TRIET - LUAT - TAM LY - XA HOI HOC / Xay dimg nha nird^c phap quy§ii de huy dong cac nguon luc cho phat triln 6^ Viet Nam hien Hoang Van Luan * Tdm tdt: Ca nhan luon c6 nhu clu diu tu cac ngufin Xge, dl phye vv cho minh va gop phan phat triln cpng dfing xa hoi Nhung hp chl diu tu cac ngudn lire ciia minh tin rang sy diu tu ly dugc dam bao bing phap lu^t mot each binh ding, minh bach Nha nudc phap quyln la mft nh&ng thl chl quan ly xa hpi tao niem tin, qua khai day va phat huy dugc cac ngudn lyc cho phat triln Vdi ban chit la nha nudc ciia dan, dan va vi dan, tu lap, Nha nudc Vift Nam da la nha nudc phap quyln Vifc xay dung va thuc thi nha nudc phap quyln d Vift Nam da gop phan quan trpng huy dpng cac ngudn lyc gianh dpc lgp dan tgc, thfing nhit dit nudc va phat triln kinh tl - xa hoi Tir khda: Nha nudc phap quyen; thl chl; ngudn lyc; phat triln Md dau Vdi chinh sach ddi mdi va md cua, Viet Nam da cd nhdng budc phat trifin mgnh me vd da trd qudc gia cd thu nhdp tnmg binh Tuy nhien, nhfing ndm gdn day, su phdt trifin cua Vift Nam cd phdn chdm Iai De thuc day sir phat trien kinh te, tgo sue bat mdi cho sir tdng trudng kinh tfi, thi bfin eanh vifc tai ca cau kinh tfi vT mfi, can huy dpng mpi ngudn lyic cho phdt trien Dfi huy dpng tdt mpi ngudn lue cho phat trien, nha nudc cd vai trd quan trpng Trong dieu kifn hifn nay, theo chdng tdi, nhd nudc phap quyfin la mpt the chfi cd nhifiu kha ndng nhat vifc khoi day va phdt huy sue sang tao cua ngudn luc ngudi cho phat trien Vi nhd nudc phdp quyfin Id mpt thfi che cd nhifiu khd nang nhat vifc khoi day va phat huy sue sang tao cua ngufin Iuc ngudi cho phat trien? Nhd nudc phap quyen Vift Nam cdn cd ban che nhu the ndo vifc khai dgy va phat huy sdc sdng tgo eua ngudn luc ngudi cho phdt trifin? Lam the nao dfi khic phuc nhdng ban chfi do? Day la cac van de dupc dfi cgp bdi vifit D^c diem cua nha nurdc phap quyln Bfin canh nhimg dac difim da duoc dfi cap nhieu cdng trinh (tinh tdi cao hay tdi thupng cua phap ludt, su binh ding gida nhd nudc vd cdng dan vfi quyfin lpi va nghia vu, quy trinh td t^ng hop ly, hop phap) nha nudc phap quyfin cdn cd cac ddc difim sau; - Thu nhdt, nhd nu&c phdp quyen Id ket qua cda qud trinh ddu tranh cua cong ddn nhdm timg budc hgn che tinh dgc dodn, chuyen qityen, cua nhirng ca quan cong quyin Ndi dfin nha nudc phap quyfin la ndi dfin tinh dai dien cua phap luat va viec th^rc thi phap lugt ciia nha nudc Phap Iuat ma nha ' ' Tien si, Tnr&ng £)?i hpc Khoa hpc Xa hfi v4 Nhan van, D^i hpc Qu6c gia H^ Nfi DT: 0903264951 Email: luanhv@ussh.edu.vn 57 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hgi Viet Nam, sd 7(92) - 2015 nudc phdp quyfin xay dung va thuc thi cd phai ludn nhan quyen tu ciia nhiing thfi chua dii, nhung nd phai dgi difin cho y ngudi khac Neu thifiu