CHAU MY NGAY NAY VAN HOA - LiCH SU GIAO DUC TRACH NHIEM DAO DlTC CONG DAN d MY ThS Le Van Tung* T W* gdc triet hoc, bdi viet ndy luan chimg nhOng phdm chdt thiet yeu ve nguai cong ddn co trdch nhiem dgo dire, mot nhimg muc dich cua triet ly gido due My nira cuoi the Icy XXI Dat van de Giao due traeh nhiem dao diic cho cong dan la muc tieu quan trong bat ky nen giao due nao tren the gioi Boi, muon danh gia sir phat trien ciia mpt d4t nuoc e§n bit dSu tir y6u t6 ngucri Tuy nhien, khong co rngt hinh mlu chung vi dao diic cong dan cho tat ck eac quoc gia C) My, viec giao due traeh nhiem dao diic cho cong dan !a mpt nhiing dieu kien can thiet hinh nguoi cong dan co dii ph4m chat de song va lam viee hieu qua, dap iing yeu cau phat trien dat nuoc Viec xay dung hinh anh chung ve ngucri cong dan My CO traeh nhiem dao due can cii vao nhi6u yeu to nhu Iieh sir hinh thanh, yiu to tu nhien, cung su chuyen bien xa hpi nhung dieu hiu nhu it co diem tuong dong vcri nhieu quoc gia chau Au khac, chinh nhiing khac biet ket hpp lai g6p phan xay dung nen ca (*) Dai hoc Dong Thdp ti'nh eua nguoi My voi he tu tudng va phuang cham hanh dpng hieu qua, thuc tien, phan anh net dpc dao ban sac van hoa ciia nuoc My Noi dung Traeh lihipm dao diic cong dan la y thuc ve nghla vu va bon phan cua mot nguoi doi vcri ban than, gia dinh, cong dong, dat nude, nhan loai Pham tru traeh nhiem dao diic eong dan khai quat cae pham chat dao diic thiet yeu, cac quy tac xu su chung ciia mpt cpng d5ng nhat dinh, vay no co tinh lich sii, tinh cu the va tinh tuofng doi Pham tni eiing la mpt nhiing npi dung trpng tam ciia hau het cac triet ly giao due, cac nen giao due timg thoi ky deu dat muc dich dao tao cac the he co pham chat My la nudc co tinh da dang xet tren mpi van de, vay viec ban luan ve cac quy tac xit sir chung thudng rk soi ndi, ly don gian la cac nhdm xa hpi luon canh chimg mot y "due trpn", ddng hda, cai cd the lam xdi mdn ban sac rieng cua hp Cd le vi vay, chiing thudng duoc nhac den nhu la nhiing khuynh hudng xem xet kha di cd the dupc de _CHAUMY NGAY NAY cdp Cdc khuynh huflmg xem xet nfli bat nhiing day cac kifin thiic co bdn, ma cfln nhu: thuyet ddn tti cua ^exis de day vfi diic hanh, tu cdch cflng dan, vific Tocqueville (1805-1859) de cdp Ifli song bfli duong ly tri vd luomg tdm la di lien dan chu, ly thuyfit xd hoi hpc cua Max voi nhau, tific rang npi dung cua chimg Webei (1864-1920) chii ttpng ly gidi da chi gfli gpn ttong Kinh Cflng mfli lifin hfi giiia nfin d^o diic Tin ldnh lao sang lap mfln gido due cflng ddn va tinh thdn cua chu nghia tu bdn, chu My thupe vfi William Holmes nghla thuc dung ciia Wilham James McGuffey (1800-1873), ldn dau tien cdc (1842-1910) nfli vfi tinh hifiu qud, tuomg noi dung gido due dao diic cflng dan