49 TAP CHf KHOA HQC XA HOI SO 12(160)-2011 BAN SAC VAN HOA CUA NGU^QI KHMER NAM QUA DAN CA NGHI Lt OAM CU'OI BO LY MINH TOM T A T Din ca nghi le dim cwdi ciia ngwdi Khmer Nam Bd li nhQng bii hit phpc vu cho sinh hoat theo phong tuc cua ngwdi din Song, gii th ciia nhiing bii ca di vwat qua chirc ning thdng thwang ciia nd de hwdng din nhiiu chuc ning khic dd cd chirc ning nhin thirc, phin inh Vi vpy, din ca nghi le dim cwdi li mpt nhiing ITnh vuc tich tu vi phin inh bin sic vin hda ciia ngwdi Khmer Nam Bd rd net nhit Cu thi li nin vin hda ndng nghiep gin bd mat thiit vdi tw nhien vi mang dim diu in Phit giio Song song dd, chiing ta cdn ed thi bit gap bin sac vin hda cdng ddng rd qua Idi ca vi ci qui trinh dien xwdng ciia nd 1, N^N VAN HOA NONG NGHIEP G A N GOI V O I TU NHIEN Vilt v l dan ea nghi l l cua ngudi Khmer, Huynh Ngoc Trang nhan djnh "Trong moi le tiit diu cd dien xwdng nhirng bii din ca nghi le Dd li thinh phin hiru ca cua nghi le vi cung li nhung tw lipu ngdn tir biiu hipn mdi quan hp giu'a ngwdi vdi tw nhien" (Trudng Luu, 1993, tr 182), Mli quan he tren ed tfnh t i t y l u bdi la mOt tOe ngudi sinh sing tai ILPU vyc sdng CLPU L9 Minh Tram, Trudng Phi thOng Trung hpc chuydn Nguyen Thj Minh Khai, Sdc Trang, • TRAM Long, tCp thdi xa xua ddi sing eua ngudi Khmer da gan liin vdi hogt ddng ndng nghiep, vdi dong ruOng, sdng ngdi, kenh rgeh Chinh diiu kien song da hinh nen nhu-ng gia tri van hda dac sic, tieu bilu cho cu dan nai day Van hda dd cd t h l k l d i n nhu van hda cua sy thich nghi vdi moi trudng sing; van h6a cua sy d i i phd trudc nhQ-ng biln ddng cua ty nhien; van hda cua sy khai thac va SLP dgng cae diiu kien ty nhidn,,, Trong ddi sing sinh hoat, diu I n cua nin van hda t h l hidn qua tinh ydu thien nhien; qua hoat dOng kinh t l ; phong tuc, tap quan va ca hoat dOng van hda nghd thuat Rieng vdi lan dieu dan ca, Idng ydu va gdn bd vdi ty nhien t h l hien hlu nhu toan bO logi hinh cua nd (tCp dan ca lao dOng d i n dan ca trQ- tinh sinh hogt rli dan ca nghi Id), Sy anh hudng tren Idn d i n mCpc cac bai hat dam eudi cQng xult hidn nhu'ng hinh anh v l canh vgt, v l each sinh hoat rlt ddi ty nhidn va dan da eua eon ngudi "midt vudn" Con sao/An qua dom boong/Ml mo dua nhau/Canh nang digu mua/Migng lam digu nhge/Ml md dua vu\/0 tren eanh cay {Chim sio)^'^ CuOe sing mang dam mdu sac ndng nghidp cdn dwpfc t h l hidn qua nhCpng Id vat eudi xin, 6ng ba chf bao/Phong tue tap quan/Trai cay du logi/Ol cung t l tidn/Trai tham 50 LY MINH TRAM - BAN SAC V A N H O A C O A NGU'OI KHMER mdng cgt/Sdm bd, s l u ridng, xodi, chuli, ea nggi Idng bilt an dng ba, cha mg du du,, {Hii trii ciy - sip trii ciy) Cdng cha nhu nui Thai San/Nudi dudng cd mg Iln con/Khdng nggi gian khd/Vi md hy sinh , {Cit hoa cau) Khdng nhQ-ng t h l , d i u I n Phdt gido d cac bdi ddn ea nghi l l cdn t h l hign rd qua y nidm v l duydn s l cOng nhu kilp ludn hii (y ddy, tiing hdt nghi l l cua eon ngudi hda Iln vdi tiing hdt eua ty nhidn t h l hidn m l i quan hd b i n chdt, mdt tinh cam sdu ddm thiit tha glQ-a