nhiing rang bupc nhu chi chung, chu khdng chi cho y chi cua giai thfi, tu se bifin phdng tiing, tiiy cdp thdng tri hay nhiing nha cam quyen Do tifn Nfiu thieu nhdng rang budc thich ddng do, difiu can ban la, phap ludt cua nha nudc ddi vdi tu do, xd hpi se rai vao hdn loan phap quyfin phai la cdng cu bdo vf cac Nha nudc phdp quyfin la the chfi giup gidm quyen ciia ngudi Nguyfin Thi Kim Qufi thifiu xung dot giiia mpi ngudi vd giira cac cho rang, nha nudc phdp quyfin cd ndi hdm nhdm vdi nhau; giup ngan ngda xung dft rpi^ Ifi'n, nhung cdt loi nhat van la bao vfi, bang cdch bdo hifiu trudc la sfi diing cdn thuc ddy cdc quyfin, lai ich va sir phat trien se sai; nfiu xung dot xdy thi phdn xu theo cdch thdc da thdng nhat tu trudc Do toan difn ciia ngudi*'' Xuat phdt tu dac tnmg nfin tang trfin, dgc vgy nha nudc phap quyen la the chfi mmh difim ciia nha nudc phdp quyen khfing chi la bach, cd thfi ludng trudc dupc tinh tfii thupng cua phap lugt Tmh tdi Vai trd ctia nha nudc phap quyen thupng cua phap Iuat edn thfi hifn tinh hop vifc khoi day va phat huy sdc sang phap ciia quy trinh thuc thi phap luat'^l tao cua ngirdi Nha nudc phap quyfin khdng phai Id su Trong xa hpi, moi ca nhan chi tdn tai, ban on tu trfin xudng, ma trai lai, la kit qua phat trifin quan hf tuang tdc vdi ciia qua trinh diu tranh bdng nhifiu hinh nhirng cd nhdn khac Xa hfii cang phdt triln thuc cua quan chiing Nha nudc phap quyfin thi cdc ca nhdn cang dupc khing dinh va la mpt trinh dp phat trien cua nhd nudc theo phat trifin, la quy luat phat trifin khdch tifiu ehi ddn chii; la ket qua diu tranh ldu dai quan cua xa hdi lodi ngudi Su phat trila cua ngudi nhim xdc lap quyfin cong cua cdi tdi cd nhdn, khdng gay tdn hgi, ma dan ciia hp cdn tao difiu kifn dl cdi tdi cd nhdn khac Thu hai, nhd nudc phdp quyin la thi chi phat trifin Su phat trifin nhan tinh dy cd thl CO cdc chudn muc cong khai, minh bgch vd thuc hifn dupc vi la nha nud'C phi^ CO the ludng trudc dugc quyfin, mfit thfi chfi dam bao sir bmh ding Vdi tinh each la nhirng quy phgm cua cho mpi ngudi Bmh ding la difiu kifn phat hdnh vi, hf thdng phap ludt nhd nudc phdp quyln cho phep mdi cd nhdn, bifit Hoang Thi Kim Qui (2014), Nhd nuac phap minh dupc lam nhiing gi, cd nghia vy nhu quyen vd xdy dffng vdn hod nhd nudc phdp q\Qih thfi nao dfii vdi cdc chu thfi kh^, dupc Hfi thao khoa bpc quoc tg; Phdt huy quyin ldm chi huomg nhiing quyfin gi, dupc bao vf nhu eUa nhdn ddn bdi cdnh hdi nhdp qudc ti: Thtfc tien cdc nudc Dong Nam A vd kinh nghiim cho Vi^t the ndo Nam Tnrimg D^i hpc Khoa hpc Xa hfi vk NhSn vSn Nha nudc phap quyfin Id thfi chfi md da (DHQG HN) va D?r hpc Sydney, Uc, Ha Npi, thing ^ /' V, * sfi ca nhdn dfiu cam thiy hdi Idng, bdo vf ed 02/2015 nhan trudc su can thifip khfing diing mirc tu *'' Nguyin Dang Dung (2014), Nhd nu&cph^ quyin tinh thdn phdp lugt hay Id dung quy trinh? Hfi bfin ngoai, ching hgn tu nhihig ke nim Id thao khoa hpc quoc tS: Phdt huy quyen ldm chit ciia quyfin lire Vifc tu theo dufli muc dich nhan ddn bdi cdnh hgi nhgp quoc ti: Thgc tiin cua ngudi thudng anh hudng din su cdc nuac Dong Nam A vd kinh nghiem cho Vi^ Nam, muu cau cua ngudi khac, vi the ngudi Tnrimg Dai hpc Khoa hpc X2 hf i va Nhan van (DHQG HN) va D^i hpc Sydney, Uc, Hk Npi, diing 02/2015 58 Xdy dung nhd ntrdc phdp quyin trien tvr do, va tu la difiu kifn cho sang tgo va phat huy sue sang t^o cua mpi ngudi Nha nudc phap quyfin la mfit thl chfi tgo niem tin, gidm thifiu bit dinh chu thfi quan Iy xa hpi tgo Nifim tin giup cac chu thl vupt qua ndi sa hai bat dinh, nii ro khdng ludng trudc; eho phep chu the mgo hifim vdi cdc cufic thu nghifm; giup hp trd nfin sdng tao va tao bao Nifim tin dupe tao dung bdi nhifiu nhdn td, cd su dn dinh, cdng khai vd binh ding cua hf thdng phap luat Trong khudn khd thfi chfi cam kfit tang cudng trdt tu, cac quyen tu cd nhan ed thfi chle chin han, su phfii hpp kinh tl cd thl hifiu qud han, tinh trang phan bift ddi xd cd khd ndng b} ngdn chgn hdu hifiu ban; do, nifim tin dupe ciing cd Dfi tao dung nifim tin, cac nha qudn ly cin kifin tgo va th\rc thi cdc thfi chfi ma d do, mpi vifin dfiu binh ddng Ndi each khdc, eln phai xay d\mg va thuc thi nha nude phdp quyen Trfin thfi gidi, cd nhiing qudc gia ngheo tai nguyen, nhung lgi trd nen giau cd cd nhiing qudc gia khac giau tai nguyen lgi khflng giau cd? the chfi Id mdt nhan tfl chu yfiu dan dfin tinh trang dd Cac qude gia dupc quan tri bdi nhiing the che "bao dung hay dung ngp" thi cd su phdn chia quyfin I\rc chinh tri hpp ly han so vdi cdc qudc gia dupc quan tri bdi nhihig thfi che ' ^ d c doat hay khai thdc" Quyfin luc bi tap trung mpt nhdm nhd thi khdng cd thinh vuang thifiu nilm tin, quyfin sd hihi cd thfi bi thao tung Nha nudc phap quyen la nhan td dam bao tinh chic ehan cho quyen tu ca nhan, quyfin tu hiiu, ciing nhu cho mfit ddng tifin on dinh va cac dich vu cong hifiu qua Nha nudc phap quyfin khifin eac giai ting xa hfi tin ring cd thfi hudng qua lao dpng cua minh va qua dd ho cam thay diroc khich lfi de lam vific mpt each trung thuc va hifiu qua Trong nha nudc p h ^ quyen, quyfin Iuc chinh tri chi cd thfi dupe thuc thi tren ca sd va khufin khd nhiing rdng bupc cua phdp Iuat; quyfin cdng dan dupe bao vfi khdi su ean thifip dpc dodn, tifin cua eac ca quan quyen lire; nhirng ngudi dgi difin d cac ca quan cdng quyen phai tudn thu phap luat giao thifp vdi ngudi dan va thuc thi ehdc nang, nhifm vu dupc giao Nha nudc piiap quyen bdo vfi cdng dan khdi hanh vi su dung vu Iuc y cua cdc cdng dan khac Difiu tao mdi trudng thuan lpi cho sir sang tao cua cd nhdn Nhimg ban che cua nha nudc