cfl dfli ciia dao diic, tifip cdn vdn minh cua tinh chat thfi tuc dupc dua vao gidng day Jean Piene Fichou, ly gidi cac chifiu canh phfl bifin fl My til nhiing thdp nifin 1840 khdc ciia van minh My, ly thuyfit dfin cufli thfi ky XIX McGuffey hinh vdn hfla cua Robert H Bellah (1927- dung vfi ngufli cflng dan cfl dao diic Id 2013) bdn vfi chu nghla ca nhdn vd su su hfli tu cua cac phdm chdt nhu yfiu ldng bupc cua nfl ttong doi sflng vdn hfla nuflc, thdng, that thd, sifing ndng, My, va gdn ddy la Thomas Lickona' (Dai tifit dp, can ddm vd lfi dp Vific dua yfiu hpc tieu bang New York fl Cortland) bdn nuflc lfin hdng ddu phan anh tinh chat cfl vfi cac diic tinh thifit yfiu cua ngufli My, ket lifin bang tteng xu thfi tifin vdo cflng Jams Wilson^, Wilham Bennet', cdc xu nghifip hfla fl dat nuflc nay, nfl cung huomg dfl se cfl dnh huflmg tham chifiu huflmg tfli viec dinh hinh ban sac van lfin muc dich giao due dao due cflng dan hfla My fl My nua cufli thfi ky XXI, tuc la dem Nhu da dfi cap, nuflc My la su bfli tu gid tri nao vdo dfi d?y dfl cua nhiing ngufli nhdp cu, che nen cac My Id nuflc cfl su dnh huflmg Ifln vfi tu tuflng ttifit hpc ciing dupe hp mang tfln giao tii nhimg bufli dau ldp theo vdo vdn hfla My, chiing dnh huomg nuflc, va ttfin thuc tfi, xa hpi My thfli ky dfin thdi dp van dung, su suy xet ciia hp thuflc dia, cdc nha tho^ ton giao Id chu dfli vfli vdn dfi dap diic cflng ddn Trong thfi cua cong tdc gido due, ttong dfl cfl Xdy dimg chuang trinh hge: Hudng ddn khia canh giao due dao diic, cac giao thuc hdnh (2002), Jon Wiles va Joseph vifin thfli ky ndy da dimg cdc chudn muc Bondi tflng hpp ndm ttifit ly giao due d90 due ttong Phiic Am dfi day cho hpc chinh, phuc vu nhu la biic man ipc, sinh cac vimg Mai toi nhiing nam 1840, nifim tin chinh thflng cho vific dua cac cdc nha cdi each gido due nhu Horace quyfit dinh ttong gido due, bao gflm trifit Mann (1796-1859) va Heniy Bernard ly vinh cuu (cdi tflt la su hpp ly), trifit ly (1811-1900) da de nghi xdc lap mpt hfi tam (cdi tflt la su bat chuflc mau thflng gidp due (tifiu hpc) cfing lap vfli ngufli ly tuomg), trifit ly hifin thuc (cai muc tieu xfla mil chii, fl dfl, khflng tflt la cdc quy ludt tu nhifin), ttifit ly 50 diuc nghifim (cdi tot Id kfit qud khdo sdt ciia cong chung), va ttifit ly hifin sinh (cdi tflt la tu do) Theo cdc flng, "cdc trifit ly dai difin cho mpt nmc bifiu difin ipng lom cdc tu tuflmg vfi van dfi nhd ttuong nfin Id cdi gi vd phdi lam cai gi Cdc nha gido due, theo cdc trifit ly ndy, se tao nhiing nhd truflng rat khdc nhau"^ Van dfi nhu cdc flng nfli Id "Ban theo met ly ndo" Tflng hpp ciia Jon Wiles va Joseph Bondi Id chua day dli Chang ban, cdc flng dd khong nhac tfli khuynh huflng tnet hpc phan ttch vd Icgic hpc thuc chimg (dfi