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m f)6i !)oc tt)Ut nsftifm xah^i hgc si 3(127), 2014 19 NONG DAN VA R U O N G DAT O NAM BO: NHU^NG DAC TRl/NG VA BAI TOAN PHAT TRIEN TRAN HUtJ QUANG* Sau may the ky lao dgng vat va va can cii cua nguai de khai pha va lap nghiep, bg mat thien nhien va xa hgi Nam bg hoan toan khong nhu thua ban dau, va ca neu so voi chiing hai thap nien g i n day thoi thi ciing da co rSt nhieu bien doi can ban Bay gia, hau nhu xa nao ciing c6 dien va co duong nhira toi tan noi Phin Ian vi$c canh tac liia da dugc ca giai hoa, tir khau lam dit bing may cay, cho tai khau thu hoach bang may gat d|ip lien hgp Canh rugng d i n g a viing hiem thay dugc trau, bo, va tieng may duoi tom ghe x u i n g ciing it nhgn nhip han han so vai xua Theo mgt cugc di6u tra tai sau xa nong thon a ba tinh Nam bg vao thang 5-2012', chi 9% h6 co ghe hoac xuIng, chua diy 2% hg co nuoi trau bo, nhung lai co tai 82% hg co xe gan may, 97% co ti-vi, 89% co dien thoai di dgng, 4 % co tu lanh, 12% co may vi tinh Trong s6 nhiing thay doi kinh te - xa hgi da va dang dien nong thon Nam bg, thi rugng dat, xet nhu la mgt nhiing yeu to san xuat chu yeu, han nhien khong the khdng dong mgt vai tro quan trgng Myc tieu cua bai la gop phan tim hieu nhung d$c trung cua van de rugng dat o Nam bg, nham nhan dien y nghia cua rugng dat doi voi nguoi n6ng dan a Nam bg, tir thii ly giai ve vai tro cua rugng dat bai toan phat trien cua vimg dat Nhiing nhan dinh bai chu yeu mang tinh chat gia thuyit va dat van de, dua tren cac du ki?n khao sat da cong bo va ngoai nuac, doi ch6 co doi chieu voi nong thon Bac bg nham lam ro net them nhiing dgc tnmg ciia nong thon Nambg Che d9 s& hihi rupng dat & Nam b9: mgt Ijch su* dac t r i m g Lich sir cua che so hiru rugng dat a Nam bg khac biSt rat ro so voi B4C bg va Trung bg Bai viet khong luge thuat chi tiet lich su rugng dat a Nam bg, ma chi m u l n PGS TS Vi$n Khoa hgc Xa hgi vung Nam bg (Vi$n Hdn lam Khoa hgc Xd hgi Vi$t Nam) Bii vill dugc thi^c hi?n khuon d^ tii mang ma si 13.1-2012.13 dugc tii trgr bfil QuJ Phat triin Khoa hgc vi Cong nghg Qu6c gia (NAFOSTED) ' D6 tai "Mgt so dgc trung ve dfnh che xa hgi vd nguai a Nam Bg tiin trinh phdt triin bin vOng giai doan 2011 - 2020" (chii nhigm: Tran Hflii Quang) ciia Vign Khoa hgc Xa hgi vung Nam b$ Cugc dieu tra thuc dja dugc ti^n hinh vie thing - 2012 tai sSu xS thugc ba tinh Nam bg: Binh Thuy vi Binh My (huy?n Chau Phii, tinh An Giang); Hiiu Nghia vh Higu Thanh (huyfin Binh Minh, tinh Vinh Long); Ling Dii vi Phudc Long Thp (huy^n Dit Do, tinh Bk Rja - Yung Tiu) Ting si mau diiu tra li 300 hO gia dinh (m6i xi 50 hO), dugc chgn theo phuong phip chgn mau phan ting qua nhiiu giai do^n Sau dSy se viet tat li "cuOc dilu tra thing - 2012" 20 Nong ddn va rugng dat a Nam Bg: nhin m ^ mgt diim, la chi tu hiJu rugng dit chiim dia vi thing soai phan Ion lich sir phat trien cua viing dat Ngay tir thua khin hoang lap ip ban diu, theo loi mo ta cila Le Quy Don, nha Nguyen "cho chieu mg nhiing nguai ddn co vat life tu cdc xit Quang-nam, phii Bien-bdn, phu Quang-nghia vd phu Qui-nhdn thien cu vao a ddt Ddng-nai thuge phu Gia-dinh Nhiing nguai di eu m&i sire chat phdt cdy cSi, cdt eo ram vd ma mang ddt dai nhiing vimg ddt bing phdng, thd dia phi nhieu" Nha Nguyin "cho ddn dugc tu tifn chiim ddt ma vuan trdng cau vd xay dung nhd ciia" {Le Quy Don, 1973: 439-440) Do vay, "a Nam Bg tit ddu, chi sd hOu ruong ddt tu dd Id bien" (Nguyen Cong Binh, 1998; 26) Vao nam 1836, theo kit qua dac mong dat l£in djiu tien a Nam bg Truong Dang Que tien hanh, tong dien tich san xuat nong nghiep Luc tinh Nam ky, dien tich thu6c so hGu cong chi chiem 8,1%, lai 91,9% la thugc so hiiu tu nhan (Nguyen Dinh Dau, 1994: 172) Din nam 1940, theo thing ke diiu tra ciaa chinh quyin thugc dia Phap, t^ le dat cong dien Nam ky chi chiim c6 2,5% dien tich tring trot, Bic ky ty I? ISn toi 20%, va o Trung k^ 14 26% (Gourou, 1940) Niu vao thud ban diu, rugng dit chu yiu 14 nong dan khai khin thi rugng dat cua cac the he chau phan Ion deu ong ba cha me di lai va/hoac mua ban ma tao lap dugc Ket qua cugc dieu tra thang - 2012 cho biit si nhtrng ho nong nghiep co dit, co 68% hg co dit ong ba cha me de lai (chiim 54% dien tich), va 40% hg CO dit mua lai (39% dien tich)' Chinh lich sir so huu tu nhan vi rugng dit mgt truyin thing san xuit hang hoa suot may thi ky qua da dinh hinh nen nhiing quan niem va nhOng lii ling xit dac thu cua nguoi nong dan Nam bg dii voi rugng dit cung nhu nghi nongteongbii canh Hien tirgng "phu canh'* Co mgt hien tugng doc dao hen quan din chi dg so hiiu rugng dit Nam bg va gian tiep phan anh tinh chit "mo" ciia dinh chi lang xa vung dit nay, la hi$n tugng "phu canh" Hau nhu o xa nao nguoi ta ciing thiy co nhOng nong hg canh tac ru6ng dat khong phai teong xa hg thuong tni ma xa khac, huyen khac hay ki ca tinh khac Theo cugc dieu tra thang 5-2012, ting si 215 hg mlu diiu tra co mong dit so hiiu hojc CO muon dat di canh tac, co 30 hg (tire 14%) co dit so him hoac co dit canh tac ngoai xa voi tong cgng 36 thua mong co dien tich 38,7 hec-ta (chiim 19% ting di$n tich canh tac cua cac hg mau diiu tra) Tong cpng ty I? vugn qua 100% vl c6 mOt so lip vtra c6 thvra rupng one M di lai, viia c6 thira rupng r " i'L « "'•° """^ ™"^' •*'"'° ^°''° "*"« '•' "'' ''*' "i" * •"? 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