phap quyen Viet Nam viec khoi dgy vd phat huy sire sang tao cua ngudi va giai phap khac phuc Nhd nudc ta la nhd nudc eua dan, ddn va vi ddn, vi thfi cho nen td nhiing dau lap nudc, Nhd nudc ta da la nha nudc phap quyen Tuy nhifin, Nha nude phap quyfin Viet Nam cdn nhiing ban chfi nhdt dinh Bp may nha nudc chua that sach; tinh trgng tham nhiing, ldng phi, quan lieu cdn nghifim trpng; hifu luc quan ly, dilu hanh chua cao; ky cuang xa hpi cdn bi budng ldng; su phan cdng va phdi hpp giua cdc ca quan nha nudc vifc thuc hifn ba quyen lap pbap, hanh phdp, tu phap cdn cd nhirng difim chua ro Vdi tinh each la dgi bifiu cua nhan dan, nhung vai trd lap phdp cua Qudc hdi chua cao Cdc du an, du thao ludt van dupe giao eho ca quan hanh phdp chuan bi Cac vdn ban hudng dan thi hanh luat van cac ca quan hanh phdp ban hanh Bd mdy cdng kfinh, kem hifiu qua, khdng theo nguyfin tac "quyfin Iuc phai duae gidm sat", thifiu trdch nhifm giai trinh, thifiu cdng khai minh bgch Hifn tupng Idt tay, lai qua, hoa hdng 59 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hdi Viet Nam, s6 7(92) - 2015 bd may nhd nudc cdn phd bifin Cac phin kinh tfi chua thuc su binh ddng Mdi quan he giua nha nudc va thi trudng Chlu tifit kmh tfi chua xac lap ro Nha nudc nhifiu cdn dung menh lfnh hanh chinh can thifp ddn dfin thi trudng bi meo md Vdi nhiing ban chfi trfin, Nha nudc phdp quyfin Viet Nam chua diirc sir khoi dgy va phdt huy dupc sdc sang tao cua ngudi Dfi khic phuc ban chl dd, eln tifip tuc xay dung vd hoan thien nha nudc phap quyen Trong eln chu y eac giai phap sau: - Hodn thifn cac van ban quy pham phdp lu|it Hf thfing van ban quy pham phap ludt nhu hifn cdn phuc tap Cdng ddn yd nhit la cdc doanh nghifp khd cd the hieu tudng tgn d l thuc thi Cac vdn ban cdn ch6ng eheo, tham chi mau thuan lan Hifu luc thi hdnh cac van ban quy pham phap ludt khdng cao Nhifiu Lugt da ban hanh, nhung chua cd hifu lue thi hanh phai ehd Nghi dinh; Nghi dinh da ban hanh, nhung chua dupc thuc hifn phai chd Thdng tu hudng dan - Nhanh chdng ban hanh va thuc thi day dli quyfin ngudi, quyen va nghia vu ca bdn cua cdng dan theo Hifin phdp 2013 Day la dieu kifn can bdn vd tfii thieu nhdt dfi moi cfing ddn dupe ty do, sang tao hogt dpng kifin tgo va phat trifin xa hdi - Tdng cudng tinh minh bgch xay dung, ban hdnh cde vdn ban quy phgm phdp ludt Bdi minh bgch khdng chi gat bd di sir ngd v\rc, ma cdn la difiu kifn can de tao nifim tin cho cac ehu the hogt ddng - Xay dung va hoan thifin co che thi trudng dly dli Nha nude chi nfin ddng vai trd xay dung va hoan thifin hdnh lang phap ly vd phan phfli lgi qua cdc chuong trinh an sinh xa hfii Nang eao ban nda cdng tac tuyfin truyfin, giao due de ngudi dan tham gia tich cue va ed hifiu qua vao eac dpt gdp y cho cac du thdo van ban phdp ludt, tranh hinh