nghi gat cdc mfinh de dao diic la khfli trifit hpc vi su thieu maeh lac ciia nfl), ciing nhu khuynh huflng hdu hifin dai (xem ttpng tinh tuomg dfli \'a da nguyfin cua dao diic) vfln dang lan ttdn ttong gido due dgi hpc \K fl cdc khpa nhdn van Difiu cho thdy su khdc quan ttpng ttong tinh nhdt quan trifit hpc giiia he thflng giao due phi tdp tnmg cua My vfln hfit siic dfi cao su da dang vfli cac hfi thflng giao due tdp trung Cai cdch ma ngufli My hifiu ve gido due giai thich cho nhimg gid tri va nifim tin md hp theo dufli dfi phdt trifin ttfim nang nguoi, fl dd\' la ttdch nhiem dao die cflng dan Nlia ddu thfi kS XX, nfin giao due My vdn theo dufli nhung chudn muc dao diic cflng ddn dd dupc xac ldp dua ttfin mpt gid dinh \"e cdc gid tri dao due ddc trung mang dam yfiu tfl da ttang thuflc Co dflc giao Anglo-Saxon, cho dfin bdy gifl nfl vdn dupc in tten dflng dflla My "E CHAU MY NGAY N.\Y Pluribus Unum" (Out of Many, One nhifiu ngufli ttfl mflt) Nhung difiu sau day da dnh huflmg ttuc tifip dfin viec xdc dinh muc dich giao due ttdch nhiem cong ddn a mia cufli thfi ky XX Truflc tifin la cdc phong ttao tidu ttanh cho quyfin cflng ddn nhiing thdp nifin 19601970, hdu qud chinh eua phong ttdo ndy la di den tdn thdnh su thiia nhan dfli vfli quyfin lgi cua cac luc lupng thifiu sfl fl xd hpi My; hai Id su gia tang manh me cua chu nghia da van hfla va tinh cpng dflng di dfin dinh difim la su xung dpt vfi khac bifit noi tiuflmg hpc; ba Id cac bat fin lam phdt tii hfi thong kinh tfi dan tfli su cdt gidm chi nfiu eho gido due lam ndy sinh nhu cau ddnh gid lai thdnh tich hpc duomg; vd bfln Id su dfli xu thfi toan cdu hfla vd chflng lai chii nghTa cd nhdn cue doan DT nhifin, vific bfli duong giap due ttach nhifim dao diic cflng ddn khflng phdi Id cflng vific ciia rifing nhd truflng, hai thfi chfi rdt quan ttpng noi xa hpi My cung tham gia lam difiu ndy Id gia dinh va nhd thfl* Dufli ddy chung tfli chi hinh dnh vfi cflng ddn cfl ttdch nhifim dao diic ma nfin gido due My mong mufln tao la: Thi nhdt, cdn Id ngufli cflng ddn sang suflt, mpt chii thfi chinh tti xd hpi, khflng nhung cfl ndng Iuc hifiu bifit, thuc hdnh phdp ludt, ma cfln cfl kha nang tham gia cfl ttach nhifim dfi bao ve va phdt trifin phdp ludt Thi hat, cdn la ngufli cfl bifiu bifit, ndng luc suy xet vd thuc hanh dupc -CHAU MY NGAY NAY nhiing phdm chat cp ban' nhu: that thd (thuc hifin ttdch nhifim can than, hodn chinh, tuyfit dpi, khflng ldy thdnh tich cua nguoi khdc lam ciia minh, diing cdm thiia nhdn sai ldm, chan thanh, vfl tu, khifin cho ngufli khdc tin tuomg minh), ton trgng (ton ttpng y kien cua nguoi khdc, nhdn lpi khen thi ciing phdi tifip thu y kifin xay dung, khdng dinh tu cd nhdn thi ciing phdi tfln ttpng quyfin lpi tap the), trdch nhiem (tu nguyfin