc hidn day du cac phong trdo thi dua, cdc sinh boat, hdi hgp d cdng ddng vd bdo vd di tich lich sfl - van hda, cdnh quan cua dia phuong Bang 1: Thuc hien nhom tieu chuan (%) Tidu chuan Tdt A B C D 67,5 54,0 92,7 56,3 Hung Ydn Binh thudng 25,5 32,2 6,2 39,4 Chua tdt 7,0 13,8 1,1 5,3 Tdt 63,2 56,8 95,5 59,0 VTnh Phuc Binh Chua thudng tdt 28,7 8,1 33,3 9,1 3,8 0,7 36,7 4,3 Tdt 66,2 59,9 94,4 58,0 Hdi Phon y Binh thudng 26,2 30,8 3,9 39,2 Chua tdt 7,7 9,3 1,7 2,8 Nhom cdc tidu chuin thfl nhit dugc thuc hidn tuong ddi tdt tai cdc GDVH d ca ba dia phuong (Bdng 1) Trong so nhung tidu chuin nhom, tidu chuin C vd khdng sfl dung cdc van hda phim cim luu hdnh, khdng mac td nan xa hdi dugc thiic hidn rat tdt Tidu chuin B vd D cd mflc thuc hidn tot it hon ban nhdm tidu chuin A vd C, Mac du van cd hidn tugng vi pham huong ude cdng ddng, luat giao thdng dudng bd, vi pham cdc qui dinh vd thuc hidn ndp song mdi vide tang, vide cudi vd le hdi nhung sd lugng khdng ddng kd Cdc sd lieu thdng ke thu dugc tfl cdc bdo cdo cung cho thiy, sd lugng cdc vu vi pham phdp luat hay vi pham qui ude, huong ude cdng ddng tai cdc dja phuong khdng nhidu Tit cd cdc tradng hgp ddu khdng roi vdo cdc hd gia dinh da dugc cdng nhdn Id GDVH Tuy vay, vide giu gin vd sinh mdi tradng chua dugc thuc hidn tdt tai cd ba dia bdn nghien cflu Nghlin ciiu Con ngudt s66 (45) 2009 29 Mdy vdn de Nhdm tieu chudn thu hai cdng nhan danh hidu GDVH cd ndi dung nhu sau: a Vg chdng binh ding, thuong ydu giup dd nhau, cd trdch nhidm nudi day cdi; chau hidu thdo vdi bd me, dng bd; b Tre em tudi di hgc ddu dugc den tradng, dat chuin phd cap gido due tieu hpc trd Idn; c Mdi cap vg chdng cd mdt hoac hai con, khdng sinh thfl ba; d Gift gin vd sinh phong benh, an d sach se, cd nhd tdm, hd xi hgp vd sinh vd sfl dung nudc sach Cdc thdnh vidn gia dinh cd ndp sdng Idnh manh, thudng xuydn luyen tap the due the thao; d Doan kdt xdm gidng, tham gia cdc boat ddng: hda gidi, tuong trg giup lao ddng, sdn xuat, kho khan, hoan nan, xoa ddi gidm ngheo, ddn em ddp nghTa, nhan dao tfl thidn d cdng ddng Vide thuc hien nhom tidu chuin ndy tai cdc GDVH d ba dia bdn nghidn cflu dugc trinh bay qua bdng sau: Bang 2: Thuc hifn nhom tieu chuan (%) Tieu idi Phong -lung Ydn VTnh Phuc chuan Tdt Binh Chua Chua Binh Tdt Binh Chua Tdt thudng tdt thudng thudng tdt tdt A 90,2 8,4 91,8 7,6 0,6 91,0 7,9 1,4 1,1 B 100,0 0,0 0,0 100,0 0,0 0,0 100,0 0,0 0,0 C 100,0 0,0 0,0 100,0 0,0 0,0 100,0 0,0 0,0 D 48,8 36,3 14,9 58,3 30,9 10,8 66,5 27,9 3,6 D 80,2 14,6 5,2 76,6 17,0 7,0 79,9 15,0 5,1 Phan Idn nhung tidu chuan vd quan he gia dinh, phd cap gido due, hda gidi, doan kdt xom gidng, giup dd phdt tridn kinh td ddu dugc thuc hidn tdt Nhung GDVH thudng khdng cd hidn tugng mau thudn nghidm trgng gifla cdc thdnh vidn Ket hgp cung nhung bdo cdo tinh hinh kinh td - xa hdi tai dia phuong, kdt qud nghidn cuu cho thay, khdng cd tradng hgp nhung hd GDVH sinh thfl ba vd tre em tudi di hpc deu dugc ddn tradng Khdng nhung vay, ti Id hgc sinh tdt nghidp cdc cip tuemg ddi cap C) cd ba dia ban, hiu nhu mgi ngudi ddn ddu tham gia cdc boat ddng cdng ddng nhu den on dap nghTa, nhan dao, tfl thidn, ung hd ddng bdo khd khan Tuy vay, vin CO mdt sd tidu chuin nhdm tidu chuin thfl hai chua dugc thuc hidn tdt Dac biet, nhirng tidu chi thudc vin dl gift gin vd sinh, mdi tradng vd phdng trdnh dich benh