Mộ đất văn hoá sa huỳnh trong bối cảnh việt nam và đông nam á

MO DAT VAN HOA SA HUYNH TRONG BOI CANH VIET NAM VA DONG NAM A NGUYEN TH| HAO', HOANG THUY QUYNH " X inh hinh n g u i n tir lifu Tir phdt hifn din (1909), cdc dja dilm vdn h6a Sa Huynh chu yeu d\ra tren cdc phdt hifn vd nghien cihi ve mp chum (mf quan tdi gim) vd mft th6i gian ddi, hdu nhu chua c6 nhiJng phdt hifn vd nghifin c i ^ vl mO ddt Phdt hifn ddu ti6n vl s^r tin lai cila loeii hinh mO ddt Id a dja dilm Hdu Xd (Ngo SS' Hing, Trdn Quy Thjnh 1991), sau d6 Id dia dilm C6n Rdng (Thira Thien Hue) ndm 1993, 1995 va 2004 (BCii Vdn Lifm 1994, Bui Vdn Liem vd cpng su 1996, Bui Vdn Liem vd cpng sir 2005) Sau nhftng phdt hifn ddu lifn ndy, nhilu cufc khai quat dd chii y din su ton lai cita mp ddt vd s6 lupng ciia chiing ngdy cdng dupc phdt hifn nhilu hon v6i cdc dja dilm, nhu: Tien Hd, G6 Ma Voi, Lai N ^ i (Qudng Nam), Xom Cc, Suli Chinh, G6 Que (Qudng Ngai), Riing Long Thuy (Phii Yen), Hoa Diem, Vmh Yen (Khanh Hoa) (Biii Chi Hodng 2006; BCii Chi Hodng vd nnk 2008, A Reinecke vd cpng su 2000, Nguyen Chilu vd cfng si^ 2001, P h ^ Thi Ninh 1997, Ph^im Thj Ninh 2000, 2005, Nguyin Ddng Cuong 2004; Biii Chi Hodng vd cpng su 2008, Tran Quy Thinh vdc6ng sv:2012), Tuy nhien, vife tdp hpp vd nghien ciiu tren loai hinh mp dat vdn hoa Sa HujTih chua dupc quan tdm nhilu Nhihig tdi lifu chiing t6i dd thing ke is tren phdn 16n id tu lifu tho, ndm a nhifu ncri, nhilu nguin khac nhau, thdm chi c6 nhihig dja dilm mdc dii dd duac khai quat tir nhihig ndm 1990, nhung hifn vdn chua c6 bdo cdo khai qudt ho?Lc chi dupc thdng bdo mpt vdi thong tin lien quan din chung, d6, vife tdp hpp, nghiSn cihi tu lifu gdp nhilu kh6 khdn Cho din nay, chiing toi dd c6 sir ldp h?^ tu lifu va buac dau c6 nhihig nghien cim tren loai hinh mf ldng ndy (Nguyin Thj Hao, Hoang Thiiy Qujnh 2008), nhien vife nghien cuu chiing can duac quan tam sau hon vd cdn dupc djt boi cdnh rpng hon, bfn ngodi khong gian vdn h6a Sa HuJ-nh M$ dat v^n hda Sa Huynh v l m^t sd lupng mf ddt: Sy chenh gifta nhftng dja dilm c6 mf ddt vd cdc dja dilm chua tim ihdy m6 dat rat ldn, cy the Id h-ong ling so khodng trfn 85 dja dilm vdn hod Sa Huynh, chi c6 hon 10 dja dilm ton tai loai hinh mp dat Cdc mp ddt cung khfng ndm tdch bift md ndm xen lan v6i mp chuin/v6/n6i (trir truong hpp dja dilm Vinh Yen) S6 lirpng mf ddt dupc phdt hifn vd cong b l cho din thisi dilm ndy Id khodng trfn 80 mf, mfl s l rdt khiem tin so vdi so lupmg sf cua mf quan ldi g i m md chu ylu Id lo^i hinh mO chum/n6i/v6 Chiing toi dd thing ke ti If mp ddt vd mf quan tdi gom m§t vdi dia dilm vd k l l qud cho thdy cd sy chSnh Ifch rdt nhilu giCta hai loai hinh ndy {Bang / ) CN, Vifn Khdo co hpc " Th.S Vifn Khdo c l hpc Khdo cShoc, sd 2/2013 Bfing Bdng IhSng liS cdc lopl m^ Idng & mfl nS ilia ttlim l6n lgt m$ ttSi Ml) xfic d|nh C&n Rfing G6 Mfi Vfli Lai Nghi Tien Lfinh HSuXfi M$ quan t i l Mtjiit Diad im STT Ml) d i t (71 8«m 447 Tflng 461 47 SI 55 63 3 10 C6QuS 18 31 Hofi Diem 35 46 X6m6c 10 Suoi Chlnh 11 10 VTnh Y5n 13 19 (giai doan tien - so sir) Sy phan b l : Tuy s l lupng khdng nhieu song cdc dja dilm khdo c6 hpc c6 mp ddt vdn hda Sa Hujnh lgi phdn b l is cdc tinh tir phia bde cua Sa Huynh nhu Thira Thifn Hul, khd nhilu a tinh Qudng Nam, Quang Ngdi vd k^o ddi din linh Khdnh H6a Khfing gian phdn b6 ciia chiing ciing da d?ng nhu khong gian ciia mf quan tdi gim, bao gom vimg ntii (Tien Hd), viing ddng bdng duyfn hdi (Cin Rdng, Lai Nghi, G6 IVld Vdi, G6 Que, H6a Difm, VTnh Yfn ) vd vftng hdi dao ven bd (X6m c , Suli Chinh), frong d6 cdc dja dilm is vimg ding bdng duyfn hdi chilm s6 lugmg I6n hon Ddc bift, cdc mf dat thu6ng ndm xen ke cung vdi nhihig mp quan tdi g i m cimg mpt dja dilm, khdng cd sy tdch bift thdnh cdc khu rifng (trir nhdm mp cr dja dilm VTnh Yfn) Ve ddu hifu nhdn bilt: Do cau tnic ddt d miln Trung thudng Id d?ng ddt cdt nen bien mf rdt khd xdc djnh, Nhftng ngoi mp cd cdu tnic rO rdng nhu cd xuong cit, mf rdi gdm (Nguyin Ddng Cudng 2004; Dodn Ngpc Khdi 2002; Trdn Quy Thjnh vd nnk 2012) ho?c nhya cdy is ben dudi, hay mdu ddt mp khde so vdi xung quanh (Reinecke vd nnk 2002; Bfti Chi Hodng 2006) thudng khdng nhifu, cho nen, dl nh^in d ^ g mp ddt vdn hda Sa Hujnh, nhftng ngudi khai qu$t thudng chft •y din nhftng cym dd hay cym gdm phdn b l thdnh nhftng cym cd sy sdp ddt cdn th§n (dli vdi lo^ii mp chdn tn;c tilp vdo dat) (Reinecke vd cpng sy 2002; Biii Vdn Liem vd cpng sy 1996, 2008) cd t h l Id nhftng ddm ddt chdy, cd than tro vd mpi it xuong (hda ldng) (Nguyen Ddng Cudng 2004) Ddi nhftng ngoi mf ddt cd nhftng vien dd d hai ddu nhu mpt dau hifu ddnh ddu mO (Phjun Thj Ninh 2005) Cd hai lo^ii mp ddt phi bien Id: mf don ldng vd mp song tdng vdi ba ddu hifu nh?n bilt Id: mp rdi gom, mf rdi nhya cdy vd mf chon thdng vdo ddt, Kich thudc mp: Phdn Idn cdc mf tdng Sa Huynh khdng cd nhilu xuong cdt nfn vife xdc djnh kich thudc mp thirdng dya vdo sy phdn b l cua cdc d l ttiy tang, thudng