hodn nhifim vu eiia minh, cfl ttach nhifim voi hanh vi cua bdn thdn), se chia (bifit chdm sflc, quan tdm dfin ngufli khdc, thdu hifiu hodn cdnh cua ngufli khdc, bifit each hfla gidi xung dflt, bifit tha thli), tu kiem che (tu y thiic vfi gifli han cua minh, tu kifim chfi minh, tifit kifim thfli gian), kten nhdn (chdm chi, cfl gdng, diing siic manh npi tai vd quyfit tdm thep dufli muc tifiu, vific gi ciing cdn ldm tflt, tudn thu ky ludt, tu nguyfin giup dfl ldn nhau) vd cang hien (thodi mdi cpng hifin cho nguoi khdc, chu dpng tim CP hfli giiip dfl ngufli khac khflng ttflng chfl dupc bao dap)' Do nfin giao due My mang tinh phi tdp trung hfla, nfin cdc pham chat khfli difim ndy khflng dupc quan nifim la nhiing chudn muc bdt bupc giflng nhu phdp luat, bfli vi npi dung phan xet vd thiia nhdn cda mfli cpng dflng vfi mflt pham chat tflt Id khflng giflng Quan difim cua nuflc My la cdc pham chat khfli difim can dupc suy xet dua ttfin thuong lupng rflng rdi giiia nha truomg, phu huynh, hpc sinh vd dia phuong Chung tfli chp rdng, bfli duong ttdch nhifim dao diic cong dan nhu vdy Id cfl tinh gido due cao, no ldy vific tu suy xet cu thfi lam chimg cii eho y thiic tu difiu chinh ca nhdn chii khflng dp ddt E L Boyle cho rdng: "Can khich lfi cho timg hpc sinh hifiu dupc ndng luc phdn doan mflt cdch thflng minh vfi cupc sflng va cdc chuan tdc hanh vi cdn ddnh thfli gian cho vific tim tfli suy ngdm, ttan ttfl vfi nhiing thii khong thfi dinh gid dupc ttpng cuflc sflng Muc dich khflng ndm fl vific nhfli nhet nhiing thii giap difiu xo cimg chp hpe sinh, md Id dfi che hp thd siic tu ttong linh vuc tu ciia minh, dflng thoi tao mflt mfli ttniflng cfl thfi tifin hdnh su lua chpn vfi dao diic ludn ly va hinh thdnh nfin cac tin difiu qua nhiing suy xet ky edng"^ Cdi tflt se nam fl ddu ddy, Id thii xa la, tni nfl dupc suy xet ttong mfli lifin hfi vfli bdn thdn va cflng dflng Dung nhu Aristotle nfli, "chi cfl hanh dflng chinh nghTa, chiing ta mfli trfl thdnh nguoi chinh ttuc", cdi tflt phai thflng qua hanh dflng thi mfli mang y nghia nhan van Hon nua, nhu Howard Gardner vifit: "Vific tflt cfl thfi bit ddu t i ttpng Iflng mflt cd nhdn, nhung cufli cimg nfl phdi mfl rpng fl noi ldm vific, ttong mflt quflc gia vd cd cpng dflng todn cdu"' Thie ba, yfiu cdu ciia nhiing cflng vific chdt lupng cac Id nhiing cflng nhdn chuyfin ngdnh hifin d^ (ngufli lao dpng fl tat ca mpi vi tri cflng tde), dp vdy ngufli lao dpng ttpng nen kinh tfi mfli cdn cfl nhiing phdm chdt chuyfin tdm phdn dau Uy ban ky CHAU MY NGAY NAY ndng tdt yfiu dat dupc chi nhiing phdm chdt cdn cfl dpi vfli nifin My, diep chung tfli, cdc phdm chdt ndy cap hom so vfli phdm chdt khfli difim fl ttfin Cu thfi, tinh thdn trdch nhiem (phdn dau, nfl luc, kifin tri, xdy dungtifiuchuan