Kết quả nghiên cứu xây dựng mô hình cơ giới hoá đồng bộ sản xuất lúa ở bồng bằng sông cửu long (ĐBSCL) và vùng đồng bằng sông hồng (ĐBSH

^^^- n CdDIEN NONG NGHIEP K^T QUA NGHIEN CU'U XAY DU'NG MO HiNH c a Giai H O A O O N G B O S A N X U A T L U A a DONG BANG SONG CU'U LONG (DBSCL) VA VUNG D N G BANG SONG HONG (DBSH) t s Chu Van Thlen\ TS Dau Thl Nhu\ ThS Trjnh Duy Bd\ TS Nguyin Qudc Viet\ TS Hoang Bic Qudc^ ^Vien Co dien Nong nghidp & Cong ngh$ Sau thu hoach Wien nghien ciru LOa DBSCL I DAT VAN D^ Trong qud trinh thyc hien cdng nghiep hod, hien dai hda dat nudc^ cdc khu cdng nghiep vd hoat ddng djch vy da thu hiil nhieU lao ddng tft hau het cdc viing d ndng thdn, dan den tinh trang khan hiim nhan lyc cho sdn xuat ndng nghiep Vdi dac thii cua nganh sdn xuat lua gao la cd tinh thdi vu rit eao, yeu d u nhieu nhan luC mdt thdi gian rat ngdn, chu yeu tap trung vdo thdi dilm thu hoach, ldm dlt vd gieo cay Dac bidt d viing DBSCL, xult hien djch benh ray nau, vdng lun )toln la, cdc dja phuomg da phdi ddng loat xudng gidng nen thdi vu lai edng gap nit Viec khan hiim vd ehi phi nhan odng cao dd diy chi phi sdn xuat lua gao khdng ngimg tang len, cdn trd sy phdt triln bin viimg cua cdc vung sdn xult liia tap trung, dac biet Id vung DBSCL vd DBSH Mat khdc, nhilu noi thilu nhan cdng nen khdng the thu hoach dung thdi vy, gay tinh trang mil mdt sau thu hoach eao, khdng nhung ve sd lugng md cdn ve cd chit lupmg Dd cd rit nhilu dl dn, chiln luge, ke hoach ve co gidi hda sdn xuat lua gao dugc vach tft Trung uomg din dja phuang, song tren thyc le chua cd dja phuang ndo xdy dung dugc md hinh mang tinh ddng bd vd ddnh gid diy du hieu qud cac mat de tft dd cd bien phdp nhdn rdng vao sdn xult Vi vay, viec xay dung md hinh ca gidi hda ddng bd sdn xuat liia, dae biet d ddng bdng Sdng Cieu Long vd viing ddng bdng Sdng Hdng, nhdm thuc hien ca gidi hda ddng bd tit cd cdc khau tft ldm dlt, lam ma, gieo, d y , chdm sde vd thu hoach Id viec ldm het sftc edn thilt, nhdm gdp phin vdo viec tang nang suit, gidm tdn that sau thu ho^eh, gidi quyit dugc tinh trang bftc xiic vl lao ddng vd tinh khin truomg cua miia vy san xult lua gao II Mge TIEU, NOI DUNG VA PHU'aNG PHAP NGHIEN CU'U Mge tiiu nghien cdru: Xay dung dugc md hinh ca gidi hda ddng bd phii hgp t?u hai vung san xuat lua tigng dilm ciia nudc ta 39 Ndi dung nghien cieu: Nghien cftu lua chpn he thdng thiet bi ca gidi hda cho vung; Xay dyng md hinh ca gidi hda sdn xuat lua tai hai viing Ddnh gid hieu qud kinh te - xd hpi vd kha ndng nhan rdng md hinh Phuffng phdp nghien citu: Kit hgp gifta nghien cftu ly thuyet vd kinh nghiem thuc tl, sft dyng phuomg phdp chuyen gia de dua cac can cft lua chgn mau mdy vd thiet bi phu hgp vdi timg khau, tftng vftng Tien hanh theo ddi hoat ddng vd thue nghiem tai hien trudng vdi viec ludng, xdc djnh ede chi tieu kinh te-ky thuat Ddnh gid hieu qud sft dyng he thdng mdy vd thiet bi, sft dyng cac bdi t o ^ ve tinh todn hieu qud kinh te, xd hdi, mdi trudmg de ddnh gid hieu qua cfta viec xay dung