thi chung duac ddt xung quanh thi hdl, tir ddu din chdn, vd dpc theo thdn Do dd, chiing ta cd t h l dya vdo quy ludt ndy d l dodn djnh kich thudc mp Q cdc mp ddt Sa HuJ-nh, sy phdn bd dd tdng t^p trung khoang: ddi tft I,6m 2,4m, rpng khoang 0,5m - 0,6m d l i vdi nhftng mp tdng don vd khodng I m d l i vdi nhftng mp song tdng Nguygn Thj Hdo, Hodng Thui? Quj'nh - Mp ddt vdn hod Sa Huj-nh (Dodn Ngpc Khdi 2002; Nguyen Ddng Cudng 2004; Bui Chi Hodng 2006; Ph?m Thj Ninh 2005; Tran Quy Thjnh vd cpng sy 2012) Hudng mf: Cd sy da d^ng hudng mO ddt, song hudng chii ylu cita nhilu mf I f 10 ddt cd ddu quay hudng ddng hojc ddng - nam Cd the ke mfl vdi vl dy nhu: d dja difm 50 cm Tifn Ldnh, s l mf ddt th) cd mf hudng ddng bde tdy nam, mp nguyen v?n nhdt Hinh V.Mgd^ dja diim Go Md Voi (Ngudn: Reinecke vd cgng sjf 2002) hudng dong - tfiy {Hinh 2); is dja dilm Gd Md Vdi, so mp ddt th) cd tdi mp hudng ddng - tdy, mf cdn t^i hudng dong nam - tdy bde {Hinh / ) ; hay nhu mp ddi d Hod Diem diu cd hudng ddng - tdy {Hinh vd 4) v l di cot: Phdn ldn cdc mf ldng vdn hda Sa Huynh deu rat it xuong cdt, mf ddi cOng khdng loai trft kha ndng dd Cho din nay, cdc dja diem cdn ton t^i nhieu di cit thudng Id nhftng noi cd chfta nhieu vd nhuyln thl nhu Hda Diem, Xdm Oc, Suli Chinh, Hinh 2: Mg dk dia diim Tien Ldnh (Ngudn: Bui Chi Hoang 2006) VTnh Yfn, dd di col frong mp ddt thi chi cd d dja diem Id Hda Diem, VTnh Yen vd Xdm Qc Id rd rdng nhat, cdc dja dilm khde chi cd mfl vdi mdnh rdng, hay vdi manh xucmg vyn (Nguyin Chilu vd nnk 2004; Dodn Ngpc Khdi 2002; Dodn Ngpc lOidi vd cfng sy 2006; Tran Quy Thjnh vd nnk 2012) Q nhihig mp ddt hifn biet, di cdt thudng dupc djt ndm ngua, duoi thdng, hai tay xudi theo thdn (Dodn Ngpc Khdi vd nnk 2006), rieng dja dilm Vuih Yen cd tdi 11 ngdi mp dupc chdn theo tu the ngii co bd goi (Trdn Quy Thinh vd cpng sy 2012), vd ngdi mf song tdng is Xdm c dupc chdn theo the ndm co (Dodn Ngpc Khdi 2002) Cdc di c6t thudng khdng ddy du, cd thieu mft phdn co thl (thilu sp) hay chi cdn l^l mdt vdi mdnh xuong hodc xuong dd miin ndt gdn hit, hodc cdn mpt vdi mdnh rdng Cdc nghien cuu v l nhdn chung hpc tren cdc di cit ndy cho thdy, phdn Idn cdc di cdt ndy Id ciia ngudi tnrdng thdnh, irft m^t trudng hpp nhdt Id xuong tre em, cd thf dupc chdn hd rdc b i p (?) (Dodn Ngpc Khdi 2002), dd cd cd nam gidi vd nft gidi Ngdi mO song tdng d Xdm c bao gim mpt ngudi ddn Khdo cS hpc, sf 2/2013 6ng khoing 50 - 60 tu6i vi mOt ph(t nU 20 - 25 hj6i Cfic ngdi m0 don d Hoi Difim g6m c6: mO 02.HD.C20.1 la mOt ngir&i dftn 6ng khoing 30 tudi (c6 hi^n tu^mg nhuOm rang den), mg 07.HD ]i mpt ngufti tnntag thinh (NguySn LSn Cuimg 1998, 1999 2007; Nguyin Dang Cuimg 2004; Doin Ngpc Khdi 2002; Doin Ngpc Khdi vi cdng s(r 2006) Nghien ctru nhihig di c6t hi^n bi^t, cic nhi Nhan chung hpc cho rang, ngirdi Sa Huynh cd nhiSu y^u t6 IVtongolo - Australoid, dd y^u td Mongoloid cd ph4n m^nh hon (Ngudi c6 Hoi Digm cd phSn gAn gQi vdi ngudi c6 Ddng Son nhdm lo9i hinh Indonesien) (Nguyin Lfin Cirdng 2007) Hinh 3.Mpa& dja diim Hod Diim (Nguon: Nguyin Ddng Cuang 2004) VS dd ting: PhSn ldn nhihig ngdi mp dat deu cd dd tuj ting, dii so lupng tuj ting cd khic (cd thl cd nhiing ngoi md khdng cd dd tuj ting, nhung khdng cd dau hi?u nhin bilt nen chiing ta chua tim thiy) Chiing tdi da thing ke i6 tuj ling md dSt d mpt sd dja dilm, va thiy ting, cung nhir d md quan tii gim dd ting d mO dat thudng li nhQng v}t gia diing, nhthig cdng cu, vu hay dl n-ang sue vin dupc sii diing hang ciia cu din Sa Hujuh Cd K dd li nhdng vJt d m mi ngudi chit di sil dtmg cdn sing Cd nhQng ngoi md chdn theo rit nhilu dl ting, tir dl gim, ddng, dl sit vdi cic lo?i v8t gia dvng, cdng cv, vu din dl trang sto (Ui Nghi) nhmig ciing oS nhQng ngdi mp cd rit it dl ting, chi vdi mdt vii dd gim chdn thep (Cin Ring) Tuy nhi«n, d phin Idn cic di tich, dd hjy ting frong cic mp ludn cd s(r chenh l^ch nhau, cd ml nhilu dl ting vi nhilu hifn vat qui', nhung cung cd nhQng mp chl cd mpt vii dl ting la dl gim Tinh tr?ng niy cOng giing vdi nhQng mp chum cimg khu di tich dd Nguyin Thj Hao, Hodng Thu^ Quj'nh - Mf ddt vdn hod Sa Huynh 31^ Dilu thdy rd nhdl d nhftng ngdi mf ddt Id, nhOng mf ndo cd kf gim ho§c trdi nhya cdy, cd sy sdp d$t d l tdng cdn than thudng Id nhihig mf khd gidu cd nhieu tu^ tdng vd cung nhilu hifn v^t quj? dd cd nhilu hifn vfil "ngo^ii nhsip" tft cdc vdn hod Idn c§n nhu vdn hod Ddng Son (rlu, lao, gido, dao gdm bdng ding), vdn hod Hdn (guong ding, tiln ding) hay vdn hod An Df (thudng Id d l trang sftc) nhung vl chii d^o vdn Id cdc hifn v|l cua vdn hod Sa HuJ'nh (dl gim, d l sdt, trang siic ) Do gdm mp thudng ddt nghifng ho$c lip mifng xuong ddt, nhilu hifn v$t bj ghf mifng, ghe d l hodc dap vd trudc chdn, D l ding, d l sdt thudng bj dfp vd hodc be cong Trong m$ ddt d dja dilm Gd Que, G6 Md Vdi cd hifn v§t cdn ddng thdn sdt (ding sdt tilp hpp) (L9m Thj My Dung 2005; Dodn Ngpc Khdi vd c0ng sy 2006; Andreas Reinecke vd cfng