cao, Idm vific cdn eil, hodn thdnh xudt sdc nhifim vii, cfl gang, chinh xdc thfli gian, nhifit tinh, ttch cue, lac quan), tu ton (tin tuflmg vdo gia iri ban than, gin giu nifim tin tich cue, bifiu thi tri thiic vd nang luc ciia ban than, y thiic anh huflng cua bdn thdn dfin nguoi khac, hifiu nhu cdu va tinh edm ciia bdn thdn vd su bifiu dat nfl), ndng luc xd giaa (bifiu hifin Ihdi dfl ly gidi, hiiu nghi, thich ung, dflng tinh vd lich su ttong mflt tdp thfi lufln dfli moi, giii gin quyfin lpi cua ban thdn, tim kifim difim tuong dflng cua ngufli khdc, cfl phdn ling thich iing truflc yfiu cau mei ttuomg, bifiu thi su hiing thu dfli vfli hanh dpng va loi nfli ciia ngufli khdc), tu qudn ly (danh gid chinh xdc tri thiic, ky ndng vd ndng luc cua ban thdn, xdy dimg muctifiucd nhdn, kiem tratifintrifin qua ciia muc tifiu, khuyfin khich bdn than, tu khflng chfi bdn thdn, Iam vific chu dpng, khflng edn ngufli khdc giam sdt), thdnh thee (cfl thfi lam chfl dua viing chdc cho ngufli khdc, nhin thdng vao quyfit sdch dua ra, khflng thdnh kifin, chpn lua hdnh dflng phii hpp vfli quy pham dap diic Iuan ly)'' Thi tu, cdn Id nguoi sflng cfl ly tuomg vd tinh didn phuc vu cpng dflng Nhu da phdn rich, chii nghla cd nhdn va Ifli sflng dan chu la nhiing gid tri quan ttpng cila vdn hfla My Niia sau the ky XX, tuih chdt hai mat cua nhiing gia tri ngdy cdng the hifin rp net Dfi khde phuc mdt cue doan ("thfi hfi cua cdi tfli"), thfl bjo, phflng tting ciia nfl, dflng thfli tai dinh hinh ly tuflmg tu ldp than vd ttnh thdn phuc vu, vfln Id hai truyfin thflng quy bau ciia My, mflt ttong nhirng muc dieh ttpng tdm ciia nfin gido due My mia cufli thfi ky XX Id hmh thdnh ngufli scng cfl ly tuflmg vd tinh than phuc vu Sflng cfl ly tuflmg dfli vfli nguoi My mang hai Iflp nghla, viia Id ndng luc bifit ddt vd theo dufli muc tifiu thdnh dat phii hpp vfli bdn thdn vd ttao luu xd hfli, viia la khd ndng ddt dfli sflng cd nhdn vdo y nghla rpng lom hom cua xa hfli (cfln gpi Id chil nghla cflng dflng kifiu My, hay tu tuflng ly tuflng chu nghla) Hai \dp nghla tap tinh chdt hai mat, mau thudn ttpng cdi gpi la sflng cfl ly tuflng vd tinh thdn phuc vu cpng dflng Dfi ddp img yfiu can cila thuc tifin cflng vific, sinh vifin ghi danh vac hpc Id mufln cfl duoc mflt nghfi nghifip fln dinh, cfl cupc sflng sung tiic, vd gidp due dai hpc voi ttiiyfin thflng dfi cao cd tinh, lpi ich cd nhdn vd tinh thuc dung da chi xem vific phuc vu cho lpi ich cd nhdn dfl nbu la mflt ttpng difim, vfl hinh tt'ung dd thu h?p ngdnh nghe vap muc tifiu kiem sflng Do vdy, hdu hfit cdc kien nghi gido due dfiu chi trich manh me mat cue doan cua ly tuflmg ndy, vi nfl xa roi vfli tinh didn nhdn vdn, khai phflng, ddnh mat chic ndng vdn hfla ciia ddo tao Boyle dd kfit ludn vfi dieu