md hinh ca gidi hda ddng bd Tft dd de xuat ede^gidi phdp nhdm nhan rdng md hinh cd nudc III K^T QUA DAT DUOC VA THAO L U A N 3.1 Mot sd yeu cdu d6i vo*! mo hinh co* gio*! hoa Md hinh phai dam bdo du ldm, thuc hien dugc co gidi hda theo hudmg ddng bd, phu hgp vdi trang thiet bi vd cd hieu qud kinh te Qua dieu tra khdo sat chung tdi thay rdng, Vien Cay luomg thyc - Cay thue pham vd Vien Lua Ddng bang sdng Cftu Long la hai ca sd dai dien cho hai vung sdn xuat lua trpng diem cfta nudc ta ed du cdc dieu kien ve tang ca sd, ve dien tich thfta rudng, keng mucmg ndi ddng, cap thodt nudc vd dac biet cd dpi ngu cdn bd khoa hoc ky thudt am hieu sau ve canh tac lua, cdn bd qudn ly am hieu ve ca gidi hod, cd dpi ngii cdng nhdn van hdnh mdy duoc dao tao rit ca bdn, quyet djnh sy thdnh edng cua md hinh Trong CO gidi hda san xult lua, khdi lugng cdng vide nhilu, ndng nhpc nhit Id khau ldm dat vd hieu qujd thiy rd nhat la khau thu hoach Do vay vide xdy dung md hinh chu ylu can eft vdo, he thdng mdy ldm dat va may thu ho^eh Vi vay chung tdi chpn may keo ca trung (35 Hp) vd cdc mdy cdng tde kem theo de trang bi cho md hinh vdri ndng suit lien.hgp mdy.khoang 1,5-1,8 ha/ngay vd phdi ddp img ldm dlt duge vy He thu (thai gian Idm dlt ngin - khoang 20 ngdy), vdy vdi 01 lien hgp may lam dlt cd trung chi cd thl ddm bdo khdi lugng edng viec khoang 30-35 ha; ddi vdi thu hoach lua, vimg DBSH chpn mdy GDLH-1500, nang suit khoang 1,5-1,8 ha/ngdy vd thdi gian thu hoach vy (18-20 ngdy) thi 01 mdy GDLH cung chi ddm bdo cho khodng 30-35ha canh ldc, vay, vimg DBSH ciing chi nen xdy dung md hmh quy md 30-35 Cdn ddi vdi vung DBSCL, cdnh ddng rdng Id thfta ldn, chpn may QDLH-1800, ndng sudt khodng 2,8-3,5 ha/ngdy, vdi thdi vu thu hoach khodng 18-20 ngdy, 01 mdy ciing chi bdo dam khoang 50 va xay dyng quY md md hinh DBSCL khodng 50 ha; 3.2 Danh gia hieu qua kinh t l cua mo hinh Hieu qua kinh tl cfta md hinh dugc tinh todn tren ea sd chi phi timg khau cdrig viec sft dyng thiet bj ca gidi hda ddng bd cua md hinh dugc so sdnh vdi cdc thilt bi ma thyc tl sdn xult dang dugc biln hien Cy thl: - Thilt bj cua md hinh: May keo cd trung cdng suit 25-35 Hp vd cae thilt bj ldm dlt kem theo (edy CT 4-25; bdnh sit; phay+ B.ldng-trang> • -'" "^ J ' l ' 'i - Cdc thilt bj khde thuc tl dang sft dyng: MK cd ldn cd cdng sylt > ,50 Hp va thilt bi ldm dat kem theo (edy CT3-35; B.ldng-trang); MK ca nhd ldi cdng 10-12 Hp va thilt, hi la?n dlt kem theo (edy CT 2( )-25 ; Phay ; B.ldng-trang) 40 Bang Tong chi phi san xult lua cho mo hinh vung DBSH 1, Thilt bj, phLPvng phap ap dung no'i xay dirng mo hinh Thilt bj, phu>ang phap dp dung mo hinh Chi tieu danh gia Thue djch vu ttif&c day Thiit bj, phucng phap thu'dng sir dung san xult T6ng chi phi SX, nlu cay (trigu d6ng/ha) 13,06(12,68) 16,20 16,26 17,85 Chiphi(1.000a/I Miy ciy MC-25 v i miy ciy toe so vdi cay may; hieu qua kinh te cao hom so vdi cay tay, lai tang 15-51%); chi phi gidng gidm khodng 32-38%) so vdi cdy tay; ^ c Mdy phun thudc trie sdu: May phun