sy 2002) O SOCrr Hinh Mg dat dfa £em Hod Diem (Nguon: Nguyen Ddng Cudng 2004) Nhihig di tich thudc hf thing ddo gdn bd hodc ndm c^nh bd bien (Xdm Oc, Suli Chinh, Hod Diem), tdng vdn hod cd nhilu vd nhuyln thl thi mp thudng chdn theo vd dc, vd sd hay nhihig trang siic Idm tft vd nhuyln thl nhu h?t chuSi, vdng tay, nhSn (Etodn Ngpc Khdi 2002; Ph^m Thj Ninh 2000; Nguyen Ddng Cudng 2004) Tft nhftng tu lifu k l trSn, budc ddu chiing tdi dd phdn lo^i cdc lo^i hinh mp ddt vdn hod Sa Huynh nhu sau: (I) Mf chdn tdng; Id nhftng mp xuong cdt cdn khd nguyen theo tu the gidi phSu: cd mdt d cdc dja dilm: Hod Diem, VTnh Yfn, Xdm 6c (2) Md cdi tdng: mp chi cdn mft ft xuong cdt ciing vdi d l tdng (Hod Diem, Lai Nghi ) (3) Mp hod tdng: mf cdn mpt ft mdnh xuong chdy cung vdi xuong dpng v§t vd mdnh gdm vd (Hod Diem) Khdo cShgc, sd 2/2013 (4) Mf gid: Mf khdng cd xucmg cit nhung cdu tnic mf khd r6 rdng, cdch sdp djt d l tdng cdn th$n, cdu ky Lo?i m0 ndy dupc coi Id mf tupng tnmg (ngdy cu dfin ven biln miln Trung hay gpi Id m0 gid), cd mjt d phdn Idn cdc dja dilm c6 mO ddt Sa Hujnh Mf ddt cdc vfln hod khde is Vift Nam vd khu vyc Ddng Nam A 3.1 M^ ddt cdc vdn hod Tiin Sa Huynh 1.1 Vdn hod Xdm Con Mf ldng vdn hod Xdm C6n rdt hilm hoi chi mdi tlm thdy dja dilm B)nh Ba (Cam Ranh, Khdnh Hod) Ddy Id mfl di chi cu trii - m0 tdng ndm trfn c6n cdt thupc hf thdng ddo gdn bd d Nha Trang, hifn dd bj phd hu>;' gdn nhu hodn todn Do dja dilm chua dupc khai qu^t, chi dimg l^i d mftc df thdm sdt, nen mdi chi thdy I mp tdng vd Id mp dat Nhftng ngudi thdm sdt dd phdt hifn m$t ngdi mf cua mft cd thl Mf d df sdu 0,7m, hfp sp dd bj vd vyn chl cdn nhdt dupc 13 chile rdng Phia dudi cdn hai do^n xuong chi trSn, chimg td ngudi chit dupc chdn thdng x u i n g ddt Ddu dupc ddt quay vl hudng ddng nam Dd ldng chdn theo dupc ddt d phdn ddu tu thi bao gom I mdm bong nhd, h^t chuSi hinh Ing khoan IS vd I vdng deo dupc Idm tft vdnh mifng mOt dc vd dugc mdi khd dep (Nguyin Cdng Bdng vd nnk 1991, 1993) Nghifn cihi nhthig chile rdng ngudi dBlnh Ba cho thdy, chu nhan cua chiing mang djc dilm Mongolo - Australoid, dd nhftng ddc dilm Mongoloid cd phdn trpi hon (Nguyin Kim Thuy 1993) Nguyen Lan Cudng cho rdng ddy Id di cdt ciia mpt cd t h l nft cdn tre (Nguyen Lan Cudng 2007) liUBUI > cT —•" W^^k v™ fST* 5=?-™ ,.,„.„ m- ,.,.„ *«/^ ^%/ Hinh Mg OSt tai dia diim Ban Wang lli (Ngudn: Jean Pierre Paulreau vd nnk 1997) 11 i nh Mp dot lai dfa diem Noen U-Loke (Ng udn: Sukanya Baon ed200 6) NguySn T h j H d o , Hodng T h u ^ Quj'nh - M$ tflt vfln hod Sa H u y n h 33 3.1.2 Khu vuc Tdy Nguyen Cdc dia dilm khdo c6 thufc giai do^n h$u k^ Dd mdi - sa ky Kim d Tdy Nguyen cQng ^ n t^i cdc d ^ g mp tdng nhu m$ quan tdi g i m vd mf ddt dupc didn noi cu tni Dilm chung cua khu vyc ndy Id mf tdng ihirdng khdng cdn xuong cd thl ddt ciia khu vyc ndy nghfo Canxi nfn xuong c^t thudng bj phdn hu;>' T?ii dia dilm Lung Leng: cufc khai qu$t ndm 1999, dd phdt hifn 14 mf ddt vd 10 ngdi mf ke gim, huyft mf trdn ho$c ddi D l tdng nhdm mf chdn thdng vdo ddt cd nhftng ylu t l sdm, gim riu cd vai, bdt bing, nii, vd t l hpp d l tfty tdng mf kf g i m khdng nhilu, thudng Id bdn rdng trau, r)u cd vai vd g i m thufc giai do^n mufn ciia di chl Tgi cdc di chi Idng h i thiiy difn Plei Krdng (Kon Turn) cung ton tgi cdc logi tdng thftc gdn nhu d Lung Leng, g i m mf quan tdi gim (chilm da sl), mf huyft ddt vd mf rdi xip dd cuf i Dja dilm mf tdng Lung Leng, Plei Krong cung cd nhftng net gdn gilng cdc dja dilm khde d khu vyc Tfiy Nguyen nhu Bdu Cgn, Trd Ddm, nhimg dja diem thufc vdn hod Biln H6 (Nguyin Khde Six vd nnk 1999; Nguygn Khde Su 2010) 3.1.3 Giai dogn Binh Chdu Mp tdng d dja dilm Binh Chau i khai qu^t ndm 1978 Id mf ddt, ndm tdch bift vdi khu cu ftii Mf cd kfch thudc khodng ddi 1,4 - 2,5m, khdng rd bifn mp Hifn vdi luy ldng cd hifn tupng; gdm dupc ddt up ngupc mifng xuing hodc ndm nghifng, cd chdn theo nhChig vii khf bdng d i n g (mQi ten) vd mpt vdi mf cd mdnh bdt dong Ddc bift cd mp chdn theo m$t ddi khuySn tai hinh cdn dia bdng ddt nung cho thdy ddu tu thi cd thl d hudng ddng - nam, cdc mp khde phdn Idn cd hudng bde - nam hodc bde chich tdy (Nguyen Thdnh Trai, Ngd Sy Hing 1978) Dia dilm Binh Chau II cd hifn tupng mp dat, mf nii, mf vd dan xen ciing mpt dja ldng cung vdi xuong rdng dpng vgt vd vd nhuyen the Mf huyft ddt hdu nhu khdng r5 bifn mf, Id nhihig cym gdm chgy theo hudng ddng - nam (02.BCI1.H1.L9.M1) ho$c cd di cdt ngudi cym gdm (02.BC11.H1.L12.C1.M4),, Dd luy tdng mp ddt thudng Id bdt mdm bdng, n i i binh hinh tifn vai gdy, dd loai bdt bdng dupc ddt lip mifng xudng dudi ddt hodc ndm nghieng Xung quanh nhftng dd gdm tdng mp ddt cd nhilu vien sdi nhd mdu xanh den dupc mdi nhdn vd nhftng cdng cy nhu chdy nghien, hdn gh6 cd the day Id hifn tupng ddnh ddu mp (?) dja dilm Binh Chdu II cd hifn tugng mpt so gom hiy tdng cdn khd nguyfn, cd d hiing mp ddt vd mf ndi, vd (Ngd Thl Phong vd cfng sy 2008: 6, 14,16, 56) 3.2 M& ddt cdc vdn