can phdi lam nhu sau: "Muc dich Id ldm cho hpc sinh nhdn tiiiic dupc bdn thdn hp khpng chi Id 53 -CHAU MY NGAY NAY nhiing ed nhdn cfl chiic nang dflc ldp, ma cfln la mflt -vifin ttong mpt quan thfi xa hpi Ifln hom, va phdi cfl nghia vu nhdt dinh voi qudn the dy muc dich cua giao due smh vifin dai hoc khdng chi Id giup eho sinh vifin tim dupc vific ldm, ma cfln dfi giup chp cupc sflng sau cila sinh vien dupc nghifim ttic vd cfl muc dich; khdng chi Id ttnyfin tiiu kien thiic cho sinh vifin, md cfln la ldm cho nhiing kifin thiic ay dupc diing vao cdc muc dich nhdn djo"'^ Phuc vu eflng dpng, xet ttfin mpi phuong difin, la su phan dnh y thuc ve nghla vu cong ddn va chudn gia tri xd hpi dung dan nhdt Nfl la duomg dfi tao ngufli thuc tifin, ldm chii va la chfl dua tin cdy cho cflng dong Giao due My da di den tiep cdn phuc vu, tifip can nhdn vdn, nhjp thdn vdo xa hpi, vdy nfl mang tinh thuc tifin, nfl thiia nhdn cd nhdn phdt huy nang luc thay dfli cuflc dfli ttpng mpt xa hpi bifit lay ttach nhifim quan tdm ldn nhau, ddy cilng cfl thfi dupc gpi Id khoan dung Thi ngm Id mpt nuflc da van hea, quflc gia toan cau dau tifin, vdy nfin giao due huflmg dfin ddo tao la nhung eflng dan khflng chi cfl tinh than nuflc My ma cfln cfl tinh thdn quflc tfi, y thiic cflng dan todn cdu Trong Cdch mgng hoc tap Gordon Dryden va Jeannette Vos cho rdng, nen gido due moi cdn huflng tfli muc tifiu hinh thdnh nhiing cflng ddn todn cdu, cfl hifiu biet vfi bdn than, ton ttpng khdc bifit van hfla, y thiic khoan dung, cfl khd ndng vd ky nang diam gia chu dflng vao cac quyfit dinh ddn chu, phdt trifin quyfin eon ngufli Cfln Yvpnne Raley vd Gerard Preyer thi khdng djnh, "Cflng dan tpdn cdu dfli hfli mpt su sdn sdng banh dpng vi hanh phuc cua mpi ngufli fl khdp mpi npi, bang each tfln frpng cdc yfiu cdu cflng ly todn can, hoac cdc difiu khodn buih ddng cila su hpp tdc todn cdu"'' Hom n&a, dfli tuong phuc vu cda nfin gido due rat da dang va mfl rflng ttfin phgm vi quflc tfi Do vdy, nfli dung giao due bao gom nhiing kifin thiic vfi vdn hfla, hch su cdc nuflc vd thfi gifli Bfin canh dfl, theo chung tfli, ddy la yfiu cdu cua phdn cflng lao dflng cua My, cac cflng nhdn chuyfin ngdnh lam vific ttong cdc cflng ty da quflc gia, dfi ldm vific va qudn ly tflt bdt bupc phdi hifiu bifit sdu sac va todn difin ludt phdp quflc tfi, vdn hfla cde nuflc, edc chufli gia tri dap die toan cau vd cac gid tti phfl qudt cua nhdn loai, ttic cdn ttfl nhiing cflng dan thfi gioi Ket Iuan Tflm lai, du chu nghTa thuc dung, chu nghla cd nhdn duoc xem Id phucmg chdm sflng vd hanh dpng fl My nhung vific gido due ttach nhifim dao diic cho cflng dan My lufln dupc chu ttpng nhdm hinh nfin nhiing ca nhdn cfl ndng luc sflng vd lam vific hifiu qud, cfl tinh than phuc vu cpng dflng