Tôn giáo tín ngưỡng của các tộc người thiểu số tây bắc trong đời sống đương đại

TAP CHI VHDG SO 2/2015 tON GIAO TIN NGUONG^ cua cac tpc^ngiroi thieu so Tay Bac doi song duong dai NGUYEN THJ YEN Ddi song tdn giao tin ngudng mot so toe ngudi thieu so Tay B^c subien doi La vOng dat c6 nhieu tiem nang kinh ih, dong thcri la vung dat chi6n luoc lien quan den van de an ninh, quoc phong, Tay B5c da va dang nhan duoc sii quan tam ho tra nhiSu mat cija chinh phu ma cung voi la sir tac dOng manh me cua cac y6u to moi vao dcri song van hoa nguoi dan Ton giao tin nguang la mpt khia c ^ h quan trong doi sdng tinh than cua cac toe nguoi thie'u s6 noi chung Thong qua cac hinh thuc sinh ho^t van hoa tin nguang, cac gia tri vh van hoa tam linh, van hoa nghe thuSt, thuSn phong mT tuc mang tinh truyen thdng ciia moi toe nguai co ca hpi ducrc bao t6n Vi vay, su bien do! doi song ton giao tin nguong cua ho se co lac dong sau sic den su bien doi ban sac vSn hoa ciia moi tgc nguoi Xuat phat tu ket qua khao sat thiJc te, bai viet se t^p tmng phan tich su bien doi va du doan nhung xu huong hihn d6i doi song ton giao tin nguong cua mpt so toe ngudi thieu so Of Tay B3c hi?n 1.1 Bien ddi ddi sSng ton gido tin ngudng cdc tqc ngudi thiiu so Tdy BSc tu gdc nhin cua nhifng ngudi cudc Truac HBt, can thSy rSng cac xu huong bien do'i dcri sdng ton giao tin nguong cac tpc ngucri thieu s6 Tay B^c hien la mot su tit y6u, the' hien quy lu^t van dpng phii hpp voi cupc s6ng hien t^i Duong nhien ben c ^ h nhung mat tich cue nhu gop phan luac bo nhimg l|Lp tuc l^c h^u (cac lu|t tuc khac, thii tyc nghi ll rudm phiic lap ) thi a mpt so truong hap lai co nhimg bieu hien thai qua, de di den xoa nhoa ban sac, hoac co truong hpp dan den choi bo van hoa tpc ngiroi minh De lam ro dieu nay, duai day chung toi se lien hanh khao sat y kien ciia ngiroi dan vai tu each la nhiing nguoi cupc doi voi nhijng doi thay ddi song ton giao tm nguong ciia hp Ddi vdi viic logi bd cdc tap tuc lgc hdu: Nhin chung, tam li phd bi8n d mpi liia tuoi la ung hp viec loai bo cac hii tuc ma chinh quyen cho la lac hau Dieu m$l phan la tac dpng cua su tuyen truyen, pho' bien cac chinh sach cua nha nuoc, mpt mat hp tu y thiic duoc Vi du, hau het cac tpc ngudi cr day hien ddu ung hp chii truong khong de ngudi chet lau nha Trudc day, hp c6 the de ngudi chet nha hang luan ihi Ihudng chl de vong ba Vdi ngudi H'mong va ngudi Dao thi ben canh viec bao luu mpt each co chpn lpc cac nghi le va phong tuc hon nhan co truyen thi mpt diem dang chii y la hp cE dkn thay do'i dupc quan niem hon nhan nang ve mua ban Nam 1992, Ihuc hien sir van dpng ciia nha nudc, ngudi Dao Do d xa Ban Phiing (huyen Sa Pa, tinh Lao Cai) da hpp lai thong nhat giam bdt mpt niia so bac trSng thach cudi tu 50 dong xuong 25 dong Nhd su thay doi ma cac thii tuc nghi le cung bot nang ne, ganh nang no nan cudi xin cung duoc giam bdt nhieu so vdi trudc day Ddi vdi viic tri hodc pht^c hdi cdc nghi li cdu cung gia dinh: Xual phat tir quan niem coi viec thiJC hanh cac nghi le nhu la mpt nhu cau va thoi quen cua