hod ddng dgi v&i vdn hod Sa Huynh 3.2.1 Mg ddi vdn hod Dong San Loai hinh mf ddt Id loai hinh phd bifn vdn hod Ddng Son Hudng mf thudng phd bifn Id bde - nam hodc tdy bde - ddng nam, ddi cd hudng ddng - tdy Trong mpt so mp cung cd hifn tupng ke mdnh gdm d bien hodc ddy mf hodc cd nhihig cym AA is hai ddu, hojc trpn gdm vdo dat ldp mf (Lang Vgc) dja difm Phu Luong, mp da phan quay ddu hudng ddng Nhftng mf chdn ldn ddu diudng Khdo cS ligc, sd 2/2013 ngudi chit dupc ddt ndm ngiia, chdn dudi thdng, tay du5i theo thdn ho9c d^t ISn ngyc hay byng, ddy mf hoi nghieng, cao d phdn ddu, d i e thodi xuing thdn, ddi cd hifn tugng ndm co, khd nhilu mf cdi tdng d dja dilm Niii Ndp cd hifn tugng chdn ching nhilu ngudi mfl mp (thudng Id chdn cd thl cd bifl cd ldi cd thl) Dja dilm Ldng Ca cd hifn tupng cdc mf cdt nhau, huyft mf dn sdu xudng tdng sinh thl, cd hifn tupng rdi gim d ddy mf D I tuy- tdng thudng ddt d phdn ddu, ngyc, byng vd chan tft thi NhQng ngdi mf ddt vdn hod £>dng Son cQng cd sy phfin bift gidu ngheo rd rdng: vdi nhfhig ngdi mf dugc chdn cdu ky thudng cd rdt nhilu d l tu^ tdng vd nhilu d l quy (vdng tay, bao tay- chan, cdng cy bdng dong, ding, thgp ding, hptdm philn vQ khf, khuyfn tai, hgt chu5i )cd thigpiddy Id nhftng ngudi gidu, Da phdn mf ddt vdn hod Ddng Scm cd ft d l ldng, thudng Id d l gdm, dl trang siic, cdng cy vu khf,., cd nhftng mf khdng cd d l tuj tdng, Cdc hifn v§t ldng thudng mang d$c tnmg vdn hod Ddng Son, giai dogn mufn cd cdc hifn vat vfin hod Hdn (Hd Vdn Tdn chu bifin 1999) 3.2.2 MQ ddt that dgi Kim khu v\rc Dong Nam Bg Ddng Nam Bf Id vimg ddt cd khd nhilu dja dilm khdo c l hgc tucmg dong vdi vdn hod Sa Hujnh Cdc hpc gid ngudl Phdp trudc ddy dd dua hf thing cdc dja dilm khdo cd hpc thdi dgi Sdt nhu Phli Hod, Hdng Gdn, Ddu Gidy , vdo hf thong vdn hod Sa Huynh, nhung cdc nghien cftu gdn day, cdc nhd nghien cftu phia Nam dd tdch nhftng di tfch ndy thdnh cym rifng, ddc bift Id nhdm di tfch Gidng Phft - Gidng Cd V l (Ddng Vdn Thdng 1995; Nguyen Thi Hgu 1997) Rieng di tfch Gilng Cd Vd cd nhieu ddc dilm rdt "Sa Hu^-nh", thl hifn d tdng tyc mf chum vd mf ddt d nhftng hifn v|t vd d l tuj tdng Trong tdng sd hon 300 ngdi mp phdt hifn dupc d Gidng Cd V l th) chi cd 11 mf ddt Cdc ngdi mf cung ndm xen kg vdi mp quan tdi gdm, nhung tgp trung nhilu d phdn ddt t h ^ hon cua di tich Ngudi chfl thudng ndm thing, tay xudi theo thdn ho$c ddt trfn byng Dd tdng dugc ddt tu dfiu xudi Iheo than xudng chan, thudng la dd gdm, frang siic (nhilu hgt chuoi md ndo, thuy tinh, vd nhuyen thf vd vdng), cdng cu, vO bdng ddng hodc sdt., (Ddng Vdn Thdng 1995; Nguyen Thi Hdu vd cfng sy 1995) 3.3 Mg ddt cdc vdn liod khu v^ Dong Nam 3.3.1 Khu vuc Dong Nam A lyc dja Trong khu vyc Ddng Nam A lyc dja, chiing tdi l$p trung chii ylu vdo khu vyc Thdi Lan, noi cdc dia difm khdo cd hgc cd nhilu dilm tuong d i n g vdi vdn hod Sa HuJ'nh - Tai khu vyc Ddng Bde Thdi U n : cd cdc dja dilm thudng trdi ddi tu sdm d i n mufn thudng Id Iir thdi dai Ddng sang thdi dai Sdt vdi nhihig ngdi mf ddc trung cho tftng giai dogn Nhftng ngdi mO ddi d ddy thudng dugc ddt ndm ihdng, d l g i m dupc ddt d ddu, byng vd chdn, nhftng dd trang sire va mui nhpn bdng ddng, hat chuSi bdng dd agate, thuy tinh hay cdc cdng cy vd vQ bdng sdt mpt s l dja diem nhu Noen U - Loke giai dogn sdm cd hifn tugng mp ddt chdn theo thd hodng vd xutmg ddng vgt nhu xuong cd va xuong Ign Trong vdn hod Thung Kula - Ronghai cd hifn tugng mO chum vd mp ddt ndm xen kg vdi (Sukanya Baonoed 2006; Charles Higham 2006) Dja dilm Ban Wang Hi: ndm d luu vyc Chiang Mai - Lamphun (phia Bde Thdi Lan), vdi nhftng ngdi md ddt md luyft dai da s6 Id ngudi trudng thdnh chi nhdt mf tdng Id tre em Cdc bd xuong thudng dupc d?t ndm thdng, tay xudi theo than cung vdi nhftng dd tdng Id cdc cdng cy sdt, vdng tay Nguygn Thj Hdo, Hodng Thu^ Quj'nh - M§ d i t vfin hod Sa Huj-nh 35 bdng ding, trang sftc bdng thuj tinh, hgt chuSi bdng dd vd thuy linh vd d l gim (Jean Pierre Paulreau vd cfng sy 1997; Jean Pierre Paufreau vd cfng sy 2000) 3.3 Khu v^c Dong Nam A hdi ddo Khu vyc Ddng Nam A hdi ddo vdi truyin dilng mf chum khd gdn gfti vdi vdn hod Sa Hujnh nhu is Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia Philipines, chung ta dd bilt din truyin thing mf chum vdi truyin thing g i m Sa Hu^nh Kalanay nii tilng Tuy nhifn, dja dilm San Remigio Parish Church site (khai quft ndm 2011, tdc gid dd diam gia) thufc thdi dgi Sdt vdi ddc trung Id nhftng ngdi mf ddt cdn ddu tfch cfta xuong ngudi, cd hifn tupng dftng vd 6c tai tupng d l ddnh ddu mf, rdi vd sd, I c d frf n hodc ben cgnh tft thi vd nhilu d l gim tdy tdng mang d^c trung Sa Huynh - Kalanay, rdt gdn gfti vdi g i m tdng d dja dilm Hda Diem d Indonesia, hifn tugng mf ddt vd mp quan tdi g i m tin tgi Ift khd sdm Khi nhftng dnh hudng ciia cdc ylu t l An Df vdo nhftng thl k^- ddu Cdng nguyfn vdo Indonesia thi noi ddy mdi thyc sy budc sang thdi dgi Kim khi, vd truyin thing ndy vSn dugc bdo luu