thuoc sau ban iv: hdnh cd ndng suat cao, chat lugng phun deu, tiet kiem thudc, ddp ftng dugc yeu cau cua sdn xuat Ndng suat 0,2'-0,3ha/h; he sd bien ddng luu lugng giua cac vdi phun < 15%; he sd bien ddng dp phan bd hat thudc < 20 d Mdy thu hogch lua: Ndi chung dap ftng dugc yeu cau de Tuy nhien de mdy phdt huy hieu qua han nua ddng dat can dugc cai lao de nen rudng cd dp chat cao, nghTa Id khau ldm ddt, khau thu hoach phdi tuan thu theo quy trinh da dugc khuyen cdo Chi phi den sdn phdm thde dau rudng la 873.630-958.000 ddng/ha; thay thl 28-30 lao ddng; ndng suit 0,15-0,22 ha/h vai loai mdy GDLH-1500 cho vung DBSH, va 0,25 ha/h vdi loai may DLH-1800 cho vung DBSCL Nhin chung he thdng may, thiet bj trang bi md hinh Id tuang ddi phu hgp, dat cac yeu cau ve nang suat, chat lugng ciing nhu hieu qua IV KI^T LUAN Quy trinh vd he thdng thiet bi CGH san xuat lua thuc te d moi vung, moi noi ed khdc vd cd nhieu khau chua phu hgp Qua thyc te thay rang ed md hinh deu thuc hien quy tnnh dd di vy Chiem xuan nham cdi tao lai nen rudng dam bdo kha nang cho may thu hoach cd the di vdo sau Tai DBSH Iam dat dugc thue hifin bdng loai cdng cy phay vd bdnh lon^ luan phien Tai md hinh DBSCL da sft dyng banh ldng + bdng trye kit hgp vdi phay dl ldm dlt Vdi nhiing rudng cd gde eao cd the sft dyng hai phuomg an: Phay chuyen dung barn ndt goc hoae sft dyng cac loai bdnh ldng hay phay rudng nudc ihdng thudng kit hgp vdi thilt bj clt thdnh nhung doan nhd 15-20 cm ldp trude may keo May keo sft dung tdt nhll cho CGH san xuat lua la may keo bdnh cdng suit tft 25 din 40 ml va cac thiet bi Iam dat kem theo May cay ldc dp cao thich hgp cho DBSCL May cly nhd hien tai thich hgp cho vung DBSH vd mdt sd vung cd dien tich rudng nhd d DBSCL, song eln phdi tilp tuc hodn thien cdng nghe che lao dam bdo tinh dn dinh va chat lugng cay Cdng nghe ldm ma tren sdn (hodc tren rudng) se phdt trien vd dan dan se thay the sdn xuat ma dugc nhu hien Cdng cu gieo hang 68 trdng (12-16 hdng) va may gieo hang GLH-2800 d n duge phdt triln nhanh vd rdng d ca hai vung May phun thude trft sdu ban ty hdnh bl rdng ldm viec 4-5m phu hgp khau chdm sde liia d cd hai vftng Mdy gdt dap lien hgp cd bl rdng tft l',5m trd len thich hgp vdi cdng nghe thu hoach mpt giai doan d cd hai vung CGH ddng bd la xu hudmg lit ylu sdn x d t lua hdng hda tap trung vi mang lai hieu qud cao, ket qua nghien ciru cua de tdi dd chiing minh: - Hieu qua kinh tl: Tdng chi phi sdn xult lua nhd dua CGH vao giam 20-28%); cdng lao ddng gidm 20-33%); tdn thit sau thu hoach giam khoang 45-50%); Chi phi giong gidm khodng 32-38%; 44 - Hieu qud khdc: CGH cd ndng suit cao, ngodi viec gidi phdng dugc sftc lao ddng ndng nhpc cua ngudi ndng dan, ddng thdi gidi quyit kjp thdi vu dl thdm canh nhdm tang nang suat; CGH ddng bd gdp phin lam gidm sau benh, trdnh thdi diem phdt triln sau benh, ldm tdng kha ndng tich tu rudng dat; tang khd nang san xult hdng hda quy md ldn; ddng dlt dugc cdi t^o nhd cd he thdng thiet bj thich hgp y^i CGH san xult lua Tuy