ehu t h l eon ngudi vdi khdeh t h l ty nhidn, Canh vdt, lli sinh hogt rlt d i i g i n gui, binh dj l y nhu cai nin eho tinh ydu ddi ICpa ddm chii, nd Od Id mot diiu ky Ig, thu vj khdng it bdi ca ddm cudi Khmer Vd ed Id vi t h l ma nhQ-ng edu hat mang mau sic nghi Id l y khdng h i mit di ve tru- tinh, lang mgn v l n ed cua t h l logi ddn gian N^N VAN H A DAM MAU SAC PHAT GlAO Oa s l ding bao Khmer Nam BO la tin d l eua Phat giao Nam tdng, Mdi vidn cdng ding tCp thud nhd da duge giao dgc va ren luyen lli sing, each lam vige theo eon dudng ma du-c Phgt ehf ddn tu-c tfch IQy phuc dCpc d l 6w(?c sieu thoat v l cdi Niit ban, Hg quan nigm rlt dan gian di ehua lam phudc cQng nhu lam ruOng, lam nhilu duge phudc nhilu va ngugc Igi, Sy da dgng, phong phu cua ddi sing tam linh vdi nilm tin vd hg thing gido ly ran dgy eon ngudi dn ngay, d thing 6k 6wpfc sidu thoat trd thuin phong my tge eua ea dan tge, NhQ-ng phlm chit, du-c tfnh quy bau ed t h l tim thiy bit eu- dau ddi sing sinh hogt xa hOi cua ngudi Khmer, Rieng g ITnh vyc van hge dan gian ma eg t h l vdi t h l logi dan ea, v l n la tiing ndi phat tu- trai tim eua nhu-ng ngudi ludn hudng d i n dgo, nOi dung t i t y l u cua nd cung hudng d i n nhO'ng diiu ma du-c Phgt chl dgy Bang ehCpng la vige d l eao Anh d XCP xa/Rit nhd d i n em/Duydn tinh kilp trude/Trdi da djnh sIn/Trdi sinh em/ o l anh thuang nhd,,, {Dwa sinh le) Vdi sy hign dign cua nhQ-ng tu tudng, tri^t ly Phdt giao eac bai ea nghi l l ddm eudi chung ta ed t h l thiy ring mOt chCpng myc nao dd Phgt giao Nam tdng da gdp phin bao t i n va phat huy truyin thing van hda eua dan tdc Khmer Dgc bigt, Phat giao cdn cd vai trd quan trqng vide giao due, hinh nhan each, dao du-c cua ngudi Khmer Rieng vdi logi hinh nghe thugt dan gian nhu dan ca nghi li dam eudi, nhu-ng d i u I n Phgt giao luu lai trdn mdi Idi ca da lam eho logi hinh ndy mang mOt net ve rieng, r l t linh thieng, trang trgng, khdng kem phin thu vj so vdi cac logi hinh dan ea dam cudi eua cac dan tOe khae NET V A N H A CONG D O N G Ngudi Khmer cd ban s i c van hda cpng ding tren tinh t h i n tinh lang nghTa xom binh ding, dan chu, Tinh cgng ding thi hign cae m l i quan hg san xult, quan hg xa hgi, quan hg gia dinh; sinh hogt van hda tdn giao tin ngugng dan gian cung nhu nghi le dam cudi, mpt nhu-ng nghi le quan trqng cua do-i ngudi, Tuy dam eudi duge t l ehCpc tgi mot gia dlnh eg t h l nhung khdng khf nhOn nhjp dudng nhu lan tda ea phum sdc Moi ngudi du duge mdi hay khdng diu ty LY MINH T R A M - BAN SAC VAN HOA COA NG\J(y\ KHMER,,, nguygn d i n nha ed dam 6k giup 6d, ca hat chung vui cung gia dinh, Ndi ridng v l cac bai ca nghi Id dam eudi, Idi ea vd hinh thLPC didn xudng eua nd t h l hign dgc trung van hda kha rd net Vidu: Xin kinh chdo t i t ca/Hg hang g i n ben mg/Hg hang xa ben cha/Cd ca dng Maha/Va ea ngudi ehu rl/Oi, gid lanh da din/Hay chuIn bi mung mIn/Minh cung dua vua di/Oi, vua di vua di/Vua di phai ed nhgc, {Dwa sinh li) Ldi bai hat da phin nao phan anh khdng nhOn nhjp, ddng due eua ngdy d i u hdn l l , Vd