Cd thl ke den dja dilm Pacung d vung Bali Id mft vf dy nhftng thl ky ddu Cdng nguyen, nhihig ngdi mg dat vdi nhihig tdng Id nhihig hifn vfit ding (chii y l u Id dd dong dung cugc ^ong hdng ngdy nhu rlu, vdng hay tring), nhiing hgt trang sftc dupc Idm bdng thuy tinh, dd, vd nhuyln thl vd d l gdm Ddc biet, d dja dilm ndy cung ton tgi mg chum cdi tdng ndm xen kg vdi nhftng ngdi mf ddt (I Made Suastika 2008) Nh§n djnh vd thdo lu^n 4.1 Nh^n dinh Mf ddt tin tgi d nhilu vdn hod khde nhau, tir thdi dgi Dd mdi din ngdy Chfnh v) vfiy, d nhftng khu vyc cd mdi lien hf vf vdn hod (theo Ijch dgi vd ddng dgi), mf ddt cung cd nhieu net chung vd rieng Mp ddt chua phdi Id ddc irung n i i bgt cua vdn hod Sa Hujoih, song Jid Id mft phdn cua vdn hod ndy Su tdn tgi ciia loai hinh ndy cd the cd ngudn goc tir nhOtig vdn hod trudc nd, nhihig vdn hod dugc cho Id cf i ngudn cua vdn hod Sa Huynh vd cung cd the cd nhihig net tuong dong vdi nhihig vdn hod ddng dgi vdi vdn hod Sa Huynh Vdn hod Sa Huynh cd nhthig ke thfta tir nhftng nfn vdn hod dupc coi Id cdi nguon ciia nd Mf ddi ludn tin tgi ciing mf quan tdi g i m cung mft khu di tfch, dilu ndy dd cd cdc vdn hod h$u ky Dd mdi - so kJ Kim d khu vyc Tdy Nguyen (Nguyin Khde Su vd cfng sy 1999; Nguyen Khde Su 2010) Hifn tugng mf tdng cd chdn theo vd nhuyln thl, hay cdc hifn v§t tft vd nhuyen the (d Hod Diem, Xdm O c ) dd cd mjt tft giai dogn Xdm Cin (Vft Quic Hiln 1996) Dge bift, sy bdo luu cua phong cdch mf Binh Chau the hifn rd nhdt hong mf ddt vdn hod Sa Huynh, nhdt Id cdc di tfch Xdm c , Gd Ma Vdi Dli vdi cdc vdn hod d i n g dgi, mf ddt vdn hod Sa Huj'nh cung nhu mf quan tdi g i m cd sy giao luu, thl hifn rd nhdt bp di v$t tdng Nhihig ddu dn cfta vdn hod Ddng Son d cdc dja dilm Sa H u j ^ nhu Cin Rdng, Gd Que, Gd Md Vdi chu ylu Id nhftng hifn v$t bdng ding nhu dao gdm, mui lao, riu vd cd nhihig chile tring ding Ddng Son Dilu d$c bift Id tring d i n g Ddng Son dd ^ n tgi Khdo cS hgc, sd 2/2013 khdng gian vfin hod Sa Huynh khd nhilu, nhung chua ndo chftng ta phdt hifn thfiy chung tdng vdn hod cfta cdc di tich Sa Huynh Tuy nhifn, nhftng dnh hudng tir phfa vdn hod Ddng San din vdn hod Sa Hujnh mdi chi dftng lgi d mft s l hifn vft bdng ding, chftng ta chua thdy ddu dn cua cdc hifn v$t khde nhu d l gim d l trang sftc Bdn thfin cdc hifn v$t d i n g Dflng Son d vfin hod Sa Huynh cftng mdi chi dftng Igi d cdc cdng cy vd vO (riu, mfti lao, dao gdm) cdn cdc d l dimg sinh hogt hofic cdc cflng cy dfic trung khde nhu ludi cdy, culc, thgp, thl hdu nhu chua thdy Dilu ndy cd t h l cho thdy, dnh hudng cfta vfln hod Ddng Son ifn vdn hod Sa Hujnh cd 18 Id tft bufln bdn, hao d l i Id chfnh Bfin cgnh dd, dilm khde bift gifta mf ddt vfin hod Dflng Son vd Sa Hujnh cdn t h l hifn d chl: mf vd vfin hod Dflng Son tin tgi thdnh khu rifng bift, khflng cd sy xen kg vdi mf ddt vd cdc logi mf tdng khde Trong dd mf ddt hong vfin hod Sa HuJ-nh Iudn ndm cftng khu mf tdng vdi nhftng ngdi mf chum/nli/vd (hft nhdm mf chdn ngii bd g i i d di tfch VTnh Yfn - giai dogn mufn) Trong cdc dja dilm khu vyc phfa Nam: dja dilm dugc cho Id c6 nhieu ddu tich Sa Hujnh nhdt Id Gilng Cd Vo thl hifn d tdng tyc mf quan tdi g i m , mf ddt vd d nhilu tiiy tdng Cflng nhu vdn hod Sa Huynh, mf quan tdi g i m ludn chilm uu thl so vdi mf ddt vl s l \uqn% vd hai logi mf tdng ndy cftng ndm xen kg hong cimg mft di tfch Cdc hifn v | t khu di tfch ndy cflng mang nhieu ddc dilm gilng vdn hod Sa Huynh nhu khuyen tai hai dau thii, hgt chuSi bfing mfi ndo, thuy tinh, nhihig trang sftc bdng vd nhuyen thl (hgt chuSi, nhan, vdng) hay gim Sa Hujnh Ngodi nhihig d l gdm Sa Hujnh d$c trung, mft s l d l g i m khde cftng cd nhilu ylu t l gdn gfli vdi nhdm di tich Sa Huynh nam Ddi vdi mflt so khu vyc Ddng Nam A, vdn hod Sa Huynh cflng cd nhilu net tuong dong, nhdt Id khu vyc Ddng Bde Thdi Lan vd Philippines Trong thdi dgi Sdt d Thdi Lan, nhilu dja diem cd dfic (rung mf tdng bdng quan tdi g i m xen ke vdi logi hinh mf ddt (dja diem Thung Kula vdn hod Ronghai Id mft vi du tieu bilu), vd nhihig dd tdng dugc d^t xung quanh thi hdi, hay nhflng ngdi mf cd chfln theo xuong thu hofic vd nhuyen the (nhu dja dilm Noen U-Loke Ban Non Wat) Q khu vyc phfa Bde Thdi Lan, tigu bilu Id dja dilm Ban Wang Hi cd dfic tnmg bfl cdng cy bdng sdt khd tuong ddng vdi vdn hod Sa Huynh, mf tdng nai ddy thudng Id mf ddt vdi nhilu d l tdng Id d l siit, d l gom, vd nhuyen thl vd xuong dfng v&t Doi vdi cdc vdn hod vftng Dflng Nam A hai ddo, cflng cd sy tuong dong vfin hod vdi cdc vdn hod d vftng lyc dja, nhat Id hf thing g i m Sa Huynh - Kanalay hay vdi nhihig tdng thftc ciia cu ddn co d Indonesia Nhu v^y, din thdi dgi Sdi, mf ddt vdn hod Sa Huynh vdn kl thfta nhftng ylu t l cua cdc vdn hod hudc d mgt mftc df ndo dd, song dd phdt triln len mft tdm cao hon, vd khdng nfim ngodi ddng chdy chung cua cdc nen vfin hod khu vyc Cdc giai dogn cua vfin hod Sa Hujnh lufln xudt hifn nhihig ylu t l "ngogi nhip" tft cdc vdn hod khde duong