truyen thong nen NGHIEN CUU - TRAO £ cac nghi le lien quan den vong ddi ngudi, dae biet la cudi xin, tang ma hau nhu van duoc tri theo tmySn thdng d cac tpc ngudi vdi miic dp gian lupc khac Neu d ngudi Thai va ngudi Dao, viec to chuc tang ma da dan di vao on dinh thi d ngudi H'mong vln la van de Iran trd viec xu li van de hai hoa giira viec bao luu truyen thong vdi nhu cau bien doi cho phii hgrp vdi cupc song duong d&i Trong npi bp ngudi Dao Do van tiep tuc CO nhiing cupc van dpng di din thong nhat gian lupc cac thu luc nghi le rudm ra, chSng han nhu cac nghi le hon nhan Mpt xu hudng bien ciia viec tri nghi le cung chira b?nh d hau het cac tpc ngudi la xuit phat tu quan niem "Thuoc tra ma c5u" Dieu dan den viec cupc song ciia hp van t6n tai nhiing phucmg thiic chira benh bSng each ciing "duoi ma" (tuy cac loai ma iheo phan xet cua thiiy) hoac ciing bieu le cho ma ngudi chet theo nhimg nghi thiic c6 truy&n Tuy nhien, viec ciing le dupc ngudi ta giai thich la chu yeu de "yen tam ve mat tinh than" Ddi vdi viic bdo luu hogc Ihay doi ton gido tin ngudng: Tuc thd cung to' lien la tin ngudng bien ciing nhan dupc nhimg su lua chpn khac d moi tpc ngudi Neu d ngudi Dao, ngudi Tay, Thai, Mudng da co sir bao luu kha on dinh cac nghi le c6 truyen thi d ngudi Kho Mu va ngudi H'mong tai co nhCrng bieu hien choi ho vdi nhiing giai thich theo nhirng li Ie rieng ciia hp Chang han ngudi H'mong d ban Miii Ba (Yen Son, Bao Yen, Lao Cai) bo thd l6 lien di theo dao Tin lanh thi giai thich rang la hp bd thii vay mupn de trd ve vdi Chiia nhu la trd ve vdi su nguyen sa ban dSu ciia minh Su nhan thuc ciia hp theo dao d day qua y kiin cua co be Giang Thi Tr (16 lu6i, hpc het ldp 5) la: "Tin Chua thi di benh vien chtra benh chii khong cung ma chCra benh", "Tin Chiia ihi dang Chiia, khong tin Chiia thi dang ma!" va "Ai khong tin Chiia thi uong rumi, danh vo" Mat khac, co be ciing khing dinh: "Bac Ho co th^t nen tin, Chiia cung CO that nen lin!" Tuy nhien y kien cua CO lai day len den miic cue doan cho rSng: 'Tin Chiia nen khong thich hat dan ca H'mong niia" Dieu cho thay su phan biet deluj chpn giua thd ma to' tien vdi dang thieng lieng la Chiia nhu la su bi&u hien cho nhan thiic v6 cai lac hau vdi cai tiSn bp cua ldp Ihanh nien d day ngudi Kho Mii ban Huoi Vang (Mucmg Muon, Mudng Cha, Dien Bien) thi tu lau, h@ da lan lupt bo tuc thd to tien d bep cQa tgc ngudi minh de thd /100/15"* iheo kieu ciia nguoi Thai Hien tjti nhieu gia dinh l^i bo hodng de lap ban thd theo kiiu ngudi Kinh nhung chl thd Cling ngudi chet mpt each chieu le, dae biet hp coi trpng viec thd anh Bac H6 htm Qua day co the nh|in thay nhiing bieu hien chua ro rang viec lua chpn each thiic tho cfing to tien cua ngudi Kho Mii d day Cling nhu d ngudi Viet, nhilu y&u 16 moi ciing da tham gia mpt each lu giac vao dien thd cua cac tpc ngudi thiSu s6 Tay Bic, ch^ng han nhu thd Chu tich Ho Chi Minh gia dinh va cong sd ciia ngudi Thai d xa Nghla An, thi xa Mudng Lo, tinh Yen Bai Ngudi Dao d xa Yen San (Bao Yen, Lao Cai) treo anh Chu tich H6 Chi Minh Id cip