diiu dugc t h l hien rd net hgn, sinh dOng han d qua trinh didn xudng cua nd, Cg t h l , ngoai d i i tugng diln xudng chinh la nghe nhan dan gian tryc tilp hat cac bai ea cdn ed nghe nhdn mua minh hga, dOi ngu nhu-ng ngudi chai nhgc eg c l truyin va thdm ehi ca dam ddng ngudi thudng thCpc vdi du thdnh phin, vai v l , Ngdy nay, nhilu hinh thCpc sinh hogt mang tinh dac trung van hda da biln mit hoac khdng cdn giQ- nguyen dgng nhu trudc nhung tinh eOng ding khdng hoan toan mit di y thCpc ngudi dan, Ly giai tfnh cOng dong trdn, cd t h l dya vao tam thCpc cua chfnh ngudi dan nai day v l vln d l hdn nhan, gia dinh, Thyc t l , dam cudi e l truyin eua ngudi Khmer 6wpfc t l chLPC vdi nhilu nghi thCpc phu-e tgp nhung mdi nghi thCpc d i u tiim I n y nghTa t i t dgp, ft nhlt la eho cudc hdn nhan Ngudi Khmer rlt xem trgng Id cudi, va eoi l l eudi khdng dan thuin la mot hinh thu-c thdng bao "thdng tin" eho moi ngudi bilt sy kign hai ngudi tCp la vg ching ehinh thu-c ma cdn chu-a dyng nhQ-ng trilt ly sing, nhQ-ng gia tri xa hOi, nhQ-ng nhdn t l dgo du-c vdi 51 mOt hinh thCpc diln xudng ting hgp Nd khdng la vige eua mOt ea nhan hoge eua rieng mOt gia dinh nao ma la uy tin, danh dy, vj t h l cua hai gia dinh va cua ea ddng hg, Khdng nhu-ng vgy, nd cdn lidn quan d i n nhilu mli quan hg xa hOi khae nhu quan hd sui gia, quan hg bing hQ-u, Bdi t h l dCi giau hay nghdo, ngudi Khmer d i u mong muln va e l gIng lam eho dugc dam cudi trang trgng Hign nay, thdi gian t l chCpc mOt dam cudi chf cd hai nhung thyc t l mgi ngudi gia dinh, ho hang, phum sdc da tgp trung 6k chuIn bj su-a sogn nha cu-a, d l dac, dyng rgp, lam banh tu- rlt sdm, Khi dam cudi chinh thu-c bit diu, moi ngudi khIp phum keo d i n dy tide vdi kha nhilu mgc dieh khac nhau, Chinh khdng l y da e l kit cae vien eOng ding, lam eho mli quan he v l n ed them bin chgt theo thdi gian, Tdm Igi, dan ca nghi Id dam cudi eua ngudi Khmer khdng chf la phuang tign phuc vg cho nghi thu-c hdn Id ma nd cdn phan anh nhilu m i l quan he, ca each thCpc u-ng XLP va hogt dpng tdn giao eua mOt eOng dong ngudi, TCPC phan anh mOt lli van hda eua ding bao Khmer Oilu cQng that gilng nhu Idi nhgn djnh eua N,V Gdgdn ndi v l dan ea Nga: "Din ca li Ijch sir nhin din sinh dpng, sing Ipn, diy miu sac vi sw that " (Nguyin Bich Ha, 2008, tr 232) • CHU THiCH ^^' Bdi hdt Chim sio dugc hdt nhilu l l cudi cua ngudi Khmer, cg thl tiln hdnh nghi le Cit tde (Cach sork) (Xem tiip trang 24) ... cgng ding thi hign cae m l i quan hg san xult, quan hg xa hgi, quan hg gia dinh; sinh hogt van hda tdn giao tin ngugng dan gian cung nhu nghi le dam cudi, mpt nhu-ng nghi le quan trqng cua do-i... y da e l kit cae vien eOng ding, lam eho mli quan he v l n ed them bin chgt theo thdi gian, Tdm Igi, dan ca nghi Id dam cudi eua ngudi Khmer khdng chf la phuang tign phuc vg cho nghi thu-c hdn... hy sinh , {Cit hoa cau) Khdng nhQ-ng t h l , d i u I n Phdt gido d cac bdi ddn ea nghi l l cdn t h l hign rd qua y nidm v l duydn s l cOng nhu kilp ludn hii (y ddy, tiing hdt nghi l l cua eon ngudi