dgi nhu vdn hod Dflng Son, vfin hod An Dp, vdn hod Hdn , vd cdng den giai dogn mufn, cdc ylu l l ngogi lai ndy cdng nhilu Dd Id dilu tdt y l u hong bli cdnh nhftng thl ky ddu Cdng nguyfn ben cgnh nhfhig biln dflng v l chfnh Wi, thi mgng ludi giao thflng budn bdn tren biln tft Trung Quic din cdc vftng An Dg, Trung E)dng phdt h-iln d i n dinh cao, vd Ddng Nam A Id diem chuyin quan hpng h^n "con dudng ta lya hfn biln" ndy Nguygn Thj Hdo Hodng Thu;^ Quj'nh - Mf fldt vfin hod Sa Huj'nh 4.2 Th&o ttt^tt Nhftng dja dilm tin tgi logi hinh mfl ddt vd cd s l lugng mf ddt cflng khdng nhilu Dilu ndy cd thl ly' gidi Id: tir trudc din nay, chftng ta ludn quan tdm din sy tin tgi ciia mf quan tdi g i m Irong cdc di tich cfta vfin hod Sa Hujnh, ft chft J din nhftng cym g i m nfim rdi rdc hong h i khai qu^lt hofic ndm gdn mf quan tdi gom Bfn cgnh dd, cflng cdn phdi liru -j rfing, ddt hong cdc di tfch vfin hod Sa Huynh Id ddt cdt vd mf thudng dugc chdn thfing vdo ddt, khflng cd sy bdo vf nfn mftc df bj tdn phd se nhilu hon so vdi mf quan tdi gim Chfnh vl thl phdn Idn mf ddt vdn hod Sa Huynh cdn rdt ft ddu vlt, thudng chi cdn lgi nhftng cym g i m , mft s l ft d l tuj* tdng vd mft s6 ddu hifu d l cd thl nhfin chiing Mfl ddt vfin hod Sa Huynh tin tgi tft giai dogn sdm cho den mufn, nhimg chu ylu xudt hifn nhilu hong nhftng thl ky Cflng nguyfn Ci mft khfa cgnh ndo dd cd the thay, cdc dja diem khai qu^t gdn day cfta vdn hod Sa Huj'nh cd nifn dgi khd mufn, thudng keo ddi din nhihig the ky sau Cflng nguyen Chung ta chira cd dilu kifn khai qugt Igi cdc di tich sdm cua vfin hod Sa Huj^h, hofic cdc di tfch dd dd bi phd huy gdn nhu hodn todn trudc sy tdn phd cua ty nhien cftng nhu ngudi nen khd cd t h l kilm chimg lgi tu lifu Tuy nhien, giai doan mufln cfta vdn hod Sa Hujnh chftng kiln su thodi trdo cua loai hinh mf chum Idn, thay vdo dd d mft s l dja difm, mf quan tdi gim chu ylu Id dgng mf nfli ddnh chdn cdt h e em (nhu Suli Chlnh), v§y nhitng ngudi trudng thdnh sg dugc chfln cdt nhu the ndo? Bdn thfin dja dilm Suoi Chinh cd tin tai logi h)nh mg ddt, nhftng ngdi Hinh Th^/rc nghi^ hod tdng tren xuang /jm (Ngudn:Mike Parker Pearson 2005) Khdo cS hoc, so 2/2013 mf ddt vdn hod Sa Huynh xdc djnh dugc thudng Id ngudi trudng thdnh Vdn d l dfit Id, lifu giai dogn mufn tdng thftc ciia cu dfin Sa Huj'nh cd phdi thay d l i tft mf quan tdi g i m sang mf ddt hay khflng? v l phuong thftc mai tdng, vfin hod Sa Huj'nh tin tgi hai tdng thftc: tdng thftc mf quan tdi g i m vd tdng thftc mp ddi, hong dd mii tdng thftc Igi cd nhftng tdng tyc rieng (hung tdng, cdi tdng, hod tdng vd tugng tnmg) Trong tdng thftc mf ddi, tdng tyc tdng Id dilu khflng Ihl phii nhgn bdi cdu hiic mf cflng nhu di cit cdn nguyfn d tu thl gidi phSu MP d& ldng Niadfl^icdi tdng M6 gid hoac 'niong trung" {?) Phdn cdn lai sau Uu cdi tdng MP dfi ldng Sa dh thi hiin phmmg th^ chdn cdt cda cu ddn Sa Huynh' (Nguon • NgiQ^en Thj Hdo, Hodng Thuy Quynh 2008) NhQng ngdi md dupc cho Id "mf gia" hay mf tugng trung khd nhilu, mf khdng cd di cdt nhung d l tuj- tdng dugc sdp xip rdt cdn th^n Tuy nhien, sy vfing mjt cua di c6t d mf tdng vfin hod Sa Huynh cd the Id linh chdt ddt cdt nghgo Canxi nfn xuong c6t bj phd huy rat nhanh, nhdt la irong dieu kifn di cdt dugc chdn thdng vdo dat Nhihig mf tdng cdn di col thudng Id nhihig noi hong tdng vdn hod cd vd nhuyln thl ho§c hong nhftng mp tdng cd nhieu tuj' tdng bdng sdt, nhihig thft cd thl giiip xuong lau bi phdn huj' hon Do dd, cd nhilu khd ndng mft so ngdi mf dugc cho Id "mf gid" cung timg tin tgi di col Nhihig ngdi mf dat dupc cho Id hoa tdng dupc tim thdy hong vdn hod Sa Hujnh khdng nhilu, chu yeu Id dya vdo nhihig ddu vlt ddt chdy than tro xung quanh mfl hay nhthig manh xuong bj chdy cdn Igi hong mf dja dilm Hod Diem, Gd Quf cdc nhd khdo c l dd tim thdy nhftng mdnh xuong chdy hong mg quan ldi gim (Nguyin Ddng Cudng 2004; Nguyen Ldn Cudng, Dodn Ngpc Khdi vd nnk 2008), vd d Hod Diem cQng dd tim thdy nhthig dja dilm cd ddu vlt xuong chdy vd than tro md nhQng ngudi khai qu|t nghi ngd Id dja dilm hod thifu Cd khd ndng nhftng ngdi mf dugc gpi Id mg ddt hod tdng d dja difm Hod Diem chfnh Id noi hod tdng, (xem so thyc nghifm cua Mike Parker Pearson vl hod tdng Hinh 7) sau dd xuong cot dugc dua vdo chum tdng hojc chfln d ncri khde Nguyin Thj Hfio, Hodng Thu;^ Quynh - Mf d^t vfin hod Sa Huj'nh 39 dja dilm Sa HuJTih giai dogn mufln nhu Hod Difm, da s l mp quan tdi g i m Id mf cdi tdng (cd hifn lugng cdi tdng nhilu cd thl hong mft chum), hong dd d chinh dja dilm ndy Igi thdy nhflng ngdi mf ddt tdng vd nhftng mf chf cdn mft phdn di elt Phdi chfing ngudi ta chdn ngudi chit ldn ddu hong mf ddt, sau dd cdi tdng mdi dua cdc di cit ndy vdo quan tdi g i m ? Nhthig ngdi mfl ddt cdn mft phdn di cot cung cd thl Id mf ddt cdi tdng hofic Id phdn cdn Igi cua mf ddt sau cdi tdng Vd nhu thl, It nhilu mfl ddi vd mf quan tdi g i m cftng cd mii quan hf nhdt djnh (xem so d l ) (Nguyin Thj Hdo, Hodng Thu^ Quj'nh 2008) Mfit khde, tiong ciing mft dja dilm khdo c l tin tgi cd hai logi hinh mfl ldng, d l tuj' tdng hong mp quan tdi g i m vd mp ddt cd sy tuong d i n g khd rd nen cd thl ndi rdng, chu nhdn cua mfl dat vd mfl quan tdi g i m Id mgt - cu ddn vfin hod Sa Huj'nh Hifn tugng ngudi dugc chdn mf ddt hay quan tdi gim chftng minh cho sy da dgng hong tdng thftc ciia cu ddn vfin hod ndy, vd theo thdi gian, sy thay ddi vl tl If cua cdc mg tdng hong cftng mft dja dilm cflng Ihl hifn sy biln chuyin quan nifm vl cdi chit ciia cu ddn Sa HujTih Dli vdi tre em, ngudi ta chdn tdng nhung dli vdi nhOng ngudi trudng thdnh, ngudi ta cd thl chdn tdng mfl ddt hay mg quan tdi gim, sau dd mft so mp cdn dugc cdi tdng cdc chum, vd hofic cung cd khd ndng cdi tdng mf ddt Dii Id tdng thftc hong quan tdi gdm hay hong mf ddt vdi nhfhig tdng tyc khde nhung cu ddn Sa Huj'nh cung nhu nhilu cu dan khde Iudn cd thdi df rat hdn hpng dli vdi ngudi qud cd Sy gidu ngheo cua d l tuj tdng phdn ndo cho thdy than phan vd dja vj xd hfi cfta chu nhdn chung Mf dat luy cd so lugng khflng nhilu song cd m^l trdi diu hong cdc nhdm mf tft gidu din nghio, cd md chi cd mft vdi gdm nhihig cd md lgi rdt nhilu, tft d l gom din d l ding, d l sfil, hang sue bdng mfi ndo, thuy tinh Dieu thudng thdy Id, nhihig ngdi mf cd nhilu d l tuj' tdng lai Id nhihig mf cd nhieu quy Gd Md Vdi, Tien Ldnh vd Lai Nghi Id nhftng vf dy dien hinh cho sy phdn hod CJ L^i Nghi cd mf dat md dd luj* tdng Id nhftng hifn vdi dfic bift cd gid trj nhu bf d l ding Ddng Hdn (dm, binh, ndi, bdi, dinh chgu, mdc thdt limg ), nghien - dn myc cd chiT Hdn, dao sdt cd chudi hinh vdnh khdn (kilu Hdn) vd dd gdm Sa Hujnh Ddy Id ngdi mfl bl thl nhdt, gidu cd vd sang hgng hon tdt cd nhOng ngdi mf ddt vd mfl chum khde dja dilm Lai Nghi vd cd cdc dja dilm khde cua vdn hod Sa Huj'nh Cd y kien dd cho rdng day cd thl Id mf cfta ngudi thuflc cdp bfic cao nhdt hong cfng d i n g cu dan, khd ndng Id mflt vj dgi thu ITnh mft viing, vd Id ngudi theo Hdn hpc (Lam Thj My Dung 2008) Nhu vgy, xd hfi Sa Hujoih dd cd sy phdn hod tft nhihig the ky trudc Cdng nguyen, nhung sang giai dogn mufn, sy phan hod ngdy cdng rd rfl, bdi kl nhftng ngudi dupe chfln Irong mf quan ldi gflm hay mp ddi Chii thfch Khdi nifm "Mfl chum" d ddy dugc dung de chi chung cho nhdm mf quan tdi gdm, bao gdm mf chum, mf nli^inh/vd TAI L1$U DAN ANDREAS REINECKE, NGUYEN CHIEU, LAM THj MY DUNG 2002, Nhirng phdt hien mai vi vdn hod Sa Huynh Nxb Linden Soft Khdo ci hoc, sS 212013 BCII CHi H O A N G , Y A M A G A T A MARIKO, NGUYEN KIM DUNG 2008 Khai qujt Hda Dilm (Kh4nh Hda), thing 1-2007 Trong NPHMVKCH2007 Nxb KHXH, Hi Ndi: 125-128 BuT VAN L M 1994 Bdo cdo ldl qud khai qudt di tich Con Rdng, Thira Thiin Hue 1993 Tu li^u Thu vi^n Vi^n Khio c6 hpc, T U Bill VAN LIEM, NGUYfiN D A N O C U O N G , V A N D I N H THANH, TR|NH NAM H A I , H A T H A N O , NGUYEN VAN TRINH 20O5 Khai qujt [in thll ba di tich C6n Ring- Thira ThiSn H u i Tnjng WtfMKXCH^OO./.NxbKHXH H i N d i : 163- 166 Btll V A N L I E M N G U Y E N N G O C QUY, NGUYfiN D A N Q C U b N G 2008 Di tich C4n Ring (Thira Thidn Hu^) Khdo cdhpc s6 5: 61- 87 Btll VAN LlfiM, T R A N Q U Y T H | N H , NG(i S ? H N G , NGUYfiN D A N G C U A N G , H A T H A N G , NGUYEN C I S N G TRINH 1996 Khai quSt ^ thu hai khu md C4n Ring (Thita Thien- Hui) •XtmgNPHMVKCH 1995 Nxb KHXH, H i Ndi: 125- 129 CHARLES HIGHAM 2006 Ban Non Wat: Neolithic through li^n Age Cemetery in Thailand Ngudn http:/.'a^chaeolo^v about.coni/od/thailand/a/ban non uat.htm CHARLES HIGHAM Noen U- Loke In The origins of Angkor Archaeologycat project http:-7www.otago.ac nz/anthropologv/Angkor.'-nul html D A N G VAN T H A N G 1995 Khai quSt di chi Gi6ng C i V6 Cjn Old, thinh Ho Chl Minh Khao d hpc,sd2:3- 19 D O A N K H A I Q U A T LAI NGHI 2004 Khai qujt khu md ting Lai Nghi (Quing Nam) l4n thtt nhit (nim 2002) Trong NPHI^VKCH, 2003 Nxb KHXH, H i Ndi: 239- 241 D O A N K H A I Q U A T LAI NGHI 2004 Khai qu^t khu mp ting Lai Nghi (Quing Nam) l i t Ihii hai nam 2003 Trong NPHMVKCH 2003 Nxb KHXH, H i Ndi: 241-243 D O A N NGQC KHOI 2002 Di lich Xom dc vd vdn di vdn hoa Sa Huynh vimg duyen hdi Nam Trung Bp Luan i n Tifc sT Ljch sir Tu li^u Bio ting NhSn hpc D O A N N G O C K H O I V A N N K 2OO6 Khai quit chita chiy khu md ting Od Qud, Quang NgSi Trong NHPHVKCH 2005, Nxb KHXH H i Npi: 196 - 200 H A V A N T A N (chu bidn) 1999 Khdo cd hpc ViH Nam, T i p 11 - Thiri dji Kim Vipt Nam Nxb Khoa hpc x i hpi H i Ndi MADE SUASTIKA 2008 Traces of Human Life style from Ihe Palaeolithic Era to the Beginning of Ihe First Century AD Ngudn htlp://webdoc.silb.gwdc.de/ JEAN PIERRE PAUTREAU, AUDE MATRINGHEM AND PATRICA MORNAIS 1997 Excavation at Ban Wang Hi Lam Phun province, Thailand In The Joumal oflheSiam Society, Vol 85, Pads 1&2 JEAN PIERRE PAUTREAU PATRICA MORNAIS AND TASANA DOY ASA 2000 Iron tools and weapons in Ban Wang Hi necrx)polis (Lamphun, Northern Thailand) In «* Inlernalional Coifertnce