chua dugc thuc hidn ddng bd, thudng xuydn C> dia bdn nghidn cuu thudc xa Due Thing, huypn Tidn Lu, tinh Hung Ydn, ngudi dan vdn chua dugc cung cip nudc mdy, so lugng hd xi hgp vd sinh cdn it C) nhung dia bdn nghidn cuu cd mflc do thi hda manh hon, didu kidn kinh td - xa hgi mang lai chit lugng cude sdng tdt hon cho ngudi dan Vi the, nhimg vin dh vd vd sinh phdng benh, an udng hgp vd sinh dugc ngudi dan quan tam, diu tu vd thuc hidn tdt hem 30 Nghlin ciiu Con ngudi s66 (45) 2009 Nguyin Thi Kim Hoa Nhdm tieu chudn thir ba ciia GDVH hao gdm hai ndi dung: a Kinh td gia dinh dn dinh, tidu dung hop ly, tiet kidm, cd kd hoach phdt tridn kinh td gia dinh, nang cao ddi sdng vat chit, tinh thin cho cdc thdnh vidn; b Cdc vidn gia dinh ddu hodn thdnh nhidm vu sdn xuit, kinh doanh, cdng tdc, hgc tap Bang 3: Thuc hien nhom tieu chuan (%) Tidu chudn Hung Ydn Hdi Phong VTnh Phuc Tdt Binh thudng Chua tdt Tdt Binh thudng Chua tdt Tdt Binh thudng Chua tdt A 66,2 18,7 5,1 74,8 20,0 5,2 76,0 18,7 4,3 B 87,6 12,2 0,2 82,5 17,0 0,5 90,1 6,8 3,1 Kdt qud nghien cun cho thiy, tidu chuin thfl ba vd cdc vin de kinh td - ddi sdng GDVH dugc thuc hidn tuong ddi tdt (Bang 3) Cdc vin de ve kinh td gia dmh nhu dam bao kinh td dn dinh, tidu dung hgp ly, tidt kidm, cd kd hoach phdt tridn kinh td hd gia dinh vd cdc vin dd vd ddi sdng gia (flnh nhu nang cao ddi sdng vat chit vd tinh thin dugc thuc hidn tdt hoac bmh thudng, rit it cdc hd gia dmh thuc hidn chua tdt Mac du vay, vin dd kinh td - ddi sdng gia dinh phu thudc nhieu vdo thu nhap hang thang cua mdi gia dinh Nhung gia dinh co thu nhap cao thudng thuc hidn tdt cdc boat ddng kinh te, dam bdo ddi sdng gia dinh Sd heu thu dugc tfl ba dia ban nghidn cflu cung cho thiy 96 sir khdc bidt gjfta ba khu vuc vd thuc hidn cdc kd hoaeh phdt Uidn kinh td, nang cao ddi song vat chit, tinh thin cua gia dinh Tai Vuih Phuc vd Hdi Phdng, ngudi dan cd thu nhap cao hon, dam bdo phdt tridn kinh td vatoodidu kidn nang cao chit lugng cude song Tai Hung Ydn, thu nhap cua ngudi dan tu nhiing san pham ndng nghidp tuong ddi thip Vi vay, hp cdn chua co didu kidn dd xay dung nhiing kd hoach phat Uidn kinh te, nang cao ddi sdng cua hd gia finh vi nhdn thirc cua ngudi 'ddn, hiu bet nhung ngudi dugc hdi cd nhan xet rang hg eo biet nhung chua thuc sir am hidu vd phong trdo xdy dung GDVH Sd gia dinh nim dugc tit cd cdc tidu chuin cdng nhan GDVH chua nhieu, chua dugc 1/2 sd gia dinh thudc didn khdo sdt, mac du gia dinh hg da dugc cdng nhan danh hidu Nhung hidu biet vd phong trdo cdn bi gidi ban bdi nhidu ydu to, ydu td trinh hgc van dong vai tro rit quan trgng Nhung ngudi cd hgc vin eao ban thudng ed xu hudng am hidu hon, nim dugc nhiiu hon thdng tin vd phong trdo Su khdc bidt vd thu nhap binh quan cua gia dinh cung chi phdi mflc hidu bidt cua ngudi dan vd phong trao Nhung hp gia dinh khd khan vd kinh td thudng it quan tam tdi cdc boat ddng xay dung GDVH Quan sdt cdc kdt qud nghidn cflu tai ba tinh, dugc chgn dd quan sat cho thay co su khdc bidt vd nhan thflc cua ngudi dan vd cdc ndi dung cua GDVH tuong ddi ro Hdi Phong, ngudi dan nim dugc nhidu ndi dung hon hai tinh lai Su ban che nhan thflc vd phong trdo da tao nhidu kho khdn vide phdt ddng, md rgng phong trao cung nhu xay dung nhflng gidi phdp phu hgp nhim nang cao chit lugng GDVH va lam phong phu thdm nhung boat ddng tridn khai phong