sic Ddi vdi cdc li hoi hodc phong tuc coiruyhi cd nguy co bi biin mdt hodc khdng phu hop vdi cudc sd'ng hiin tgi: Trong lung truong hpp cu the, de tri nhihig gia tri truyen thong CO nguy CO bi mai mot, d mpt s6 nai, ngutn dan da lu tim each img xu hai hoa, phii hop vdi dieu kien, hoan canh mdi Le xen ban ban Ten A, xa Thanh Xuong, huyen Dien Bien (tinh Dien Bien) la mpt vi du Ve npi dung xen ban la cau an, tien hanh vao mu hdi theo ljch Thai thang am lich la nhimg qujf dinh khong thay doi Tuy nhien ve mat to chfie CO nhimg thay d6i nhu: Trudc, le truong ban va th^y mo chu tri, nay, them cac ban nganh ban (phu nir, nien, phu lao ); xua, dan ban tudong co them tien AP CHi VHDG SO 2/2015 ^uy cua ban; xua, nha xen ban d tren rirng :am, nay, chuyen v6 nha van hoa trung tam ban, Dae biet, ciing thi mdi thin (h6n) tinh, huyen, ban, gio, may, rong, v.v in thl mdi cac lanh dao ducmg chiic tinh uy, iiy ban huyen, xa, v.v den an uong Ve ca ban, ph§n nghi thiic, nghi le van theo c6 tniyen nhung nhiing kieng ki co giam bdt Vi du, ban Ten A tnrdc day co quy djnh Iruoc xen ban, dan lang khong dupc ngoai ban, hoac 3a thi khdng dupc vao, dae biet cam ngudi tigoai vao ban, quy dinh tu - gid toi mdi cSm ngudi vao, d^c biet chi cim ngudi gdng ganh vao ban C6 mpt di6m khac la Icri khan, ldi ciing, nguori ta da thay doi ten gpi va chirc danh cac vi quan chiic dia hat cho "hpp thdi" Co the coi day la mdt le xen ban cd tniyen md rdng Ddi vdi ldn gido tfn ngudng cua ciia ddng bdo diin di ddn thuy diin San La: De xay dimg cong trinh thuy dien Scm La (2005 2012), thdi gian qua, hang chuc ngan hd dan d khu vuc cac tinh Son La, Dien Bien, Lai Chau da phai di ddi khoi long ho thiiy dien den noi d mdi Su thay ddi mdi irudng sdng da bupc hp phai thay ddi cac phong luc tap quan de thich nghi didu kien sdng d noi d mdi ChSng ban, da sd cac ban ngudi Thai di ddi tir huyen Quynh Nhai ve khu vuc phd Son La da phai thay le hpi gpi dliu chung ca ban tren ddng sdng Da vao chilu 30 ihi bSng hinh thirc mang nudc ddn gOi dSu tai nha van hoa ho^c tu gdi diu tai nha rieng theo tieng hieu lenh cua trudng ban Day la ll hpi g^n vdi luc thd Nang Han - mpt nu tudng huyen thoai cua ngudi Thai TrSng Rieng d huyen Quynh Nhai, sau di ddi ddn thi mdi Phieng Lanh, vdi muc dich bao tdn 16 hpi, chinh quydn huydn da diing Id chiic le hpi theo xu hudng "kich ban hoa", din ddn si; Ihay ddi ve ndi dung va hinh thlic Id hdi so vdi cd truydn Nhin chung tiinh thuc dupc ngudi dan hudng irng theo phong trao la chinh Mat khac, vdi viec thd ;ac vj than linh va Nang Han d ngdi den mdi say di;ng tgi xa Mudng Giang (each thi Iran huyen moi km) lai cho thdy su thay ddi hoan loan ca ve each thiic quan li lan vide thuc hanh nghi le Theo do, lu mpt ngdi den vang ve d que cii, chuydn xay dung d dia diem mdi, ngdi ddn da cd Ban Quan li gom ngudi, ca ngudi Kinh va ngudi Thai, thu hiit su chiem bai cua kha dong ngudi Kinh irong khu vuc Dae biet, ngudi Thai TrSng ciing hpc theo ngudi Kinh di Id bai vao rSm mdng mpt, khac vdi d qud cu, hp chi ddn den vao cac dip Id tet