cf the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists - Abstracts Nguygn Thj Hfto Hofing T h u ^ Quj'nh - MQ flit viin hod Sa Huj'nh 41 LAM THI MY DUNG 2005 Mgt so vdn de khdo cd hgc ven bien mien trung Vi4t Neon giai dogn chuyen tiep tit vdn hoa Sa Huynh sang vdn hoa Champa D I tdi cdp DHQG Tu lifu Bdo Idng Nhdn hpc LAM TH| MY DUNG 2008, Nghien cuu qud trinh chuyen biin tir sa sir sang lich su sdm a mien Trung Trung Bg va Nam Trung Bg Vi4t Nam D l tdi khoa hgc hpng dilm cua DH Qu6c gia Hd Nfli Tu lifu Bdo tdng Nhdn hgc MIKE PARKER PEARSON 2005 The Archaeology of Death and Burial Texas A&M University Press College station NGO S ? H N G , T R A N Q U Y T H [ N H 1991 Khu mf chum Hfu Xd, Hfi An, Qudng Nam Dd Ndng vd nh§n thiic mdi vl vdn hod Sa Huj'nh Khdo co hgc, s l 3: 68- 75 NGO THE PHONG LE THj HI$P VA CHU V A N V $ 2008 Bdo cdo Icit qud khai qugt di tich Binh Chdu 11 - Qudng Ngdi ndm 2003 Tu lifu Bdo tdng Ljch sft Vift Nam NGUYEN CONG B A N G , TRfNH C A N V A L G I A N G P A O 1991 Phdt hifn mf cd hen ddo Binh Ba (Khdnh Hod) Trong NPHMVKCH 1990 Uy ban Khoa hgc Xd hfli, Hd Ngi: 103 - 104 NGUYEN CONG B A N G T R | N H C A N QUANG V A N CAY VU QUOC HIEN, PHAM V A N H O A N N G T H E PHONG 1993 Van hod Xom Cdn vdi tien su vd sa sir Khdnh Hod Vifn BTLS - Sd VHTT Khdnh Hod, Nha Trang NGUYEN D A N G CUdNG 2004 Bdo cdo lihai qugt di tich Hoa Diem ndm 2003 Khda L u ^ ill nghifp Dgi hgc Tu lifu Bdo ldng Nhdn hpc NGUYEN K H A C SU' 2010 Vdn hda Sa Huj'nh - Vdn hda Lung Leng: nhftTig mdi lien hf Khdo cS /ipc, sd 5: - NGUYEN K H A C SU', T R A N QUY THINH, NGUYEN X U A N HOA, HUYNH THj XUAN THANH, PHAN THANH B A N G , T R U ' O N G TINH, NGUYEN V A N HOAN, NGUYEN VIET TOA, MAI TH! LY, VO THI MAI 1999 Bdo cdo khai qudt di chi Lung LengxdSa Binh huy^n Sa Thdy linh Kon Tum (D01, thdng & 10 ndm 1999) Tu lifu Vien Khao c l hgc NGUYEN KIM THUY 1993 Mflt so ddc dilm rdng ngudi c l d dao Binh Ba Trong Vdn hod Xom Con v&i tiin suvd sa su Khdnh Hod.Mi^nBTLS - SaWHTT K}iAnhHoh,'HhaJm\g,: 114- \\9 N G U Y £ N L A N CU'dNG 2007 Ngudi Sa Huynh Bdi vilt hong Hgi thdo Dk tdi cdp Bfl "Giao luu vd hgi nhgp vdn hod th&i dgi Sdt s&m a mien Trung Viet Nam" T\i Men W iin Khao c l hpc, NGUYEN T H A N H TRAI, NGO SY HONG 1978 Bdo cdo khai qugt dia diim Binh Chdu - NghTa Binh 1978 Tu lifu Vifn Khao c l hpc NGUYEN TH] HAO H O A N G THUY QUYNH 2008 Mf ddt vdn hod Sa Huynh Bdi vilt Hfli thho NPHMVKCH 2008 NGUYEN THj HAU, D A N G V A N T H A N G , V O QUOC HIEN, NGUYEN KIM DUNG 1995 Ddo thdm sdt di tich Gidng Cd Vo (huyfn Can Gid thdnh phfl Hd Chi Minh) Trong NPHMVKCH 1994 Nxb KHXH, Hd Nfl: 142- 144 Khdo cShgc, sd 2/2013 PHAM THI NINH 2000 Bdo cdo khai qugt Sudi Chink Tu lifu Thu vifn Vifn Khdo c6 hpc PHAM TH! NINH 2008 Giao luu vd hgi nhdp vdn hda giai dogn Sdt s&m a miin Trung Vi^t Nam Dl tdi khoa hpc cdp bd- Tu lifu Vifn khdo cl hgc PHAM THI NINH, DOAN NGQC K H | 1999 Xdm 6c, di tfch vdn hda Sa Huj-nh hfn ddo Ly Son KhdocShgc,s62: 14-39 PHAM VU SON, NGl!) TH£ PHONG, CHU VAN V$, Lfi TH| H1$P, DOAN NGQC KHOr 2004 Khai qu^t di chi khdo cl hpc Binh Chdu (Binh Son- Qudng Ngdi) Trong NPHMVKCH 2003 NxbKHXH,HdNfi:247-25I SUKANYA BAONOED 2006 Research on late Prehistoric burial Tradition of the Thung Kula Ronghai culture Northeast Thailand In IPPA conference 2006 TRAN QUY THINH, NGUYfiN NGQC QUV NGUYfiN TAM 2012 Khai qu|t di ddi di chi VTnh Y6n ndm 2009: Nhfn thftc budc ddu, Khdo cdhgc, sl 3: 22 - 31 VO QU6c HlfiN 1996 Vdn hod Xom Con vd vi tri cua no th&i dgi Kim ven bien mien Trung Ludn dn Phd Tiln sT Khoa hpc Ljch sft EARTHERN GRAVES IN SA HUYNH CULTURE NGUYEN TH| HAO, HOANG THUY QUSTMH So far, the burial method with ceramic coffins has still been considered as the typical feature to identify the Sa Huj'nh culture However, with he recent archaeological discoveries and studies, the researchers have accepted another burial method - burial in earthem graves by the inhabitants of this culture The quantity of the earthem graves is small though, they appreared in almost all the distributive locations of the Sa Huj'nh culture and they are not different from ceramics coffins in terms of accompanied goods The existence of the earthem grave type demonstrates the diversity of the burial methods of the Sa Huj'nh - culture inhabitants and they are also similar to other cultures in the region  ... hod Sa Huynh 3.2.1 Mg ddi vdn hod Dong San Loai hinh mf ddt Id loai hinh phd bifn vdn hod Ddng Son Hudng mf thudng phd bifn Id bde - nam hodc tdy bde - ddng nam, ddi cd hudng ddng - tdy Trong. .. gfli vdi nhdm di tich Sa Huynh nam Ddi vdi mflt so khu vyc Ddng Nam A, vdn hod Sa Huynh cflng cd nhilu net tuong dong, nhdt Id khu vyc Ddng Bde Thdi Lan vd Philippines Trong thdi dgi Sdt d Thdi... (Quing Nam) l4n thtt nhit (nim 2002) Trong NPHI^VKCH, 2003 Nxb KHXH, H i Ndi: 239- 241 D O A N K H A I Q U A T LAI NGHI 2004 Khai qu^t khu mp ting Lai Nghi (Quing Nam) l i t Ihii hai nam 2003 Trong