trdo Nghlin ciiu Con ngudisdf 6^45) 2009 31 Mdy vdn di Thuc trang thuc hidn xay dung GDVH ciia cdc cip chinh quydn, cdc ban nganh, dodn thd tai dia phuang Phong trdo xdy dung GDVH gdn lidn vdi phong trdo xdy dvmg Ldng vdn hda, Td ddn van hoa Quy chd cdng nhan ba danh hidu va nhiing van bdn phap luat cd lidn quan sau dugc thdng bdo tdi khdp cdc tinh tren cd nudc da dugc cac dia phuang tich cue tridn khai thuc hipn Vd cdc van bdn hudng din xay dung phong trdo, vi du nhu d Hung Ydn: ngdy 21/10/2002, UBND tinh da Quydt dinh so 50/2002/QDUB vd Dd dn "Phdt tridn sir nghidp van hda thdng tin ddn 2005 va dinh hudng ddn 2010", dd cd cdc tidu chi xdy dung Ldng, Khu phd van hda va ban hdnh nhieu van bdn chi dao cdc dia phuang thuc hidn xay dung phong trdo Ngay 31/8/2004, BCH Dang bg tinh, khda XV ban hanh Chuong trinh hdnh dgng thuc hidn Kdt luan Hdi nghi TW 10 (Khda IX) vd tiep tuc thuc hidn Nghi quyet Trung uong khda VIII vd "xdy dung vd phdt tridn nen vdn hda Viet Nam tidn tien, dam dd bdn sdc dan tdc", dd de muc tidu phin diu xdy dung ldng van hda, khu phd van hda dat 55% (nam 2005) vd dat 70% (nam 2010) Bang cdch ban hdnh cdc vdn ban, cap bg ddng va chinh quydn cdc cip da tao didu kidn md rgng qui md ciing nhu nang cao chat lugng phong trdo xay dung GDVH, ldng ghep cflng nhiing phong trdo khdc cua dia phucmg Khdng nhiing vay, hdng nam, phong trdo da co nhidu hinh thflc tdng ket, tuydn duong, khen thudng nhiing didn hinh tidu bidu d cdc cdp Dac bidt tai Hdi Phdng, dia bdn nghien cuu da cd nhung hoat ddng thidt thuc nham khich Id ngudi ddn cd y thflc, trdch nhiem xay dung phong trdo GDVH vd nang cao chat lugng GDVH d khu dan cu Ciing gidng nhu vide thuc hidn xay dung GDVH tai cdc hg gia dinh, vide tridn khai thuc hidn phong trdo xay dung GDVH cua cdc cdn bd cung bao gdm hai ydu td: nhan thuc vd hanh ddng Dd tim hidu thuc trang cdc boat dgng, nghien cflu cua chiing tdi quan tam tdi vide lam rd nhan thflc cua cdc cdn bo - nhung ngudi true tiep thuc hidn, trien khai phong trdo Nhan thflc cua cdn bd dugc ddnh gid bdi muc hidu bidt vd muc dich, cdc tidu chudn cdng nhan GDVH vd nhung vdn bdn cdc cip ban hanh nhim xdy dung va day manh phong trdo, dd, ydu cdu nam rd cdc tidu chuan cdng nhan GDVH la ydu td dugc quan tam nhdt Da sd cdc cdn bd bidt ddn cdc tidu chuin xdy dimg GDVH Mflc dp hidu bidt vd hoat ddng xdy dimg GDVH ciia cdc can bd cao hon so vdi mflc nhan thflc cua ngudi dan vd van dd Tuy vay, cdc cdn bd ciing chua thuc sir nam ro va chua ndu dugc chinh xdc ndi dung, cdn nhim lin vdi mdt sd phong trdo khdc CO lien quan mat thidt den phong trdo GDVH Vd tridn khai hoat ddng, d tat cd cdc cip tu cip xa, phuong trd Idn, cdc hoat ddng xay dung GDVH dugc ldng ghep thuc hidn cung cdc hoat ddng cua cdc ban ngdnh, doan thd, cu thd la Hdi Phu nft, Hdi Cuu chidn binh, Hdi Ndng dan, Mat tran Td qudc Cdc hoat dgng xay dung GDVH thudng dugc td chflc ciing vdi cdc phong trao phdt tridn kinh td - van hda - xa hdi cua dia phuong, cdc boat ddng nang cao thu nhap, dieu kien kinh te cua cdc hgi vidn vd cdc boat ddng cdng ddng khdc Cd ba dia bdn nghidn curu ddu chua CO su xuit hidn cua mgt co quan ridng bidt phu trdch hoat ddng xay dung GDVH Thieu sot ndy da khidn chit lugng phong trdo bi han chd rit nhidu Ndu cd mdt co quan, Nghlin cUu Con ngudi s
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