Vific xdy dimg khung tham chifiu chung ve ngufli cflng ddn cfl ttdch nhifim dap diic - hdn nhifin khflng bat bupc tat cd cac hfi thflng gidp due tudn thep, chi nhdm dinh huflmg rp net chp muc dich gidp due ciia cac cpng CHAU MY NGAY NAY dung cam, kien nhan, that tha, trung thanh, tin ddng d My; ddng thdi gdp phan bd sung tuong vao nhung suy xet, nghien curu, danh gia 4.Jon Wiles, Joseph Bondi (2005), Xdy dung ehucmg trinh hoc- Huang ddn thuc hdnh Ban ve ngudi My va ea tinh eiia hp, nhiing dich eiia Nguyen Kim Dung, Nxb Giao due Ha yeu to gdp phan lam nen su thinh vupng Npi,tr 81 Giao due ton giao bi Hien phap My cam thi;e va siie manh npi tai cua qudc gia • hien eae trudng cong Tuy nhien, hpc smh My eo quyen sii dung "then gian mien trir" de tham gia cac khoa hpe v€ ton giao neu co nhu Tdi lieu tham khdo: cau Gordon Dryden, Jeannette Vos (2010), Day la nhiing pham chat khoi diem duoc dfe Cdch mang hoc tap Ban dich cua Pham xuit cho tnrong hpc co so My, chiing la nhung kinh nghiem nit tii thuc tien ciia Anh Tuan, Nxb Tri thiic, Ha Npi Trucmg tieu hpc Bannick Milford, Lu Dat, Chu Man Sinh, (Chii bien, tieu bang Delaware, My 2010), Cai cdch gido due & cdc nir&cphat LiJ Dat, Chu Man Sinh, (Chii bien, 2010), Cai tnen: Cdi cdch gido due dM)), Quyen I, Ban edch gido due a cde nudc phdt irien- Cdi cdeh dich cua Nguyen Tnmg Thuan, Nxb Giao gido due d Mp Quyen IV, Ban dich ciia Le due Vi?t Nam, Ha Noi Xuan Khai, Nxb Giao dye Viet Nam, Ha Npi, Lu Dat, Chu Man Sinh, (Chu bien, 2010), tr 160-161 Cdl cdch gido due d cdc nie&c phdt tnen Cdi S.Lu Dat, Chu Man Smh, (Chii bien, 2010), Cdi cdch gido due a My, Quyen III, Ban dich ciia cdeh gido due d edc nude phdl tnin Cdi cdch Tran Thi Thanh Liem, Nxb Giao due Viet gido due d My Quyen I, Ban dich ciia Nguyen Nam, Ha Ngi Tnmg Thuan, Nxb Giao due Viet Nam, Ha Lii Dat, Chu Man Smh, (Chu bien, 2010), Npi, tr 450-451 Cdl cdch gido due a cdc nuac phdt tnen: Cdi 9.Howard Gardner (2012), Ndm tu eho tuang lai Ban dich ciia Dang Nguyin HiSu Trung va cdch gido due dMp, Quyen IV, B ^ dich cua To Tucmg Quynh, Nxb Tre - DT Books Le Xuan Khii, Nxb Giao due Viet Nam, Ha IRED TP H6 Chi Mmh, tr 235 Npi 10 SCANS la to chiic thuoc Bo Lao dong My Howard Gardner (2012), Ndm tu cho chuyen khao sat eac hinh thirc cong viec, nhu tucmg lai Ban dich cua Dang Nguyen Hieu eSu thi tnrong lao dong va nang luc thich iing Trung va To Tucmg Quynh, Nxb Tr6 - DT ciia nien My, Kien nghi ciia SCANS Books - IRED, TP Ho Chi Mmh danh cho giao due 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va sv khiem nhuong 2.Trong Cam nghi ve dgo due Jams Wilson dl nghi bfin gia tn dong tinh, cong bing, tu Vihm che va nghia vu William Bennet noi toi muoi due tinh nhu' tu rang bupc, dong tinh, traeh nhiem, tinh ban,