nhien, hien CGH khau cly cdn gap nhilu khd khdn, nen tap trung phdt triln CGH khdu gieo theo hang thdi till thuan Igi kit hgp vdi vi?c su dung cae loai gidng ngdn da dugc ftng dung san xult '3 Kha nang nhan rdng md hinh: Trong qua trinh triln khai, chiing tdi da to chftc cac ldp tap huan cho mdt sd ndng dan d hai viing va hdi nghj dlu bd nhdm gidi thieu cdc kel qud va hieu qud cua viec ftng dyng CGH san xuat liia Thay dugc hieu qua tft thuc ll nhieu dja phuomg dd manh dan dau lu thiet bj may mdc, cac md hinh CGH ddng bd da va dang dugc hinh rat nhanh Nhu vay tft ket qua dat dugc cd thl khdng djnh kha ndng nhan rdng md hinh CGH sdn xudt lua d nhftng nai cd dieu kien la rat ldn, dac biet la khdu ldm ddt-gieo theo hang-Idm ma thdm tren rudng hodc tren san vd khau thu hoach bdng may gat dap lien hgp V KI^N NGH! Can cd cdc chinh sach manh nhdm hd trg cdc phan kinh te ddu lu nganh che lao may ndng nghiep Trudc mat de nghj cho thuc hien du dn: "Cdng nghe che tgo hdng logt mdy keo bdnh 25-35 ml vd mdy gdt ddp lien hap" de phuc vu kjp thdi yeu cau cdp bdch cua sdn xuat De CGH ndng nghiep phat trien nhanh va ben viing, Nhd nudc can cd cac co che chinh sach thich hgp nhdm thuc day xay dung cac cdng trinh thuy igi, cai lao ddng rudng, ddn dien ddi thfta vd nang cap ca sd tang ndng thdn, cd nhu vay mdi dua CGH san xudt lua ciia nudc la ngang tlm vdi cdc nudc khu vuc, gdp phan thuc hien lien trinh CNH, HDH ndng nghiep, ndng thdn Summary The paper deals with the results of building model of complete mechanization appropriate to the two key zones in rice production of Vietnam Mekong River Delta and Red River Delta Based on scientific analysis, selection and reality, a complete system equipment for mechanization appropriate to the two rice production zones were built This model is used to a.ssess its socio-economic effect and multipliable possibility The results of model building affirmed efficiency of the complete mechanization in rice production Namely, total cost, labour cost, pott-harvest losses and cost for seed decrease 20-28%, 20-33%, 45-50% and 32-38%, respectively Besides, the complete mechanization relieves labour density for labourer, meets timely crop, and contributes to reducing pest harm due to avoiding the rapid development period of pest population With the obtained results, the team of the research project recommended two petitions in science and technology and one policy petition to speed up Ihe progress of agricultural mechanization, contributing to industrialization and modernization in agriculture and rural area Ngu&i phdn bien: GS.TSKH Phgm Vdn Lang 45 ... cdng cy hodc may gieo hang, long ehi ehi CGH theo hudmg DB chi bdng khodng 68% so vdi CGH dan le vd bing 60-63% so vdi thue djch vy; NIU khdng tinh khdu gieo d y , long chi chi CGH theo hudng... khdo sat chung tdi thay rdng, Vien Cay luomg thyc - Cay thue pham vd Vien Lua Ddng bang sdng Cftu Long la hai ca sd dai dien cho hai vung sdn xuat lua trpng diem cfta nudc ta ed du cdc dieu kien