thuc gdy lang phi 60 K i t luan Xa hdi chi cd thfi phdt trifin cae ngufin lue duac giai phong, dupc khoi day va phat huy Cac chu thfi hogt dpng chi dau tu cac ngudn luc cua nunh hp tin ring su diu tu dupc dam bao an toan bdi cae thfi chl xa hgi, kit qua diu tu cua hp khdng bi tude doat mdt each tien Nhifim vu cua nha nude la phai tao dung dupc cdc thl ehfi dd Trong dilu kifn cu thfi hifn nay, Vift Nam eln uu tifin xay dvmg va hodn thifin nhd nude phdp quyfin nhim khoi day va phat buy sdc sang tgo cua ngudi vi su phat trifin Tai lieu tham khao Uy ban Kinh t^ Qu6c hpi (2012), Bdo cdo kmh ti vTmo 2012: Tie bdt dn vimd din dudng tdi ca cdu, Nxb Tri thurc, Hh NOi Vifn Nghien c i ^ va B&o tao v i quan \^ (2002), Tinh hoa qudn li, Nxb Lao dfng - Xa hfi H i Npi Phdt huy quyin ldm chu ciia nhdn ddn bdi cdnh hgi nhgp qudc ti: Thuc tien cac mrdc Dong Nam A vd kinh nghiem cho Viet Nam, Kj" y^u H§i thao khoa hpc quoc t^, Trucmg Dai hpc Khoa hpc XS hpi va Nhan van (DHQG HN) vk D^i hpc Sydney, Uc, Ha Nfi, thang 02/2015 D.AcemogIu vk J.Robinson (2012), (Wrv Nations fail The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty, Crown Publishers, New York Haime B Mawhinney, Theoretical Approaches to Understanding Interest Groups, Educational Policy, January 2001; vol.15,1: pp.187-214 *' "Mac dil da giim nhung van c6 t6i hom 52% sfl doanh nghifp dugc hoi tra ldi rang hp phdi chi tri dudi d^ng ti€n ldt tay cho cac c ^ bf hanh chinh dia phirong, 7% so doanh nghifp phai chi tri t6i hon 10% tdng thu nhap cua hp cho cic khoin chi phi khdng chinh thiic B i o cio cung chi ring m$c dt tham nhung nh6 c6 bilu hi^n giim di nhimg tham nhung Ion l^i c6 xu hu6ng ting thdng qua cic hinb vi nhu "lai qua" ky k£t hgp ddng, mua slm cdng, hoSc thoa thu^n dit dai b^o bo Lign quan din khia c^nh niy co t6i 56% doanh nghiip tham gia dau thau c i c du i n cua n h i nu6c cho biet vifc chi Mk hoa h6ng li ph6 bien Dilu n i y da g6p phin lam gia ting s\r bit cong giQa cac nh6m lpi fch v i d^ii da so dSn chiing, dong th6i lim suy giam niem tin vao bf miy cong quyln" Xem Uy ban Kinh t i Qu6c hfi (2012), Bdo cdo kinh tivTmd 2012: Tit bdt on vXmd din dudng tdi ca cdu Nxb Tri thiic, HaNpi, tr 123 ... bpc quoc tg; Phdt huy quyin ldm chi huomg nhiing quyfin gi, dupc bao vf nhu eUa nhdn ddn bdi cdnh hdi nhdp qudc ti: Thtfc tien cdc nudc Dong Nam A vd kinh nghiim cho Vi^t the ndo Nam Tnrimg D^i... Phdt huy quyen ldm chit ciia quyfin lire Vifc tu theo dufli muc dich nhan ddn bdi cdnh hgi nhgp quoc ti: Thgc tiin cua ngudi thudng anh hudng din su cdc nuac Dong Nam A vd kinh nghiem cho Vi^ Nam, ... li, Nxb Lao dfng - Xa hfi H i Npi Phdt huy quyin ldm chu ciia nhdn ddn bdi cdnh hgi nhgp qudc ti: Thuc tien cac mrdc Dong Nam A vd kinh nghiem cho Viet Nam, Kj" y^u H§i thao khoa hpc quoc t^,